Evaluación rápida "in situ" de punción con aguja fina guiada por endosonografía mejora rendimiento diagnóstico de lesiones pancreáticas sólidas / Rapid on-site evaluation with endoscopic ultra sound-guided fine needle improves diagnostic yield of solid pancreatic masses

BACKGROUND: The use of endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has improved the characterization and staging of pancreatic solid masses. The primary strategy for improving the ability to diagnose malignant masses is the use of rapid on site evaluation (ROSE) by a cytopathologist. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA after the implementation of ROSE in an academic center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective enrollment and follow-up of EUS-FNA with ROSE during 2015 and 2016, was compared to EUS-FNA without ROSE in previous years (2011-2014) in Hospital Clínico UCChristus. Clinical and endosonographic features, cytopathological and histological diagnosis and number of passes per procedure were evaluated. All EUS-FNA included cytology and cellular block for definitive diagnosis. RESULTS: 59 pancreatic solid masses were included in the analysis. 44 EUS-FNA were performed with ROSE, compared with 15 EUS-FNA without ROSE. The mean age of patients included was 62.8 years, 54.2% male gender, and most masses studied were in the head of pancreas (77.6%). In EUS 86.5% were hypoechoic and 56.9% had poor defined margins. No differences in baseline characteristics were observed between groups. EUS-FNA led to diagnosis in 86.2% of the overall sample. The diagnostic rate was superior in the group of EUS-FNA with ROSE, compared to EUS-FNA without ROSE (97.7% vs 50%, p < 0.0001). The mean number of passes was inferior in EUS-FNA ROSE (+) (2.71 vs 5.78, p < 0.0001). No differences in rate of complications were observed between groups. CONCLUSION: The use of ROSE associated to EUS-FNA improves the diagnostic yield in the evaluation of pancreatic solid masses. Our findings are consistent with those described in the literature, recommending the use of ROSE in EUS-FNA in centers where the diagnostic yield is less than 90% without the use of ROSE

INTRODUCCIÓN: La adquisición de tejido mediante el uso de endosonografía, con punción con aguja fina, (EUS-FNA) ha mejorado el diagnóstico de lesiones pancreáticas sólidas. La principal medida para aumentar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la EUS-FNA es la evaluación por citopatólogo próximo al lugar de punción (in situ) (técnica conocida en inglés como ROSE "rapid on-site evaluation"). OBJETIVO: Evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de EUS-FNA en lesiones pancreáticas sólidas posterior a la implementación de ROSE en un centro universitario. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Registro prospectivo de EUS-FNA realizadas con ROSE durante el período 2015-2016, comparado con EUS-FNA con evaluación histopatológica diferida realizada entre los años 2011-2014, en Hospital Clínico UC-Christus. Se evaluaron características clínicas, endosonográficas, diagnóstico histopatológico y número de pases por procedimiento. Todas las EUS-FNA incluyeron citología y block celular para diagnóstico definitivo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron en el análisis 59 lesiones pancreáticas sólidas evaluadas con EUS-FNA. Seguimiento prospectivo de 44 EUS-FNA con ROSE, que fueron comparadas con 15 EUS-FNA sin evaluación in situ (retrospectivo). La muestra total incluyó individuos con un promedio de 62,8 años de edad, 54,2% hombres, donde 77,6% de las lesiones se ubicaba en la cabeza pancreática. Endosonográficamente 86,5% de las lesiones eran hipoecoicas y 56,9% tenían márgenes poco definidos. La EUS-FNA fue diagnóstica en 86,2% del total de la muestra. Las EUS-FNA realizadas con ROSE presentaron un mayor rendimiento diagnóstico respecto a las efectuadas sin evaluación in situ (97,7% vs 50%, p < 0,0001). El número de pases por procedimiento fue menor (2,7% vs 5,8%, p < 0,0001) en el grupo con ROSE. No hubo diferencias en complicaciones en ambos grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: La evaluación por citopatólogo in situ de la muestra obtenida por EUS-FNA mejora el rendimiento diagnóstico de las lesiones pancreáticas sólidas. Nuestros hallazgos apoyan el uso de ROSE asociado a EUS-FNA, siendo concordantes con las recomendaciones actuales de utilizar evaluación histopatológica in situ en EUS-FNA, especialmente en centros donde el rendimiento diagnóstico sin uso de ROSE es menor a 90%.

Rapid on-site cytopathological examination (ROSE) performed by endosonagraphers and its improvement in the diagnosis of pancreatic solid lesions

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnosis improvement of EUS-FNA when using ROSE performed by the endosonographer. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted. A total of 48 pancreatic solid masses EUS-FNA were divided into two groups according to the availability of on-site cytology (ROSE) - the first 24 patients (group A-without ROSE) and the latter 24 cases (group B-with ROSE). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, complications and inadequacy rate of EUS-FNA were determined and compared. RESULTS: Among the 48 EUS-FNA, the overall performance was: sensitivity 82%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value (PPV) 100%; negative predictive value (NPV) 70% and accuracy 87%. The sensitivity of the Group A was 71%, versus 94% in-group B (p=0.61). Moreover, the negative predictive value was 58% versus 87% (p=0.72). The accuracy rate increased from 79% to 96% (p=0.67) in the ROSE group. The number of punctures was similar between the groups. No major complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Rapid on-site cytopathological examination, even when performed by the endosonographer, may improve the diagnostic performance in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions, regardless of the slight increase in the number of punctures. .

Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pancreas: Comparison with Conventional Single-Shot Echo-Planar Imaging

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the image quality (IQ) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of reduced field-of-view (FOV) di-ffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of pancreas in comparison with full FOV DWI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 2 readers independently performed qualitative analysis of full FOV DWI (FOV, 38 × 38 cm; b-value, 0 and 500 s/mm²) and reduced FOV DWI (FOV, 28 × 8.5 cm; b-value, 0 and 400 s/mm²). Both procedures were conducted with a two-dimensional spatially selective radiofrequency excitation pulse, in 102 patients with benign or malignant pancreatic diseases (mean size, 27.5 ± 14.4 mm). The study parameters included 1) anatomic structure visualization, 2) lesion conspicuity, 3) artifacts, 4) IQ score, and 5) subjective clinical utility for confirming or excluding initially considered differential diagnosis on conventional imaging. Another reader performed quantitative ADC measurements of focal pancreatic lesions and parenchyma. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare qualitative scores and ADCs between DWI sequences. Mann Whitney U-test was used to compare ADCs between the lesions and parenchyma. RESULTS: On qualitative analysis, reduced FOV DWI showed better anatomic structure visualization (2.76 ± 0.79 at b = 0 s/mm² and 2.81 ± 0.64 at b = 400 s/mm²), lesion conspicuity (3.11 ± 0.99 at b = 0 s/mm² and 3.15 ± 0.79 at b = 400 s/mm²), IQ score (8.51 ± 2.05 at b = 0 s/mm² and 8.79 ± 1.60 at b = 400 s/mm²), and higher clinical utility (3.41 ± 0.64), as compared to full FOV DWI (anatomic structure, 2.18 ± 0.59 at b = 0 s/mm² and 2.56 ± 0.47 at b = 500 s/mm²; lesion conspicuity, 2.55 ± 1.07 at b = 0 s/mm² and 2.89 ± 0.86 at b = 500 s/mm²; IQ score, 7.13 ± 1.83 at b = 0 s/mm² and 8.17 ± 1.31 at b = 500 s/mm²; clinical utility, 3.14 ± 0.70) (p 0.05). ADCs of adenocarcinomas (1.061 × 10⁻³ mm²/s ± 0.133 at reduced FOV and 1.079 × 10⁻³ mm²/s ± 0.135 at full FOV) and neuroendocrine tumors (0.983 × 10⁻³ mm²/s ± 0.152 at reduced FOV and 1.004 × 10⁻³ mm²/s ± 0.153 at full FOV) were significantly lower than those of parenchyma (1.191 × 10⁻³ mm²/s ± 0.125 at reduced FOV and 1.218 × 10⁻³ mm²/s ± 0.103 at full FOV) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Reduced FOV DWI of the pancreas provides better overall IQ including better anatomic detail, lesion conspicuity and subjective clinical utility.

Cambios endosonográficos en la glándula pancreática proximales y distales a una lesión tumoral de cabeza, cuello y cuerpo / Eus changes on the pancreatic gland proximal and distal to a tumor

El ultrasonido endoscópico es uno de los métodos con mayor sensibilidad para detectar cambios en el parénquima pancreático. No se han publicado estudios donde se describan los cambios pancreáticos observados proximales al tumor, los cuales podrían estar en relación al origen del mismo; sin embargo, los cambios post-tumorales por obstrucción del conducto de Wirsung si están descritos en la literatura. Objetivo: Describir los cambios observados por ecoendoscopia en el páncreas antes y después de la lesión tumoral. Metodología: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente videos de 36 pacientes a quienes se les realizó eco endoscopia superior con diagnóstico de cáncer de páncreas, los cuales acudieron entre Enero a Diciembre 2009, fueron excluidos pacientes con lesiones en proceso uncinado y cola del páncreas por no mostrar cambios pre y post tumorales. Las imágenes fueron interpretadas de acuerdo a patrones ya establecidos. Los datos fueron vaciados en tablas y analizados en porcentajes. Resultados: 18 pacientes presentaron cáncer en la cabeza del páncreas, 12 en el cuello y 6 en el cuerpo. De los cambios evidenciados proximales al tumor, una mayoría presentó pancreatopatía areolar 58%, (21): leve 4, moderada 10 y severa 7; seguidos de esteatosis pancreática 33% (12): homogénea 2, heterogénea 10; y con páncreas normal 9% (3). Los cambios post-tumorales observados fueron 94% pancreatitis obstructiva tumoral, y 6% tenían un páncreas normal. Conclusión: Es posible que la presencia de pancreatopatia areolar crónica y esteatosis pudiesen estar en relación con el desarrollo del cáncer pancreático. Se confirmó la presencia de pancreatitis obstructiva tumoral distal a las lesiones en la mayoría de los pacientes.

Endoscopic ultrasound is one of the most sensitive methods to detect changes in the pancreatic parenchyma. There have been no publish studies that describe changes observed proximal to the pancreatic tumor, which could be related to the origin of it, unlike the post-tumor changes by pancreatic duct obstruction, which are described in the literature. Objective: To describe the observed changes in the pancreas by EUS before and after the tumor. Methodology: We retrospectively evaluated videos of 36 patients who underwent upper endoscopy eco diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, they were received between January and December 2009, there were excluded patients with lesions in the uncinate process and tail of the pancreas, because they did not show change pre and post tumor. The images were interpreted according to established patterns. The data were emptied in tables and analyzed by percentages. Results: 18 patients had cancer of the head of the pancreas, 12 in the neck and 6 in the body. Evidenced changes proximal to the tumor, a majority showed areolar pancreatopathy 58% (21): 4 mild, 10 moderate and 7 severe; followed by pancreatic steatosis 33% (12): 2 homogeneous,10 heterogeneous, and 9% (3) normal pancreas. The observed post-tumor changes were obstructive tumoral pancreatitis 94% and 6% had a normal pancreas. Conclusion: It is possible that the presence of chronic areolar pancreatopathy could be related to the development of pancreatic cancer. We confirmed the presence of malignant obstructive pancreatitis distal to lesion in most patients.

Ubicación tipográfica de la esteatosis pancreática diagnosticada por ecoendoscopia clasificada según los patrones sonográficos y probable relación con edad y sexo / Topographic location of endoscopy diagnosed pancreatic steatosis, classified according to sonographic patterns and age & sex relationship likelihood

La esteatosis pancreática es un factor de riesgo para pancreatitis y procesos malignos del páncreas. La ecoendoscopia permite diagnosticar la Esteatosis Pancreáticas, su morfología y la topografía de los patrones fonográficos, que ella presenta. Evaluar las probables relaciones entre la clasificación desde el punto de vista morfológico y topográfico de los patrones sonográficos de la Esteatosis Pancreática diagnosticada por Ecoendoscopia y los factores determinantes tales como edad y sexo. Se tomaron para el estudio 192 pacientes con esteatosis pancreática, 106 mujeres y 86 hombres con un promedio de edad de 55 años. Se caracterizaron de acuerdo a los patrones sonográficos, encontrados y a la ubicación topográfica en la anatomía del páncreas, se estableció además la incidencia de la edad y el sexo. Topográficamente de acuerdo a la ubicación se encontró: en todo el páncreas 77.76%, istmo cuerpo y cola 10.9%, cuerpo y cola 3,6%; en proceso uncinado 2.6%, en todos estos casos la mayoría le correspondió al sexo femenino con edad promedio de 45 a 50 años. Hubo una incidencia del 50% para cada sexo en: istmo y cuerpo 1.04%, y cabeza y uncinado 3.1%. Hubo una incidencia del 100% en el sexo femenino en la ubicación: cabeza 0.5% y cuerpo 0.5%. Con edad promedio de 56 y 47 años respectivamente. Patrones endosonográficos encontrados, Patrón Difuso: 90 pacientes, mayormente del sexo femenino; 40% leve, 31,1% moderado, 24. 4% severo y no clasificado 4.5%. Patrón Heterogéneo: 82 pacientes mayormente del sexo masculino, 59.9% en Parches, 21,9% Moteado y no clasificados 18.2%. Del total, 20 pacientes presentaron un patrón mixto es decir difuso y heterogéneo con 55% a predominio del sexo masculino. La Endosonografîa nos permite obtener información mucho más detallada sobre el comportamiento de la Esteatosis Pancreática, su ubicación, sus patrones, el estudio de su comportamiento desde el inicio hasta su completa evolución...

Pancreatic steatosis is a risk factor for pancreatitis and pancreatic malignancies. EUS allows to diagnose, and to detect the morphology and the topography of sonographic patterns of Pancreatic Steatosis. To evaluate the probable relationships between the classification from the standpoint of morphological and topographical sonographic patterns of pancreatic steatosis diagnosed by Echoendoscopy and determinants such as age and sex. Study took 192 patients with pancreatic steatosis, 106 women and 86 men with an average age of 55. Were characterized according to the sonographic patterns, topography and location found in the anatomy of the pancreas, it also established the impact of age and sex. Topographically according to the location was found: in the whole pancreas 77.76%, isthmus, body and tail 10.9%, body and tail 3.6%, uncinate process 2.6% in all these cases the majority were females, mean age 45 to 50 years. There was an incidence of 50% for each sex: isthmus and body 1.04%, and 3.1%. head and uncinate There was an incidence of 100% in females in the locations: head 0.5% and body 0.5%. With an average age of 56 and 47 years respectively. Endosonographic patterns found, diffuse pattern: 90 patients, mostly female, 40% mild, 31.1% moderate, 24. 4% severe and 4.5% unclassified. Heterogeneous pattern: 82 patients mostly male, 59.9% in patches, 21.9% Mottle and 18.2% unclassified. Of the total, 20 patients had a mixed pattern, diffuse and heterogeneous with 55% male predominance. Endosonography allows much more detailed information about the behavior of pancreatic steatosis, their location, patterns, the study of their behavior from the beginning to its full development...

Brunnera's Gland Hyperplasia: Treatment of Severe Diffuse Nodular Hyperplasia Mimicking a Malignancy on Pancreatic-Duodenal Area

Brunnera's gland hyperplasia is a benign tumor of the duodenum and it is rarely associated with clinical symptoms. We report on a 64-yr-old man with Brunnera's gland hyperplasia who had undergone a duodenocephalo-pancreatectomy. The reason is that he presented upper gastrointestinal obstructive symptoms and the esophagogastroduodenoscopic finding revealed the lesion to be an infiltrating type mass on the second portion of the duodenum with luminal narrowing. An abdominal computed tomography showed a 2.5 cm-sized mass in the duodenal second portion with a suspicious pancreatic invasion and 7 mm-sized lymph node around the duodenum. Duodenocephalopancreatectomy was successfully performed. Histological examination revealed a Brunnera's gland hyperplasia. The final diagnosis was the coexistence of Brunnera's gland hyperplasia and pancreatic heterotopia with a pancreatic head invasion. The literature on Brunnera's gland hyperplasia is reviewed.

Manifestaciones cutáneas de las enfermedades gastrointestinales: primera parte / Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases: first part

Es de gran importancia que tanto los dermatólogos como los gastroenterólogos estén familiarizados con los hallazgos cutáneos que se pueden presentar antes, durante la evolución o como complicaciones de diversas enfermedades del sistema digestivo. A continuación se presenta el primero de dos artículos de revisión de las principales manifestaciones dermatológicas de las enfermedades gastrointestinales, donde se enfatiza el hecho de que los hallazgos cutáneos muchas veces son la clave para realizar un diagnóstico de los trastornos gastrointestinales y de sus complicaciones, por lo que es posible instaurar precozmente medidas preventivas y terapéuticas.

Pancreatic serous cystadenoma mimicking pseudocyst

The serous cystadenoma of the pancreas is a rare lesion that is usually found incidentally. It is mostly observed as a spongy microcystic mass but rare variants such as macrocystic, unicystic, or multicentric are also seen. We recently experienced a unique case of unicystic serous cystadenoma mimicking a pseudocyst. It was grossly a unilocular cyst with surrounding dense fibrosis resembling a pseudocyst. Microscopically, the cyst was partly lined by low columnar-to-cuboidal cells with clear cytoplasm containing glycogen.

Ultrasound guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology of pancreas: a review of 61 cases.

The study includes 61 cases which were subjected to ultrasound (US) guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) to find out the utility of this technique in the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. Age of the patients ranged from 23 to 85 years with a median of 50 years. Male to female ratio was 36:25. One or more clinical diagnoses were offered in 16 and in 9 of these, the disease was related to pancreas. Subsequent to US, the lesions were localized to pancreas in 57 and the nature of pathology in the pancreatic lesion could be diagnosed in 31. By FNAC, 31 cases (50.8%) were diagnosed to have pancreatic malignancy which included adenocarcinoma (23 cases), papillary cystic tumour (1), muco-epidermoid carcinoma (1), acinic cell carcinoma (1), islet cell tumor (1), and non Hodgkin lymphoma (4). FNAC of liver in 2 cases and retroperitoneal lymph node in a case of pancreatic adenocarcinoma revealed metastasis. During follow up, 1 case of non Hodgkin's lymphoma showed CSF involvement. Three cases (4.9%) were suspected to have epithelial malignancy of which one was confirmed as an adenocarcinoma following surgery and histology. Four (6.6%) were benign lesions which included nonspecific inflammation (2 cases), tuberculous pancreatitis (1) and pseudopancreatic cyst (1). The remaining 23 cases (37.7%) had normal or inadequate cytology. Of these, FNAC of liver showed metastasis in 2 cases and one case each were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma and pseudopancreatic cyst respectively following surgery. None of the patients had any complication following FNAC. We recommend US guided FNAC to be routinely used for diagnosis of pancreatic lesion.

Manejo del pseudoquiste de pancreas hospital Eugenio Espejo 1987-1993

El pseudoquiste es por mucho la lesion con contenido liquido más común asociada en el pancreas. Se revisan los pacientes atendidos con diagnostico de pseudoquiste de pancreas entre los años de 1987 y 1993 en el Hospital Eugenio Espejo. se trata de 20 casos, 11 hombres y 9 mujeres con una media de edad de 35 años (+/- 13.53 por ciento). todos se presentaron como complicacion de pancreatitis aguda, 12 (60 por ciento) de origen biliar 5 (25 por ciento) de etiologia traumática, 2 (19 por ciento) quirurgica y 1 (5 por ciento) alcoholica. el dolor abdominal fue el dato mas frecuente 19 pacientes (95 por ciento) y masa palpable en 11 (55 por ciento). El ultra sonido proporcionó el diagnostico en el 100 por ciento de los casos y la TAC en todos los enfermos en quienes se realizo (7 pacientes). en un paciente se realizó pancreatografía retrograda endoscópica, sin encontrar evidencia de comunicación con pseudoquiste. En 3 pacientes se realizó f/drenaje externo, 8 drenaje interno, 6 cistogastrostomía, 2 cistoyeyunostomía en Y de Roux, remisión expontánea en 4 pacientes entre la cuarta y sexta semana. Los restantes 5 pacientes son dados de alta sin intervención ni remisión del pseudoquiste. El diagnostico de pseudoquiste debe sospecharse si aparece o persiste dolor abdominal, hiperamilasemia y masa en enfermos con pancreatitis. El ultrasonido se puede utilizar de manera eficaz, para diagnóstico y seguimiento de la evolución del pseudoquiste. La derivación interna quirúrgica, sigue siendo el procedimiento de elección por su baja morbimiortalidad y su bajo índicede recurrencia

Gastric mucormycosis.

A case of gastric mucormycosis proven on culture and histologic examination and successfully treated with resectional surgery and Amphotericin B is described.

Nesidioblastosis associated with chronic experimental pancreatitis produced by a scorpion toxin, tityustoxin, in rats

Tityustoxin (TsTx), the purified venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus, was inected intravenously (50 microng/Kg) into rats, producing a typical picture of chronic pancreatitis after 20 days. Nesidioblastosis, a lesions characterized by hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans, was also detected in a high percentage (40%) of animals. TsTx-induced pancreatitis may be a useful model for the study of nesidioblastosis in laboratory animals