Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiology/standards , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/standards , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Brazil , Risk Factors , Risk Assessment , Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/standards , Myocardial Revascularization/standardsABSTRACT
This paper is about the Guideline for Ventilation / Perfusion Scintigraphy. It has been developed by the Brazilian Society of Nuclear Medicine to be a best practices guide used in Nuclear Medicine. Its function is to be an educational tool to help the Nuclear Medicine Services in Brazil to guarantee a quality care to the patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio , Guidelines as Topic/standards , Pulmonary Artery/pathology , Pulmonary Embolism/complications , Pulmonary Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Diagnostic Imaging/methods , Radionuclide Imaging/methods , Nuclear Medicine/standardsABSTRACT
Se sabe que las exposiciones médicas con radiaciones ionizantes son actualmente la principal fuente de exposición a la radiación artificial a nivel global. Para prevenir dosis innecesariamente altas durante estas exposiciones a los pacientes, la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica (ICRP) recomienda la utilización de los Niveles de Referencia para Diagnóstico (DRLs), como una herramienta efectiva de ayuda a la optimización de la protección radiológica en la exposición médica de pacientes para diagnóstico y procedimientos de intervención. Dado que la legislación chilena no tiene incorporado aún su uso, el presente trabajo de revisión tiene como objetivo, elaborar un documento guía para los profesionales de la salud y áreas afines, que contenga de manera sucinta y con recomendaciones prácticas, los principales aspectos a tener en cuenta para establecer los DRLs en procedimientos de radiodiagnóstico, intervencionismo y medicina nuclear, basados esencialmente en la publicación N° 135 de la ICRP sobre DRLs.
It is known that medical exposition with ionizing radiation is currently the main exposition source to artificial radiation at global level. To prevent unnecessarily high doses during these patient expositions, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends the use of Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs), as an effective tool to support the optimization of radiological protection for patient medical exposure for diagnosis and interventional procedures. Since that the Chilean legislation does not have its use incorporated yet, the present revision work aims to elaborate a guiding document for health professionals and related fields, that succinctly and with practical recommendations, the main aspects to consider for establishing DRLs in procedures for radiodiagnostic, intervention, and nuclear medicine, mainly based in N° 135 ICRP publication about DRLs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Radiation Protection/standards , Radiography/methods , Radiation Dosage , Radiation Protection/methods , Radiology , Reference Standards , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/adverse effects , Nuclear Medicine , Nuclear Medicine/standardsABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Data on the current situation of nuclear medicine practices in cardiology in Brazil are scarce. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has recommended eight "good practices" to minimize patients' ionizing radiation exposure during myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). Objectives: To assess the adoption of the eight good practices in MPS in Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data obtained by use of a questionnaire. All hypothesis tests performed considered a significance level of 5%. Results: We observed that 100% of the nuclear medicine services (NMS) assessed do not use thallium-201 as the preferred protocol. Regarding the use of technetium-99m, 57% of the NMS administer activities above the threshold recommended by the IAEA (36 mCi) or achieve an effective dose greater than 15 millisievert (mSv). The abbreviated stress-only myocardial perfusion imaging is not employed by 94% of the NMS; thus, only 19% count on strategies to reduce the radioactive doses. Approximately 52% of the NMS reported always performing dose adjustment for patient's weight, while 35% administer poorly calculated doses in the one-day protocol. Conclusion: A considerable number of NMS in Brazil have not adopted at least six practices recommended by the IAEA. Despite the difficulties found in nuclear practice in some Brazilian regions, almost all obstacles observed can be overcome with no cost increase, emphasizing the importance of developing strategies for adopting "good practices" when performing MPS.
Resumo Fundamento: A situação atual das práticas da medicina nuclear em cardiologia no Brasil ainda é pouco conhecida. A Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (AIEA) recomendou oito "boas práticas" para minimizar a exposição dos pacientes à radiação ionizante durante a Cintilografia de Perfusão Miocárdica (CPM). Objetivo: Analisar a adoção das oito boas práticas na CPM no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados obtidos através de questionário. Todos os testes de hipóteses desenvolvidos consideraram uma significância de 5%. Resultados: Observamos que 100% dos Serviços de Medicina Nuclear (SMN) não utilizam Tálio-201 como protocolo preferencial. Sobre a utilização do Tecnécio-99m, notamos que 57% administram atividades acima do limiar recomendado pela AIEA (36 mCi) ou resultam em uma dose efetiva maior que 15 milisievert (mSv). A fase única de estresse não é praticada por 94% dos SMN; portanto, somente 19% contam com estratégias de redução das doses radioativas. Cerca de 52% dos SMN afirmam que sempre realizam o ajuste da dose por peso e 35% administram doses mal calculadas no protocolo de um dia. Conclusão: Observamos que um número considerável de SMN no Brasil ainda não seguem seis ou mais das práticas recomendadas pela AIEA. Apesar das dificuldades enfrentadas na prática nuclear em algumas regiões do Brasil, quase todos os déficits observados podem ser resolvidos sem aumento de custos, ressaltando a importância do desenvolvimento de estratégias para aderência às "boas práticas" na realização da CPM.
Subject(s)
Humans , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Myocardial Ischemia/diagnostic imaging , Radiation Exposure/standards , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/standards , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Brazil , Cardiology/standards , Cross-Sectional Studies , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to compare the effectiveness of two educational interventions used by a healthcare provider in the monitoring of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), regarding knowledge of the disease, impact on quality of life and adoption of self-care actions. METHODS: comparative, longitudinal, prospective study performed with 150 subjects with type 2 diabetes, analyzed according to the type of participation in the program (individual and/or group). Participants of the individual intervention (II) received nursing consultations every six months and those of the group intervention (GI) took part in weekly meetings for three months. Data were collected through four questionnaires: Identification questionnaire, Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire (PAID), Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire (SDSCA) and the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A). Data were analyzed using the Friedman and Mann Whitney tests, considering a statistical significance of p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: there was an increase in knowledge about the disease in the II (p<0.003) and GI (p<0.007), with reduction of the impact on the quality of life in the II (p<0.007) and improvement in self-care actions in the GI (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: in both intervention models improvements were observed in the indicators, over the six month monitoring period. .
OBJETIVO: comparar a efetividade de duas intervenções educativas, utilizadas por uma operadora de saúde, no acompanhamento ao indivíduo com diabetes mellitus Tipo 2 (DM2), quanto ao conhecimento sobre a doença, impacto na qualidade de vida e adoção de ações de autocuidado. MÉTODOS: estudo comparativo, longitudinal, prospectivo, realizado com 150 indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2, analisados conforme a modalidade de participação no programa (individual e/ou em grupo). Os participantes da intervenção individual (II) realizaram consultas de enfermagem a cada seis meses e os da intervenção em grupo (IG), reuniões semanais por três meses. Os dados foram coletados mediante quatro questionários: Questionário de identificação, Questionário de Impacto na Qualidade de Vida em Diabetes (PAID), Questionário de Autocuidado em Diabetes (QAD) e Questionário de Conhecimento do Diabetes (DKN-A). Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o Teste de Friedman e o Teste de Mann Whitney, considerando significância estatística para p ≤ 0,05. RESULTADOS: verificou-se aumento do conhecimento sobre a doença na II (p<0,003) e na IG (p<0,007), redução do impacto na qualidade de vida na II (p<0,007) e melhora das ações de autocuidado na IG (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: em ambos os modelos de intervenção foram observadas melhoras dos indicadores, ao longo dos seis meses de acompanhamento. .
OBJETIVO: comparar la efectividad de dos intervenciones educativas, utilizadas por una operadora de planes de salud, en el acompañamiento al individuo con diabetes mellitus Tipo 2 (DM2), sobre al conocimiento de la enfermedad, impacto en la calidad de vida y adopción de acciones de autocuidado. MÉTODOS: estudio comparativo, longitudinal, prospectivo, realizado con 150 individuos con diabetes tipo 2, analizados conforme la modalidad de participación en el programa (individual y/o en grupo). Los participantes de la intervención individual (II) realizaron consultas de enfermería a cada seis meses y los de intervención en grupo (IG), reuniones semanales por tres meses. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante cuatro cuestionarios: Cuestionario de identificación, Cuestionario de Impacto en la Calidad de Vida en Diabetes (PAID), Cuestionario de Autocuidado en Diabetes (CAD) y Cuestionario de Conocimiento de la Diabetes (DKN-A). Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el test de Friedman y el test de Mann Whitney, considerando significación estadística para p ≤ 0,05. RESULTADOS: se verificó aumento del conocimiento sobre la enfermedad en la II (p<0,003) y en la IG (p<0,007), reducción del impacto en la calidad de vida en la II (p<0,007) y mejoría de las acciones de autocuidado en la IG (p<0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: en los dos modelos de intervención fueron observadas mejorías de los indicadores, a lo largo de los seis meses de acompañamiento. .
Subject(s)
Humans , Amyloidogenic Proteins/metabolism , Dementia , Cognitive Dysfunction/metabolism , Molecular Imaging/standards , Nuclear Medicine/education , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Positron-Emission Tomography/standards , Amyloidogenic Proteins/analysis , Dementia/metabolism , Cognitive Dysfunction/complications , Cognitive Dysfunction , Nuclear Medicine/standards , United StatesABSTRACT
Diagnostic nuclear medicine is being increasingly employed in clinical practice with the advent of new technologies and radiopharmaceuticals. The report of the prevalence of a certain disease is important for assessing the quality of that article. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the quality of published nuclear medicine articles and determine the frequency of reporting the prevalence of studied diseases. We used Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy [STARD] and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies [QUADAS-2] checklists for evaluating the quality of articles published in five nuclear medicine journals with the highest impact factors in 2012. The articles were retrieved from Scopus database and were selected and assessed independently by two nuclear medicine physicians. Decision concerning equivocal data was made by consensus between the reviewers. The average STARD score was approximately 17 points, and the highest score was 17.19 +/- 2.38 obtained by the European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. QUADAS-2 tool showed that all journals had low bias regarding study population. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine had the highest score in terms of index test, reference standard, and time interval. Lack of clarity regarding the index test, reference standard, and time interval was frequently observed in all journals including Clinical Nuclear Medicine, in which 64% of the studies were unclear regarding the index test. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology had the highest number of articles with appropriate reference standard [83.3%], though it had the lowest frequency of reporting disease prevalence [zero reports]. All five journals had the same STARD score, while index test, reference standard, and time interval were very unclear according to QUADAS-2 tool. Unfortunately, data were too limited to determine which journal had the lowest risk of bias. In fact, it is the author's responsibility to provide details of research methodology so that the reader can assess the quality of research articles. Five nuclear medicine journals with the highest impact factor were comparable in terms of STARD score, although they all showed lack of clarity regarding index test, reference standard, and time interval, according to QUADAS-2. The current data were too limited to determine the journal with the lowest bias. Thus, a comprehensive overview of the research methodology of each article is of paramount importance to enable the reader to assess the quality of articles
Subject(s)
Evaluation Studies as Topic , Nuclear Medicine/standards , ResearchABSTRACT
Intercomparison is an important tool for quality assessment, because equipment performance and procedures are evaluated and compared. In nuclear medicine, this tool is wide utilized to evaluate the ability of the services to measure activities of radiopharmaceuticals which will be administered to the patients in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. In this work, a comparison program of activity measurements of the 99mTc, 131I, 67Ga and 201Tl radionuclides was established in Pernambuco State, at the Brazilian Northeast, with the aim of evaluating the quality of routine measurements carried out in the NMS. The results in each NMS are sent to the Standard laboratory, which compares these results with the acceptance limits recommended by national regulations. All NMS participants complied with the limit established for the accuracy of measurement (+/-10 percent) and showed that their radionuclide calibrators are adequate for measurement of the activities of radiopharmaceuticals.
A intercomparação é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação da qualidade da medição da atividade de radiofármaco, porque não apenas o desempenho do equipamento é verificado, mas também todo procedimento de medição. Na medicina nuclear, esta ferramenta é amplamente utilizada para avaliar a habilidade dos serviços de medicina nuclear (SMN) na medição da atividade dos radiofármacos que serão administrados aos pacientes para diagnósticos ou procedimentos terapêuticos. Neste trabalho, um programa de intercomparação de medidas de atividades de radiofármacos, utilizando as fontes de 99mTc, 131I, 67Ga e 201Tl, foi estabelecido no estado de Pernambuco, região nordeste do Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade das medições realizadas nos SMN. Os resultados obtidos em cada SMN são enviados ao laboratório padrão, que os compara com os valores de referência recomendados pela norma nacional, verificando o desempenho destes instrumentos. Todos os SMN participantes respeitaram os limites estabelecidos para a exatidão das medidas (+/-10 por cento), demonstrando que os calibradores de radionuclídeos estão adequados/apropriados para a medição de atividades de radiofármacos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Quality Control , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Iodine Radioisotopes/standards , Technetium/standards , Brazil , Calibration , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
Se revisan los protocolos de cardiología nuclear actuales, con énfasis en los estudios tomográficos de fotón único (SPECT) de perfusión miocárdica principalmente en evaluación de enfermedad coronaria (EC). Las indicaciones y protocolos más utilizados son detallados, así como la actualización bibliográfica pertinente, tanto al uso clínico como al control de calidad e interpretación de los estudios.
Subject(s)
Humans , Coronary Disease , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/standards , Clinical Protocols , Cardiology/standards , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Quality ControlABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho dos calibradores de radionuclídeos de 55 serviços de medicina nuclear brasileiros em medição de atividade de radiofármaco contendo 99Tc m. Testes de proficiência foram aplicados em 63 resultados originados do programa de comparação promovido pelo Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes do Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O desempenho foi avaliado em relação ao critério de aceitação de ±10 por cento de exatidão exigido pela norma brasileira e também aos critérios estabelecidos pela ISO/IEC Guide 43-1, e classificado como "aceitável" ou "não aceitável". Amostras de 99Tc m usadas nas comparações foram fornecidas por alguns dos participantes e calibradas no Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes para determinar o valor de referência da atividade. RESULTADOS: Esta comparação com o 99Tc m mostrou que o desempenho aceitável atendendo à exigência da norma regulatória foi de 82,5 por cento, enquanto pelos critérios estabelecidos pela norma ISO/IEC 43-1 foi de 81,0 por cento. Por outro lado, calibradores de radionuclídeos com detector Geiger-Müller apresentaram desempenho inferior quando comparados com os dotados com câmara de ionização. CONCLU-SÃO: Nesta comparação, a avaliação do desempenho baseada nos critérios da ISO/IEC 43-1, os quais são aplicados a laboratórios analíticos, apesar de serem mais restritivas, foi bastante consistente com o critério de exatidão exigido pela norma nacional.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of radionuclide calibrators in 55 Brazilian nuclear medicine services in the measurement of 99Tc m radiopharmaceutical activity. Proficiency tests were applied to data sets with 63 results originated from the comparison program developed by Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes of Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The calibrators' performance was evaluated in compliance with the acceptance criterion of ±10 percent accuracy required by the Brazilian standards and also the criteria established by the ISO/IEC Guide 43-1, and classified as either "acceptable" or "non-acceptable". The samples of 99Tc m utilized in the comparison were supplied by some of the participants and calibrated at Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes for determining the activity reference value. RESULTS: The present study utilizing 99Tc m has shown that 82.5 percent of the calibrators were considered as acceptable according to the Brazilian standards, while by the criteria established by ISO/IEC 43-1, 81.0 percent were considered as acceptable. On the other hand, radionuclide calibrators with Geiger-Müller detectors presented unsatisfactory performance when compared with calibrators with ionization chambers. CONCLUSION: The performance evaluation based on the ISO/IEC 43-1 criteria, which are applied to analytical laboratories, in spite of being more restrictive, has demonstrated to be quite consistent with the accuracy criterion established by the Brazilian standard.
Subject(s)
Dosimetry/methods , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Radioisotopes , Radioisotopes , Calibration , Maximum Acceptable DoseABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Visual analysis is widely used to interpret regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) SPECT images in clinical practice despite its limitations. Automated methods are employed to investigate between-group rCBF differences in research studies but have rarely been explored in individual analyses. OBJECTIVES: To compare visual inspection by nuclear physicians with the automated statistical parametric mapping program using a SPECT dataset of patients with neurological disorders and normal control images. METHODS: Using statistical parametric mapping, 14 SPECT images from patients with various neurological disorders were compared individually with a databank of 32 normal images using a statistical threshold of p<0.05 (corrected for multiple comparisons at the level of individual voxels or clusters). Statistical parametric mapping results were compared with visual analyses by a nuclear physician highly experienced in neurology (A) as well as a nuclear physician with a general background of experience (B) who independently classified images as normal or altered, and determined the location of changes and the severity. RESULTS: Of the 32 images of the normal databank, 4 generated maps showing rCBF abnormalities (p<0.05, corrected). Among the 14 images from patients with neurological disorders, 13 showed rCBF alterations. Statistical parametric mapping and physician A completely agreed on 84.37 percent and 64.28 percent of cases from the normal databank and neurological disorders, respectively. The agreement between statistical parametric mapping and ratings of physician B were lower (71.18 percent and 35.71 percent, respectively). CONCLUSION: Statistical parametric mapping replicated the findings described by the more experienced nuclear physician. This finding suggests that automated methods for individually analyzing rCBF SPECT images may be a valuable resource to complement visual inspection in clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Brain Diseases , Brain Mapping/methods , Brain , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Brain Diseases/physiopathology , Brain/blood supply , Case-Control Studies , Educational Status , Observer Variation , Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-PhotonABSTRACT
As doenças valvares constituem uma das principais causas de insuficiência cardíaca e de morte súbita em todo o mundo...
Subject(s)
Humans , Aortic Valve Stenosis/complications , Aortic Valve Stenosis/diagnosis , Heart Failure/complications , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Nuclear Medicine/methods , Nuclear Medicine/standardsABSTRACT
Un programa de control de calidad en medicina nuclear incluye la verificación de la eficiencia de equipos utilizados para el diagnóstico y tratamiento, hasta la formación. En este estudio se evaluaron las medidas de actividad realizada por los usuarios que trabajan en los servicios de medicina nuclear en Sergipe, Brazil. En las medidas de actividad se estableció uno y se caracteriza entre las medidas de fuentes radiactivas selladas de actividad normal, 133Ba y 57Co, llevada a cabo por distintos profesionales, con el fin de comprobar la reproducibilidad de estas medidas cuando se compara con el valor por defecto de la actividad de cada fuente. Los resultados de inter-medidas en estado satisfactorio y pueden ser utilizados como parámetros en el evaluación futuro de los servicios de medicina nuclear.
A program of quality control program in nuclear medicine includes the verification of the efficiency of any equipment used for diagnosis and treatment, until the personal training. In this study were evaluated measures of activity undertaken by users who work in nuclear medicine services in Sergipe, Brazil. In measures of activity was established and characterized an inter measures of activity sealed radioactive sources standard, 133Ba and 57Co, carried out by different professionals, aiming to verify the reproducibility of these measures when compared with the default value of the activity of each source. The results of inter-measures were in satisfactory and can be used as parameters in future evaluation services in nuclear medicine.
Subject(s)
Humans , Quality Assurance, Health Care , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Radiometry/standards , Brazil , Calibration/standards , Quality Control , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Objetivos: Demonstrar a fixação das células autólogas mononucleares da medula óssea (CAMMO) no miocárdio, após a sua injeção intravascular. Quantificar a proporção da fixação das células em relação ao corpo inteiro e sua taxa de claramento. Métodos: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes na fase aguda do infarto do miocárdio; 19 foram submetidos à marcação de uma fração das células (10 à sexta potência de células) com o 99mTC hexametil propilenoaminaoxime(99mTc-HMPAO). Foram adquiridas imagens precoces e tardias de corpo inteiro e imagens tomográficas do tórax. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram em média 29,9 maior ou menor que 14 por cento da área infartada nas imagens de perfusão miocárdica. A taxa de captação na área cardíaca foi 12,1 maior ou menor que 8,25 por cento nas imagens precoces e 7,8 maior ou menor que 6,31 por cento nas imagens tardias. A taxa de clareamento foi de 35,3 maior ou menor que 15,94 por cento. A captação das células não apresentou correlação com o tamanho do infarto miocárdico (r igual a 0,271) e o clareamento não apresentou correlação com o tamanho do infarto miocárdico nem com o intervalo entre as aquisições das imagens (r igual a 0,22 e r igual a 0,000024). Conclusão: A marcação das CAMMO com 99mTc-HMPAO permite demonstrar a sua fixação na área infartada, quantificando a sua proporção em relação à sua distribuição no corpo inteiro.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Radionuclide Imaging/adverse effects , Radionuclide Imaging/methods , Nuclear Medicine/methods , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Stem Cell Transplantation , Myocardial Infarction/surgery , Myocardial Infarction/complications , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosisSubject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases , Cardiology/standards , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Cardiology/instrumentation , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis , Myocardial Infarction/therapy , Myocardial Ischemia/diagnosis , Myocardial Ischemia/therapy , Nuclear Medicine/instrumentation , Positron-Emission Tomography , Radioisotopes , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-PhotonABSTRACT
A method for optimizing the administered activity in Static Nuclear Medicine Studies is validated by comparison with ROC curve. Discriminant analysis of image quality is the applied statistical technique. The constructed linear function owns as dependent parameters, the differentiated levels of image quality obtained by observer's criterion. The percentage of cases correctly classified is analyzed. The minimum value of the administered activity, which permit good image quality, can be proposed from the best results of the parameters selected by the function. The method was tested using planar images from a Jaszczak phantom, acquired under four activities (1088 MBq, 962 MBq, 740 MBq and 562 MBq). Two of the six measured Background-to-Signal ratios (S/B) were the parameters able to construct the function with high correlation respect to the expert criterion. The value of 740 MBq was the optimum after method application. The results were coincident with the application of ROC-analysis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Discriminant Analysis , Radionuclide Imaging/standards , Quality Control , ROC Curve , Gamma Cameras , Phantoms, Imaging , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Observation , Process OptimizationABSTRACT
El análisis de la práctica clínica actual demuestra un desfase entre los desarrollos metodológicos publicados y la utilización que de ellos se hace en la práctica clínica. Esta revisión propone una descripción de algunos desarrollos recientes que están próximos a una mayor difusión a propósito de tres indicaciones clásicas: el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, la evaluación de la neurotransmisión dopaminérgica y el estudio de la epilepsia. En la enfermedad de Alzheimer los métodos de estandarización espacial y la comparación con una base de datos normativa son más útiles en la medida que el observador es menos experimentado y las aproximaciones "orientadas a la rutina" más simples que el SPM parecen prometedoras. La cuantificación es lo esencial del estudio de la neurotransmisión dopaminérgica. La medición de los potenciales de unión está considerablemente sesgado por la penetración septal, la atenuación, la difusión y el efecto de volumen parcial. Es el efecto de volumen parcial que introduce el mayor error. Su corrección es difícil debido a que pasa por un corregisto con imágenes de resonancia magnética. Los resultados de esa corrección son muy sensibles a la precisión de dicho corregistro. El estudio de la epilepsia por sustracción de los SPECT ictal e interictal ha demostrado su valor clínico. Es una operación de fusión de imágenes para la cual los métodos ya están bien definidos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Neurotransmitter Agents , Dopamine , Alzheimer Disease , Parkinson Disease , Epilepsy , Tomography, Emission-Computed/methods , Tomography, Emission-Computed/standards , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Databases as Topic , ROC Curve , Brain Diseases , Brain Diseases/metabolism , Reference Standards , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Sensitivity and Specificity , Synaptic TransmissionABSTRACT
O objetivo principal deste trabalho é implantar um método de inspeção imparcial e eficiente, visando à utilização segura e correta das radiações ionizantes no campo da medicina nuclear. Este método de inspeção aqui proposto foi aplicado em 113 serviços de medicina nuclear do país, obedecendo a uma freqüência de análise bienal (1996, 1998, 2000 e 2002). Foram estabelecidos 82 itens de radioproteção com pesos para cada item, baseados nos fatores de risco, de acordo com as normas da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) e as recomendações da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica. Na análise do serviço, cada item de não conformidade com as normas da CNEN gerou uma irregularidade de radioproteção, com seu peso associado. O somatório dos pesos deu a cada serviço uma pontuação final que o classificou dentro de três faixas de valores que determinaram uma tomada de decisão por parte do órgão regulador e fiscalizador: funcionamento sem restrição - menor que 100 pontos; funcionamento com restrição - igual ou maior que 100 e menor que 300 pontos; funcionamento suspenso - igual ou maior que 300 pontos. Para o caso de irregularidades reincidentes, criou-se um fator multiplicativo para a pontuação. A reincidência em qualquer item de radioproteção (irregularidade) teve seu peso multiplicado por 2n, onde n era o número de vezes em que o item encontrava-se irregular. O estabelecimento prévio de itens de radioproteção, com atribuição de pesos para cada item, procurou minimizar os valores subjetivos e pessoais presentes no julgamento e na avaliação técnica das instituições inspecionadas.
The main objective of this study is to implement an impartial and efficient inspection method for a correct and secure use of ionizing radiation in nuclear medicine. The radiological protection model was tested in 113 nuclear medicine services (NMS) all over Brazil, following a biannual analysis schedule (1996, 1998, 2000 and 2002). In the analytical process, we adopted the methodology of assigning different importance levels to each of 82 features, based on the risk factors established by the "Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear" (CNEN) and on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommendations. A feature was considered a radioprotection fault when in nonconformity with the rules mentioned above, and was imparted a grade. The sum of those grades, classified the NMS in one of the three different ranges, as follows: operating without restriction 100 points and below; operating with restriction between 100 and 300 points; temporary shutdown above 300 points. Permission for the second group to carry on operation should be attached to a defined and restricted period of time (6 to 12 months), considered enough for the NMS to solve the problems and submit to a new evaluation. The NMS's classified in the third group are supposed to go back into operation only after compliance with all the pending radioprotection requirements. Until the next regular evaluation, a multiplication factor 2n was applied to the recalcitrant NMS's, where n is the number of unwilling occurrences. The previous establishment of those items of radioprotection, with their respective grades, excluded subjective and personal values in the judgement and technical evaluation of the institutions.
Subject(s)
Nuclear Medicine/standards , Nuclear Medicine/organization & administration , Radiation Protection/standards , Quality ControlABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um padrão de trabalho para intercomparação e calibração de medidores de atividade (calibradores de dose) utilizados na maioria dos serviços de medicina nuclear, para determinação da atividade dos radionuclídeos administrados aos pacientes nos exames específicos ou nos procedimentos terapêuticos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi utilizado um calibrador de dose comercial, um conjunto de fontes radioativas padrões, além de seringas, frascos e ampolas contendo soluções de radionuclídeos utilizados em medicina nuclear. RESULTADOS: O calibrador de dose comercial foi calibrado com soluções de radionuclídeos utilizados em medicina nuclear. Os testes simples do instrumento, tais como o teste de linearidade e da variação da resposta com o volume da fonte a uma concentração de atividade constante, foram descritos e realizados. CONCLUSÃO: O instrumento estudado pode agora ser utilizado como sistema de referência para intercomparação e calibração de outros instrumentos medidores de atividade, como um método de controle da qualidade de calibradores de dose utilizados em serviços de medicina nuclear.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to establish a working standard for intercomparison and calibration of dose calibrators used in most of nuclear medicine facilities for the determination of the activity of radionuclides administered to patients in specific examinations or therapeutic procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A commercial dose calibrator, a set of standard radioactive sources, and syringes, vials and ampoules with radionuclide solutions used in nuclear medicine were utilized in this work. RESULTS: The commercial dose calibrator was calibrated for radionuclide solutions used in nuclear medicine. Simple instrument tests, such as linearity response and variation response with the source volume at a constant source activity concentration were performed. CONCLUSION: This instrument may be used as a reference system for intercomparison and calibration of other activity meters, as a method of quality control of dose calibrators utilized in nuclear medicine facilities
Subject(s)
Calibration , Nuclear Medicine/instrumentation , Nuclear Medicine/standards , Radiometry , Radioisotopes/administration & dosage , Quality ControlABSTRACT
La autora ofrece un detalle de las pruebas diagnósticas de Medicina Nuclear más frecuentes en la actualidad, consignando la preparación requerida del paciente y la duración aproximada del procedimiento. El artículo subraya la inocuidad del uso de radioisótopos para estudios diagnósticos en el aspecto de la bioseguridad del personal de enfermería