Implication of Porphyromonas gingivalis in colitis and homeostasis of intestinal epithelium / 한국실험동물학회지

Emerging evidences have reported that periodontitis can be a risk factor for the pathogenesis of various systemic diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the crucial pathogens in chronic periodontitis, has been spotlighted as a potential cause for the promotion and acceleration of periodontitis-associated systemic disorders. To investigate the association between Pg and intestinal disease or homeostasis, we treated Pg-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine colitis model or intestinal organoid, respectively. Pg-derived LPS (Pg LPS) was administrated into chemically induced murine colitis model and disease symptoms were monitored compared with the infusion of LPS derived from E. coli (Ec LPS). Organoids isolated and cultured from mouse small intestine were treated with Pg or Ec LPS and further analyzed for the generation and composition of organoids. In vivo observations demonstrated that both Pg and Ec LPS exerted slight protective effects against murine colitis. Pg LPS did not affect the generation and growth of intestinal epithelial organoids. Among subtypes of epithelial cells, markers for stem cells, goblet cells or Paneth cells were changed in response to Pg LPS. Taken together, these results indicate that Pg LPS leads to partial improvement in colitis and that its treatment does not significantly affect the self-organization of intestinal organoids but may regulate the epithelial composition.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Immature myeloid cells, also known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), include neutrophilic and monocytic myeloid cells, and are found in inflammatory loci and secondary lymphoid organs in mice with intestinal inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, and tumor tissues. However, the roles of MDSCs in IBD are not yet well understood, and there are controversies regarding their immunosuppressive functions in IBD. In addition, recent studies have suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intestinal epithelial cells, especially in Paneth cells, is closely associated with the induction of IBD. However, the ER stress in MDSCs accumulated in the inflamed tissues of IBD patients is not yet fully understood. In the current review, we discuss the presence of accumulated MDSCs in the intestines of IBD patients, and further speculate on their physiological roles in the inflammatory condition with interleukin 17-producing cells, including Th17 cells. In particular, we will discuss the divergent functions of MDSCs in ER stressed intestinal environments, including their pro-inflammatory or immunosuppressive roles, based on the consideration of unfolded protein responses initiated in intestinal epithelial cells by ER stress.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Immature myeloid cells, also known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), include neutrophilic and monocytic myeloid cells, and are found in inflammatory loci and secondary lymphoid organs in mice with intestinal inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, and tumor tissues. However, the roles of MDSCs in IBD are not yet well understood, and there are controversies regarding their immunosuppressive functions in IBD. In addition, recent studies have suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intestinal epithelial cells, especially in Paneth cells, is closely associated with the induction of IBD. However, the ER stress in MDSCs accumulated in the inflamed tissues of IBD patients is not yet fully understood. In the current review, we discuss the presence of accumulated MDSCs in the intestines of IBD patients, and further speculate on their physiological roles in the inflammatory condition with interleukin 17-producing cells, including Th17 cells. In particular, we will discuss the divergent functions of MDSCs in ER stressed intestinal environments, including their pro-inflammatory or immunosuppressive roles, based on the consideration of unfolded protein responses initiated in intestinal epithelial cells by ER stress.

Effect of fish oil on intestinal Paneth cells in mouse with abdominal infection / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of fish oil on intestinal Paneth cells in mouse with abdominal infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty C57BL/6J mouse were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each): control group, sham group, infection group (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP), fish oil group (0.4 g/kg fish oil, intragastric administration every day, FO) and long chain triglyceride group (0.4 g/kg soybean oil, intragastric administration every day, LCT). The mouse were sacrificed and the terminal ileum was collected for lysozyme, cryptdin 4 and secreted phosphatidase A2 (sPLA2) analysis at the fourth day after operation. The changes of mouse body weight and intestinal mucosa pathology were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The body weight, the mRNA levels of lysozyme, cryptdin 4 and sPLA2 and the protein level of lysozyme of Paneth cells in the infection group were reduced compared with the control group (0.78±0.34 vs. 1.83±0.11, 0.99±0.44 vs. 2.02±0.33, 0.92±0.25 vs. 1.50±0.27, 0.31±0.06 vs. 0.45±0.05, all P<0.05), meanwhile the intestinal villi collapse and breakage occurred obviously. Fish oil could up-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of lysozyme (1.23±0.27 vs. 0.78±0.34 and 0.62±0.23, 0.38±0.07 vs. 0.31±0.06 and 0.32±0.06, all P<0.05) and alleviate the mucosa injury compared with the infection group and LCT group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The function of intestinal Paneth cells is damaged apparently after cecal ligation and puncture. Fish oil can relieve this injury.</p>

Radio-protective effect of sulfated polysaccharide purified from Ecklonia cava against small intestinal stem cells of gamma-ray irradiated mice / 동물의과학연구지

Our previous research on sulfated polysaccharide purified from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga found in Jeju island, Korea, showed that sulfated polysaccharides modulate the apoptotic threshold of intestinal cells, thereby preventing intestinal damage caused by ionizing radiation. In this study, we investigated the ability of sulfated polysaccharide to augment restoration of small intestinal stem cells from gamma-ray-induced damage. In our results, sulfated polysaccharide treatment increased the numbers of Ki-67-positive cells as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing cells in the small intestine compared with those of irradiated only mice. Meanwhile, exposure to irradiation increased the number of paneth cells, which are frequently associated with intestinal inflammation, whereas sulfated polysaccharide treatment reduced the number of paneth cells in the small intestinal crypt. Conclusively, our data suggest that reduction of iNOS-expressing cells and paneth cells in sulfated polysaccharide-treated mice contributes to the inhibition of radiation-induced intestinal inflammation.

Primary Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Breast: A Case Report with an Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Studies / 한국유방암학회지

Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is extremely rare and is characterized by widespread acinar cell-like differentiation. We report of a 39-year-old woman presented with a palpable breast mass with significant morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings. Histologically, ACC showed a diffuse glandular infiltrative pattern, with small acinar or glandular structures mixed with solid nests. Neoplastic cells were monotonous proliferation of cells with a granular or clear cytoplasm, resembling acinar cells of the salivary glands or Paneth cells. Both glandular and solid tumor cell populations were strongly positive for lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin.

Identificación de las células de paneth en el intestino delgado de crías de alpacas en los primeros 21 días de edad / Identification of paneth's cells in the small intestine of baby alpacas in the first 21 days of age

Las células de Paneth cumplen un rol muy importante en los mecanismos de defensa y protección del tracto gastrointestinal en diferentes especies animales a través de sus secreciones como lisozima, fosfolipasa y A2 secretoria y defensinas. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar las células de Paneth en el intestino delgado de crías de alpacas; para lo cual se utilizaron 18 animales entre 1 y 21 días de edad. Se tomaron muestras de duodeno, yeyuno e íleon de cada animal, las cuales fueron fijadas en formol al 10 por ciento y procesadas como muestras histológicas. Se prepararon láminas coloreadas con hematoxilina-eosina (H-E) y tricrómico de Masson. Mediante inmunohistoquímica se identificó la presencia de gránulos de lisozima para lo cual se utilizó un anticuerpo policlonal antilisozima. Mediante la coloración con H-E y tricrómico de Masson no se pudo identificar en forma precisa células típicas de Paneth, mientras que mediante inmunohistoquímica se observó células con presencia de gránulos de lisozima en la base de las criptas de Lieberkühn de duodeno, yeyuno e íleon desde 1 día de edad, siendo mayor el número en yeyuno e íleon en alpacas entre los 15 y 21 días de edad. Estas células presentaron áreas comprendidas entre 129.19 y 147.67 µm2, ejes mayores entre 17.96 y 19.92 µm y ejes menores entre 8.68 y 9.79 µm. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las células encontradas desde el primer día de edad en las criptas de Lieberkühn de duodeno, yeyuno e íleon de crías de alpacas son las células de Paneth, siendo mayor su número en yeyuno e ileon entre los 15 y 21 días de edad.

Paneth cells have an important function in the defense and protection mechanisms of gastrointestinal tract in many animal species through its secretions as lysozime, sycretory phospholipase A2 and defensins. The aim of this study was to identify the Paneth cells in the small intestine of baby alpacas; for this, 18 animals between 1 and 21 days of age were used for this purpose. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples were removed from each animal. By routinary microscopic light examination and immunohistochemistry, these samples were fixed in 10 per cent phormol and processed for paraffin sections and stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and Masson trichromic. For immunohistochemistry technique we used a polyclonal antibody anti-lizozime. Typicall Paneth cells were not identified with H-E and Masson trichromic stains, where as by immunohistochemistry technique Iysozime granules conteining cells were identified in the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn of duodenum, jejunum and ileum since 1 day of age, being the number bigger in jejunum and ileum of alpacas between 15 and 21 days of age. These cells showed areas between 129.19 and 147.67 µm2, major axes between 17.96 and 19.92 µm and minor axes between 8.68 and 9.79 µm. Based in this results, it was concluded that the cells found since the first day of age in the crypts of Lieberkuhn of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of baby alpacas are Paneth cells, being the number bigger in jejunum and ileum between 15 and 21 days of age.

Efeitos da infecção crônica por Toxoplasma gondii sobre a parede intestinal de gatos domésticos / The effects of the infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii on the cat duodenal wall

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da infecção causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii sobre a parede do duodeno de gatos. Foram utilizados seis gatos (Felis catus), com cerca de três meses de vida, distribuídos aleatoriamente em Grupo controle (G1; n = 3) e Grupo infectado (G2; n = 3). Os animais do G2 receberam, por via oral, 200 cistos teciduais da cepa ME49 (tipo II) do T. gondii. Apos 40 dias, os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia, laparotomia e retirada do duodeno, que foi fixado em solução de Bouin e submetido a rotina histológica para obtenção de cortes transversais de3 μm. Os cortes foram corados com Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE), Azan, Acido Periódico de Schiff (PAS), Alcian-Blue e Tricrômio de Mallory. Realizou-se uma avaliação qualitativa da parede intestinal e medidas comparativas entre os dois grupos, com relação: à espessura da túnica mucosa, túnica muscular, parede total, altura dos vilos, profundidade das criptas e altura dos enterócitos e seus núcleos. As células caliciformes, os linfócitos intraepiteliais e as células de Paneth foram quantificados. Os resultados mostraram que a infecção levou a atrofia da túnica mucosa, túnica muscular e parede intestinal do duodeno de gatos do G2 (p < 0,05). A altura dos enterócitos apresentou um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) nos animais do G2. Na avaliação qualitativa, as fibras colágenas ocupavam visivelmente uma maior área dos estratos da parede intestinal, o que sugere que estejam aumentadas. Observou-se a redução da secreção de sulfomucinas e o aumento das células de Paneth nesses mesmos animais (p < 0,05).

This paper analyzes the effects of the infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii on the cat duodenal wall. Six cats (Felis catus) with 3-month-old were randomly divided into Control Group (G1; n = 3) and Infected Group (G2; n = 3). The animals from G2 received orarilly 200 T. gondii tissye cysts of ME49-strain (type II). After 40 days, the animals were submitted to euthanasia, laparotomy and had their duodenum removed, fixed in Bouin solution and submitted to histological routine obtaining 3 μm transverse cuts. The cuts were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Azan, Periodic acid – Schiff (PAS), Alcian-Blue, and Mallory trichrome. Qualitative assessment of the intestine wall as well as comparative measurements with respect to the thickness of mucosa, muscle tunic, total wall, the height of the villous, the depth of the crypts, and the height of the enterocytes and their nuclei were carried out. Calciform cells, the intraepithelial lymphocytes, and the Paneth cells were quantified. The results showed that the infection led to the atrophy of the mucosa, muscle tunic, and the intestinal wall of the duodenum of G2 cats (p < 0.05). The enterocytes height presented significant (p < 0.05) increase for G2 animals. According to the qualitative analysis, the collagen fibers were visibly taken a broader area on the intestinal wall layers, what suggests they have increased in size. Decrease in the sulphomucins secretion and the increase of Paneth cells were observed for these animals (p < 0.05).

Papel del sistema inmune en el desarrollo de las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales / Role of the immune system in inflammatory bowel diseases development

Las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales (EII), entre las que se incluyen a la enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y colitis ulcerosa (CU), son patologías de etiología multifactorial, en las cuales se ha demostrado en los últimos años que el componente genético tiene un papel relevante. La incidencia de estas patologías ha ido en aumento en los países desarrollados y también en Chile. A pesar de los avances en su estudio, la etiología de las EII no está totalmente esclarecida, aunque es posible reconocer factores genéticos, inmunológicos y ambientales en su patogénesis. Entre los posibles mecanismos propuestos la respuesta alterada a antígenos bacterianos cumpliría un papel relevante en un subgrupo de pacientes con EC quienes presentan alguna mutación en los receptores que reconocen patógenos. Esta revisión analiza avances recientes en el conocimiento de las EII y destaca los hallazgos relacionados con alteraciones en los componentes del sistema inmune gastrointestinal y su posible relación con la patogenia de las EII. Un análisis detallado de la interrelación entre los diferentes integrantes del sistema inmune de la mucosa intestinal, tales como las células dendríticas, epiteliales, de Paneth y los linfocitos T y su actividad defectuosa podría brindar nuevas herramientas para el diseño de estrategias experimentales y terapéuticas de las EII.

O sistema imune inato intestinal em pacientes com estrongiloidíase / The innate intestinal immune system in patients with strongyloidiasis

Foram estudados fragmentos da mucosa duodenal obtidos de nove pacientes apresentando sintomas leves de estrogiloidiase, nove com sintomas moderados, sete com sintomas graves e sete indivíduos aparentemente normais. A muramidase(lisozima) foi imunocitoquimicamente demonstrada em cortes contracorados pela técnica do PAS. Havia aparente aumento progressivo na secreçao de muramidase pela célula de Paneth aaacompanhado o agravamento dos sintomas, näo obstante o fato de que a sua populaçao permanecesse constante. Decréscimo progressivo no número de células caliciformes foi observado enquanto, concomitantemente, haavia aumento na populaçao de células intermediarias. Esses resultados foram interpretados como a indicaçao da participaçao do sistema imune inato intestinal no estabelecimento da interaçao Strongyloides stercoralis/hospedeiro, através do aumento da secreçao da enzima mucolítica muramidase

Studies on the Paneth Cell of the Mouse Ileum after Administration of Cyclophosphamide / 대한해부학회지

This study was carried out on ICR mice, male, weighing about 26~35 g in order to investigate the effects of cyclophosphamide (CP) on the Paneth cells and their glycoconjugates. They were given intraperitoneally CP (Sigma, USA) 150 mg/kg body weight. Control mice were given as same amount of distilled water. The mice were sacrificed after 12 hours and on day 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 14 after CP injection. Sections were prepared from the region upper 1~2 cm from the end of the ilea. The material for histological examination was fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Some of the preparation 4 mm thick from the paraffin blocks stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The average numbers of the cells (Paneth cell index : PCI) were counted in the longitudinally sectioned 20 intestinal glands and semiquantitive granulation indices (Paneth cell granulation index : PGI) were obtained arithmatically weighted method to 3 cell types classified according to the degree of granularity of the cells. The other sections were incubated with 8 species of lectins (GS I B4, PSA, SBA, sWGA, UEA I, ECL, PNA and LFA). In order to increase the specificity of the reactions, the sections were applicated with ABC system. And then the sections were incubated DAB and were counterstained with hematoxylin. The results observed by light microcope were as follows. 1. The Paneth cell index (PCI) was 155.5 in control mice, while the PCI from the mice after 12 hours CP injection was 88.3. The Paneth cell granulation index (PGI) decreased from 316.0 in control mice to 152.3 in 12 hours after the CP administration. 2. The PCI increased to 141 and the PGI was 354 on day 2 after CP administration, which was higher in number than those of the control mice. It was characterized that the Paneth cells packed with numerous eosinophilic granules in the apical region increased in great numbers on day 2. 3. The PCI and PGI decreased on day 4 and day 5, and began to increase on day 9, which recovered to the similar level of the control mice. 4. Apoptotic-like cells increased suddenly in great numbers 12 hours after the CPA injection and began to decrease on day 1. Most of the dying cells seem to come from stem cells of the crypts and a small numbers of them from Paneth cells. 5. Paneth cells exhibited an extensive binding pattern for SBA, sWGA, and showed a restricted binding pattern for GS I B4 and UEA I. PSA, PNA, LFA. ECL showed negative reaction with Paneth cells. 6. It seems that Paneth cells can be classified according to the composition of the glycoconjugate in the granule and the stages of the cell maturation. The glycoconjugates in the halo is thought different from that in the core of the secretory granules. 7. The Paneth cell granules generally showed stronger reaction with the lectins in 12 hours after the CP admini-stration. 8. It is thought that the core of the granules decomposed earlier than the halo of the granules, and the granules of the cells reacted negatively with the lectins secreted earlier than those of the cells showed strong reaction with the lectins after the CP injection.

Paneth cell metaplasia in colonic adenocarcinoms.

The junctional mucosa of 49 colorectal carcinomas were studied for Paneth cell metaplasia. Twenty two cases (44.89%) showed Paneth cells in the junctional mucosa. The carcinomas were seen mainly in the age range of 51 to 60 years (38.4%) The occurrence of Paneth cell metaplasia was higher in the vicinity of tumours of ascending colon and in well differentiated grades of adenocarcinomas. This probably indicates the reactive host response in the junctional mucosa which is of better prognostic significance.

Paneth Cell-rich Carcinoma of the Stomach: A case report

Paneth cell-rich carcinoma is essentially an adenocarcinoma with a predominance of Paneth cells. A 60-year-old male patient was admitted with a history of abdominal distension for several months. Endoscopic examination revealed a large ulceroinfiltrative tumor involving most of the areas of the stomach. The biopsy of the lesion confirmed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and total gastrectomy was followed. The submitted total stomach contained a diffuse infiltrative Borrmann type IV mass with ulceration, 8.0 3.5 cm, at the body along the lesser curvature. Microscopically, it was composed of Paneth cell differentiated cancer cells and poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma cells. The Paneth cell differentiation was characterized by cytoplasmic coarse eosinophilic granules, which were PAS-positive and positive reaction for lysozyme. Electron microscopic examination showed numerous, spherical, electron-dense, homogeneous granules corresponding to those in Paneth cells as well as mucin granules in the signet-ring cells, and various intermediate forms in some cancer cells, which might be immature in the Paneth cell lineage.

Lysozyme immunoreactivity of paneth cells of human, rat and mouse / 대한해부학회지

No abstract available.