Productive and reproductive performance of crossbred dairy heifers with induced lactation and efficacy of antimicrobial therapy associated with internal teat sealants / Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de novilhas com lactação induzida e eficácia da terapia antimicrobiana associada com selante interno de tetos

This study evaluated (a) the efficacy of an association between injectable antibiotic therapy and sealant (ATBS) on milk yield (MY), somatic cell count (SCC), and prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI); and (b) the efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on follicular cyst (FCs) resolution (cyclicity at the 45th day in milk; DIM) and cumulative pregnancy rate (CPR) in heifers submitted to a lactation induction protocol (LIP). A total of 114 crossbred (Holstein × Jersey) heifers, with 34.7 ± 4.8 months and 439 ± 56.35 kg were submitted to LIP. On the 5th day of the LIP, the heifers were assigned to (i) ATBS (n = 57) with 7 mg/kg of norfloxacin associated with sealant and (ii) Control 1 (n = 57; CONT1) with no treatments. Lactation began on the 21st day of LIP and the 15th DIM, FCs were diagnosed and 106 heifers were randomized into two treatment groups with 53 heifers each: (i) GnRH (5 mL injectable GnRH) and (ii) Control 2 (CONT2; no treatment). Of the 114 heifers initially induced, 83.33% (n = 95) responded to LIP with an average MY of 15.19 kg/milk/day during 22 weeks of lactation. In the first 14 DIM, the IMI prevalence was 18% and 28% for heifers ATBS and CONT1 treated, respectively. Additionally, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated group of pathogens. Mammary quarters that received ATBS treatment had a lower risk of IMI and SCC than CONT1. The cyclicity at 45 DIM was 68% (ATBS) and 35% (CONT1), and 57% and 46% for animals in the GnRH and CONT2. CPR was 60% in the ATBS group and 89% in CONT1, but GnRH treatment did not affect the CPR. In conclusion, LIP was effective in stimulating MY in heifers, and the IMI prevalence decreased with ATBS treatment. Also, the use of GnRH did not affect the FC regression, cyclicity at 45 DIM, and CPR.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a (i) eficácia da associação entre antibioticoterapia injetável e selante interno de tetos (ATBS) na produção de leite (PL), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), e prevalência de infecções intramamárias (IIM); e (ii) eficácia do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH) na resolução de cistos foliculares (CFs), ciclicidade ao 45º dia em lactação (DEL) e taxa de prenhez cumulativa (TPC) em novilhas submetidas a um protocolo de indução de lactação (PIL). Um total de 114 novilhas mestiças (Holandês × Jersey), com 34,7 ± 4,8 meses e 439 ± 56,35 kg foram submetidas ao PIL. No 5º dia do PIL, as novilhas receberam: (i) ATBS (n = 57) com 7 mg/kg de norfloxacina associada ao selante interno de tetos e (ii) Controle 1 (n = 57; CONT1) sem tratamento. A lactação teve início no 21º dia do PIL e no 15º DEL, foram diagnosticados CFs e 106 novilhas foram agrupadas em dois grupos de tratamento com 53 novilhas em cada: (i) GnRH (5 mL de GnRH injetável) e (ii) Controle 2 (CONT2; sem tratamento). Das 114 novilhas inicialmente induzidas, 83,33% (n = 95) responderam ao PIL com PL média de 15,19 kg/leite/d durante 22 semanas de lactação. Nos primeiros 14 DEL a prevalência de IIM foi de 18% e 28% para as novilhas tratadas com ATBS e CONT1, respectivamente. Além disso, estafilococos coagulase negativa foram o grupo de patógenos mais frequentemente isolados. Quartos mamários tratados com ATBS tiveram menor risco (0,56) de IIM e menor CCS do que CONT1. A ciclicidade a 45 DEL foi de 68% (ATBS) e 35% (CONT1), e 57% e 46% para os animais no GnRH e CONT2. A TPC foi de 60% no grupo ATBS e 89% no CONT1, porém o tratamento com GnRH não afetou a TPC. Em conclusão, o PIL foi eficaz em estimular a PL em novilhas tardias e a prevalência de IIM diminiuiu com o tratamento ATBS. Além disso, o uso de GnRH não afetou a regressão de CF, ciclicidade em 45 DEL e a TPC.(AU)

Bioequivalence evaluation of norfloxacin tablets based on in vitro - in vivo correlation

Present study was designed to establish in-vitro and in-vivo correlation [IVIVC] of two immediate release tablet formulations of 400mg Norfloxacin [Drug A as test and Drug B as reference]. Dissolution study was conducted in 0.1 N HC1 using USP apparatus II. In-vivo evaluation was carried out in 18 healthy humans according to a single dose, two-sequence, and cross-over randomized with a wash-out period of one week. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 10 hours. Plasma harvested from blood, was analyzed for norfloxacin by a sensitive, reproducible and accurate HPLC method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma concentrations for both the formulations. Non-significant difference was found for test/reference ratio of these parameters and the value of F was found to be 0.99 which is in good agreement with the limits given in PDA and WHO guidelines for such parameters. Difference factor [f[1]], similarity factor [f[2]] and level A IVIVC were evaluated showing that drug A is bioequivalent to drug B

Clinical pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin-glycine acetate after intravenous and oral administration in pigs

The pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of norfloxacin-glycine acetate (NFLXGA) was investigated in pigs after a single intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) administration at a dosage of 7.2 mg/kg body weight. After both i.v. and p.o. administration, plasma drug concentrations were best fitted to an open two-compartment model with a rapid distribution phase. After i.v. administration of NFLXGA, the distribution (t1/2alpha) and elimination half-life (t1/2beta) were 0.36 +/- 0.07 h and 7.42 +/- 3.55 h, respectively. The volume of distribution of NFLXGA at steady state (Vdss) was 4.66 +/- 1.39 l/kg. After p.o. administration of NFLXGA, the maximal absorption concentration (Cmax) was 0.43 +/- 0.06 microgram/ ml at 1.36 +/- 0.39 h (Tmax). The mean absorption (t1/2ka) and elimination half-life (t1/2beta) of NFLXGA were 0.78 +/- 0.27 h and 7.13 +/- 1.41 h, respectively. The mean systemic bioavailability (F) after p.o. administration was 31.10 +/- 15.16%. We suggest that the optimal dosage calculated from the pharmacokinetic parameters is 5.01 mg/kg per day i.v. or 16.12 mg/kg per day p.o.

Outbreak of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae 01 intermediately resistant to norfloxacin at Malda, West Bengal.

During the end of September 1997, an unusual outbreak of severe dehydrating watery diarrhoea cases and deaths were reported from Malda town. Vibrio cholerae 01 El tor, the causative agent responsible for this episode was isolated from 56.5% of cases sampled. Three of the five drinking water samples were also positive for V cholerae 01. Majority of cases were adults. Isolated strains were uniformly resistant to furazolidone and intermediately to norfloxacin. Indiscriminate use of antibiotic should be discouraged for development of multidrug resistant strains.

Development and evaluation of transdermal formulations containing metronidazole and norfloxacin for the treatment of burn wound.

In an attempt for better treatment of partial thickness burn wounds topical ointments containing metronidazole and norfloxacin in different bases were prepared and in vitro release was conducted in phosphate buffer pH 6. It was found that, diffusion of the metronidazole and norfloxacin from the lanolin petrolatum base with 0.25% w/w dimethyl sulfoxide was maximum through hairless rat abdominal skin. Antimicrobial activity of different prepared formulations was found to be more effective both against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria than marketed formulation (1% silver sulfadiazine cream USP). Formulations were significantly effective as compared to that of marketed formulation in wound contraction of the partial thickness burn wound. Histopathological reports supported effectiveness of formulations. It was found that 1% metronidazole and 1% norfloxacin ointments are suitable for treating the partial thickness burn wound.

Comparative bioavailability of two brands of norfloxacin.

Twelve adult healthy volunteers participated on two occasions in a cross-over study with an interval of 30 days. The bioavailability of norfloxacin 400 mg administered as single oral dose was compared in an Indian preparation A (Torrent) and imported preparation B (Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), USA). Plasma was separated from the blood and stored at -20 degrees C for analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Time taken to achieve mean peak plasma concentration (Tmax) was 2.00 +/- 0.74 hours in case of Torrent (A) and 1.70 +/- 0.49 hours in case of Merck Sharp and Dohme, USA (B). The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) ranged from 1.60 to 2.87 ug/ml in Torrent (A) and 1.18 to 2.28 ug/ml in case of MSD (B). Area under plasma concentration curve (AUCO-12hr) was 12.70 +/- 3.2 ug/ml/hour for 'A' and 14.80 +/- 2.80 ug/ml/hr for 'B'. Elimination half life (t1/2) for Torrent (A) was 9.25 +/- 5.10 hours and for MSD (B) it was 12.05 +/- 1.05 hours. There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters between the two brands (Student's 't' test). Increased elimination half life and large bioavailability (AUC) with both the preparations in the present study suggest the need to be cautious while treating patients with renal problems and to use lower doses in Indian population to achieve desirable kinetics of norfloxacin.

Tratamento dose-única com 800 mg de peflxacina versus tratamento de sete dias com norfloxacina e co-trimoxazol na infecçäo urinária baixa / Single-dose (800 mg) pefloxacin vs. seven-day therapy with norfloxacin and co-trimoxazole in the management of low-tract urinary infection

A eficácia do tratamento dose-única com 800mg de pefloxacina foi comparada com o tratamento prolongado por sete dias, com norfloxacina ou com co-trimoxazol, na terapia da infecçåo nåo complicada do trato urinário. Nesse estudo duplo-cego e randomizado, entre 200 pacientes estudadas, 91 casos foram considerados válidos para a análise dos resultados; 47 pacientes receberam dose única de 800mg de pefloxacina, 21 foram tratadas com 400mg de norfloxacina, duas vezes por dia, e 23 com 960mg de co-trimoxazol, duas vezes por dia. Para manter o estudo duplo-cego, as pacientes tratadas com pefloxacina dose única receberam comprimidos de placebo até completar sete dias de tratamento, exatamente como os outros dois grupos. No segundo retorno, com 40 dias de seguimento, a cura laboratorial foi de 93,7 por cento com o tratamento dose-única, 95,3 por cento com a norfloxacina e 87 por cento com co-trimoxazol. Nåo houve diferença significante entre os índices de cura clínica e laboratorial. O tratamento com800mg de pefloxacina em dose única apresenta alta eficácia clínica e laboratorial, comparável ao tratamento prolongado por sete dias com norfloxacina e co-trimoxazol, com vantagens como: menor incidência de efeitos colaterais. menor risco de aquisiçåo de resistência, maior aderência do paciente ao tratamento, pela facilidade e conforto de uma única administraçåo oral

Curative efficacy of norfloxacin in falciparum malaria.

Fifteen patients of uncomplicated falciparum malaria from Delhi were treated with norfloxacin (10 with 400 mg, 5 with 800 mg, both twice daily) for 3 days and the response was measured according to the WHO extended in vivo test criteria. The lower dose produced S response in two, RII response in five and RIII response in three patients, while the higher dose produced S response in four and RI response in one patient. In patients with S or RI response, the parasite clearance time was 68.6 +/- 9.1 h the defervescence time being 48 h. Thus, norfloxacin did reveal in vivo activity in falciparum malaria, but a dose of 400 mg twice daily proved to be curative only in a small percentage of cases and not consistently. Nausea and bitter taste were the only side effects noted in two patients.

Evaluation of a single dose therapy of norfloxacin for non complicated gonorrhea patients

The efficacy and safety of a single oral dose of 800 mg noroxin in treating 50 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea caused by P.P.N.G. [penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae] and non P.P.N.G [non-penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae] were assessed. Neisseria gonorrhoeae were first isolated and identified by conventional bacteriologic methods. Identification was then confirmed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae fluorescent antibody staining. Tests for penicillinase production and sensitivity to pencillin were performed. Susceptibility pattern to noroxin was examined by minimum Inhibitory concentration [MIC] determination. Gonococci isolated from 72% of patients were penicllinase producer and resistant to penicillin. The strains obtained from the rest of patients [28%] were penicillinase non-producer and sensitive to penicillin. All gonococcal isolates were susceptible to noroxin at MIC90 of 0.06 mg/L for P.P.N.G. and 0.015 mg/L for non P.P.N.G. The overall cure rate of patients treated with the single oral dose of noroxin was 100%: Adverse effects were mild, lasted for short Period and cleared without any sequlae. We expect noroxin in that dose to be the regimen of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea

Norfloxacino: estudo comparativo com a associaçäo sulfadiazina-trimetoprim / Norfloxacin: comparative study with the association sulfadiazine-trimethoprim

Foram avaliados 34 pacientes portadores de infecçäo do tratamento urinário näo complicada (cistite ou pielonefrite); idade média 36 anos, 24 mulheres (70,6%) e 10 homens (29,4%). Foram constituídos dois grupos de tratamento: grupo I (10 pacientes) recebeu sulfadiazina/trimetoprim (SDZ/TMP) (410/90mg) duas vezes ao dia, por 10 dias e grupo II (24 pacientes) recebeu norfloxacino (N) 400mg duas vezes ao dia, por sete dias. Avaliaçöes clínicas foram realizadas nos dias zero, três, sete, 14, 24 e 30. Avaliaçöes laboratoriais (urina tipo I com sedimentoscopia e urocultura com antibiograma) foram realizadas no início do tratamento e, nos dias 14 e 24. Os agentes etiológicos mais freqüentes foram E. coli (70,5%) S. faecalis *11,7%), enterobacter sp (5,8%) e outros. Cura bacteriológica foi atingida em 80% dos pacientes do grupo I (SDZ/TMP) e em 96% dos pacientes do grupo II (N). Näo foram observadas reaçöes clínicas adversas durante o estudo. Os autores concluem que o norfloxacino demosntrou ser ótima opçäo para o tratamento de infecçöes urinárias por apresentar amplo espectro, boa atividade antimicrobiana, boa tolerabilidade e comodidade posológica

Doseamento microbiológico do norflroxacino: método da difusäo em ágar (cilindros em placas) / Microbiological cilinder-plate assay method of norfloxacin

Sendo o norfloxacino um agente antimicrobiano recente e sendo o ensaio microbiológico de difusäo em ágar (cilindros em placas) muito utilizado na avaliaçäo da potência destes fármacos, os autores propuseram o método, utilizando o microorganismo Bacillus subtilis. Este novo ensaio baseia-se nos trabalhos microbiológicos existentes e pretende servir como referência para os ensaios físico-químicos a serem propostos. O método mostrou-se sensível e reprodutível na avaliaçäo da atividade percentual do norfloxacino

Doseamento físico-químico do norflocaxino espectrofotometria no ultravioleta / Psysical-chemistry assay method of norfloxacin: ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay method

Os autores propuseram o uso da espectrofotometria no ultravioleta, como método físico-químico para o doseamento em ágar (cilindros em placas). Este método mostrou boa sensibilidade e reprodutibilidade no doseamento de amostras recentes de norfloxacino

Doseamento físico-químico do norfloxacino: método espectrofotométrico do cloreto de ferro III / Psysical-chemistry assay method of norfloxacin: spectrophotometric assay method with iron (III) chloride

Os autores testaram um método alternativo para o doseamento do norfloxacino, através da espectrofotometria com cloreto de ferro III. O método baseia-se na formaçäo de um composto solúvel, de cor amarelo-alaranjada, entre o norfloxacino e o cloreto de ferro III. Analisou-se, também, a estabilidade do composto formado, a fim de determinar os limites de tempo para o ensaio. Os resultados obtidos para a amostra de norfloxacino foram satisfatórios, tendo como referência o ensaio microbiológico. Assim sendo, o doseamento com cloreto de ferro III é sensível, reprodutível e de fácil execuçäo

Doseamento físico-químico do norfloxacino: método espectrofotométrico do reativo de marquis / Physical-chemistry assay method of norfloxacin: spectrophotometric assay method with Marquis' reactive

Utilizou-se o reativo de Marquis para a padronizaçäo de um método espectrofotométrico de doseamento do norfloxacino. O composto formado, levemente amarelo, absorve a 410mm. Os autores analisaram também a estabilidade do composto formado, com o objetivo de fixar os limites de tempo para o ensaio. Empregou-se, como referência, o método microbiológico de difusäo em ágar (cilindros em placas). O método desenvolvido mostrou-se sensível e reprodutível

Evaluacion de la eficacia y seguridad de la norfloxacina en pacientes con infeccion del tracto urinario / Evaluation of the efficacy and security of norfoflacin in patients with urinary tract infections

Este es un estudio abierto no comparativo para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la norfloxacina en el tratamiento de pacientes con infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) causadas por bacilos gramnegativos o cocos grampositivos sensibles al medicamento. Veinte pacientes con ITU definida por cultivos urinarios de 10 o mas colonias / ml recibieron 400 mg de norfloxacina c/12 horas durante 7 o 10 dias de tratamiento. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una curacion clinica y bacteriologica en el 100% de los casos y no hubo evidencia de efectos colaterales significativos. Se comprobo que la norfloxacina es una excelente alternativa para el manejo de las ITU

Tratamento de infecçöes urinárias com norfloxacin em diferentes esquemas posológicos / Treatment of urinary tract infections with norfloxacin in different administration schedules

Foram estudados 54 pacientes portadores de infecçäo urinária näo complicada, medicados com norfloxacin. Os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em 2 grupos, sendo que, no primeiro empregou-se medicaçäo por dez dias e no segundo por sete dias consecutivos, em doses diárias de 800 mg via oral, divididos em 2 tomadas. A medicaçäo utilizada revelou-se eficaz, tanto no comportamento clínico, com cura em 81,48% e 88,89% dos casos, respectivamente, como no controle bacteriológico, com erradicaçäo do patógeno em 77,78% e 92,59% respectivamente para os grupos I (10 dias) e II (sete dias). Comparaçäo estatísticas entre os dois grupos näo revelou diferenças significativas em nenhum dos parâmetros considerados. Concluímos, pois, ser a terapêutica reduzida por sete dias eficaz no tratamento das infecçöes urinárias agudas näo complicadas

Norfloxacina y acido pipemídico en infecciones urinarias / Norfloxacin and pipemidic acid in urinary infections

Se estudiaron 40 pacientes de infecciones urinarias aguda y crônicas. A un grupo de 20 pacientes se administró norfloxacina, 800 mg diarios por via oral durante 10 dias. Y a otro grupo de 20 pacientes se administró ácido pipemídico, 800 mg diarios por vía oral durante 10 días. En ambos grupos desapareció la sintomatologia en todos los pacientes. En el grupo de norfloxacina con la tinción de Gram se obtuvo 77,8% de resultados positivos. Y en el grupo de ácido pipemídico la tinción de Gram mostró 58,8% de resultados posistivos