A comparative study of visual assessment between dry bone, 2-dimensional photograph, and deep learning methods in sex classification on the auricular area of the os coxae in a Thai population / Un estudio comparativo de la evaluación visual entre el hueso seco, la fotografía bidimensional y los métodos de aprendizaje profundo en la clasificación del sexo en el área auricular del hueso coxal en una población tailandesa

SUMMARY: Sex assessment is an important process in forensic identification. A pelvis is the best skeletal element for identifying sexes due to its sexually dimorphic morphology. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the visual assessment in dry bones as well as 2D images and to test the accuracy of using a deep convolutional neural network (GoogLeNet) for increasing the performance of a sex determination tool in a Thai population. The total samples consisted of 250 left os coxa that were divided into 200 as a 'training' group (100 females, 100 males) and 50 as a 'test' group. In this study, we observed the auricular area, both hands-on and photographically, for visual assessment and classified the images using GoogLeNet. The intra-inter observer reliabilities were tested for each visual assessment method. Additionally, the validation and test accuracies were 85, 72 percent and 79.5, 60 percent, for dry bone and 2D image methods, respectively. The intra- and inter-observer reliabilities showed moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.54 - 0.67) for both visual assessments. The deep convolutional neural network method showed high accuracy for both validation and test sets (93.33 percent and 88 percent, respectively). Deep learning performed better in classifying sexes from auricular area images than other visual assessment methods. This study suggests that deep learning has advantages in terms of sex classification in Thai samples.

RESUMEN: La evaluación del sexo es un proceso importante en la identificación forense. La pelvis es el mejor elemento esquelético para identificar sexos debido a su morfología sexualmente dimórfica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar la precisión de la evaluación visual en huesos secos, así como imágenes 2D y probar la precisión del uso de una red neuronal convolucional profunda (GoogLeNet) para aumentar el rendimiento de una herramienta de determinación de sexo en una población tailandesa. Las muestras consistieron en 250 huesos coxales izquierdos, los que fueron dividi- das de la siguiente manera: 200 como un grupo de "entrenamiento" (100 mujeres, 100 hombres) y 50 como un grupo de "prueba". En este estudio, observamos el área auricular, tanto de forma práctica como fotográfica, para una evaluación visual y clasificamos las imágenes utilizando GoogLeNet. Se analizó la confiabilidad intra-interobservador para cada método de evaluación visual. Además, las precisiones de validación y prueba fueron del 85, 72 por ciento y 79,5, 60 por ciento, para los métodos de hueso seco y de imágenes 2D, respectivamente. Las confiabilidades intra e interobservador mostraron un acuerdo moderado (Kappa = 0.54 - 0.67) para ambas evaluaciones visuales. El método de red neuronal convolucional profunda mostró una alta precisión tanto para la validación como para los conjuntos de prueba (93,33 por ciento y 88 por ciento, respectivamente). El aprendizaje se desempeñó mejor en la clasificación de sexos a partir de imágenes del área auricular que otros métodos de evaluación visual. Este estudio sugiere que el aprendizaje profundo tiene ventajas en términos de clasificación por sexo en muestras tailandesas.

Morphometric, anatomic and radiographic study of bone of the pelvic limb of endangered Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) / Estudio morfométrico, anatómico y radiográfico de los huesos del miembro pélvico del huemul patagónico en peligro de extinción (Hippocamelus bisulcus)

Currently, the Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is endangered. Anatomical studies focused on understanding the anatomy of the deer most threatened by extinction in South America is a challenge for anatomists, veterinarians and biologists. Research carried out for its conservation has focused mainly on its ecology and pathology, leaving gaps in anatomical knowledge, which is basic and important for a comprehensive understanding of this species. Gross anatomy and radiography of the skeleton of the pelvic limb was performed in three adult Patagonian huemul. Bone specimens of three skeletally mature Patagonian huemul deer were used for gross osteological and radiographic studies. This study was conducted to reveal the morphometric and morphological features of the ossa membri pelvini of the Patagonian huemul. The main findings suggest the presence of powerful extensor muscles in the coxofemoral, femorotibial and tarsal joints, useful during walking, jogging and propulsion in deer. In general, the MNF of Patagonian huemul differ in position with respect to domestic ungulates. In addition, the presence of a notch or obturator canal was observed, with variability in morphology and development among the specimens.

Actualmente, el Huemul Patagónico (Hippocamelus bisulcus) está en peligro de extinción. Los estudios morfológicos centrados en comprender su anatomía han sido un desafío para morfólogos, veterinarios y biólogos. Investigaciones enfocadas en su conservación, se han centrado principalmente en su ecología, patología y en la descripción de sus principales agentes infecciosos, dejando vacíos en el conocimiento anatómico básico, y por ende, su comprensión morfofisiológica. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la anatomía, morfometría y radiología macroscópica normal y detallada del ossa membri pelvini en tres especímenes de Huemul Patagónico, incluida una interpretación funcional como referencia para uso clínico y conservacionista, investigación biomédica y fines de enseñanza. Los principales hallazgos sugieren la presencia de potentes músculos extensores en las articulaciones coxofemoral, femorotibial y tarsal, útiles durante la marcha, el trote y la propulsión en los ciervos. En general, los forámenes nutricios principales del Huemul patagónico difieren en posición con respecto a los ungulados domésticos. Además, se observó la presencia de una muesca o canal obturador, con variabilidad morfológica y de desarrollo entre los especímenes.

A comparative study of sagittal spinal-pelvic parameters between patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy controls / Un estudio comparativo de los parámetros sagitales de la columna vertebral-pélvic entre pacientes adolescentes con escoliosis idiopática y controles sanos

This study aimed to investigate the sagittal spinal-pelvic morphological changes, as well as the relationship between pelvic anatomical changes and the spinal-pelvic plane in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), in order to provide guidelines for orthopedic surgery in AIS. X-ray data were collected for retrospective analysis from 30 patients diagnosed as AIS in the Departments of Radiology at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University and the Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medical Hospital from April 2014 to November 2018, along with 30 normal adolescents as control. Pelvic parameters, including pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS), a spinal parameter, lumbar lordosis (LL), and anatomical parameters, including sacral width (SW) and femoral head- sacrum distance (FH-S), were measured. The spinal-pelvic parameters were compared between AIS patients and normal controls and also between male and female AIS patients. Pearson correlation was performed to analyze correlation between spinal-pelvic parameters and between spinal-pelvic parameters and anatomical parameters in both AIS patients and normal controls. PT was significantly lower in AIS patients than in normal controls (P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found in the other spinal-pelvic parameters, i. e. , LL, PI, and SS. There was a significant difference in PT between sexes in AIS patients. SS was significantly correlated with LL in EIA patients (P < 0.05, r > 0.5). SS was significantly correlated with LL and PI, and PT with LL, PI, and SS in normal controls (all P < 0.05), and there was no significant correlation between the other sagittal spinal-pelvic parameters (P > 0.05). FH-S was significantly correlated with LL, PI, SS, and PT in AIS patients (all P < 0.05). AIS affects some of the sagittal spinalpelvic parameters and anatomical parameters. In AIS, there is a significant correlation between the spinal-pelvic parameters, and the anatomical parameter is significantly correlated with multiple spinal-pelvic parameters.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los cambios morfológicos sagitales de la columna vertebral-pélvica, así como la relación entre los cambios anatómicos pélvicos y el plano espinal-pélvico en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática adolescente (EIA), con el fin de proporcionar pautas para la cirugía ortopédica en AIS. Se obtuvieron los datos de rayos X para el análisis retrospectivo de 30 pacientes diagnosticados como EIA en los Departamentos de Radiología del hospital Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University y el hospital Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medical Hospital, desde abril de 2014 hasta noviembre del 2018, junto con 30 adolescentes normales como control. Se midieron los parámetros pélvicos, que incluyeron incidencia pélvica (IP), inclinación pélvica (P) y pendiente sacra (PS), un parámetro espinal, lordosis lumbar (LL) y parámetros anatómicos, que incluyeron el ancho sacro (AS) y la distancia del sacro cabeza femoral (FH-S). Los parámetros espinalpélvicos se compararon entre los pacientes con EIA y los controles normales, como también entre pacientes con EIA masculinos y femeninos. La correlación de Pearson se realizó para analizar la correlación entre los parámetros espinal-pélvicos y entre los parámetros espinal-pélvicos y los parámetros anatómicos tanto en pacientes con EIA como en controles normales. PT fue significativamente menor en pacientes con EIA que en los controles normales (P <0,05), mientras que no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los otros parámetros espinal-pélvicos, i. mi. , LL, PI y SS. Hubo una diferencia significativa en PT en pacientes de ambos sexos con EIA. SS se correlacionó significativamente con LL en pacientes con EIA (P <0,05, r> 0,5). SS se correlacionó significativamente con LL y PI, y PT con LL, PI y SS en controles normales (todos P <0,05), y no hubo correlación significativa entre los otros parámetros sagitales de la columna vertebral-pélvica (P> 0,05) FH-S se correlacionó significativamente con LL, PI, SS y PT en pacientes con EIA (todos P <0,05). EIA afecta algunos de los parámetros sagitales de la columna vertebral-pélvica y los parámetros anatómicos. En EIA, existe una correlación significativa entre los parámetros espinal-pélvicos, y el parámetro anatómico se correlaciona significativamente con múltiples parámetros espinales-pélvicos.

Osteology and radiographic anatomy of the hind limbs in Marshdeer (Blastocerus dichotomus) / Anatomia óssea e radiográfica do membro pélvico do cervo-do-pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus)

The knowledge of anatomical structures found in wild animals is important for the practice of medical and surgical clinic. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the osteology and radiographic anatomy of the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal and phalanges of the Marshdeer Blastocerus dichotomus as a reference for clinical use and species identification. Most structures were similar to those found in domestic animals, with special features of this species. Noteworthy is, for example, the absence of the third trochanter of the femur. Although a ruminant, the Marshdeer has a fibuyla similar to the one described for the horse. B. dichotomus has four fingers on each limb, formed through three phalanges, only the third and fourth finger touch the ground, and the second and fifth finger is rudimentary. It has four proximal and two distal sesamoid bones, and sesamoid bones near the gastrocnemius muscle do not exist...

O conhecimento das estruturas anatômicas encontradas nos animais silvestres é importante para a prática da clínica médica e cirúrgica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a osteologia e anatomia radiográfica do fêmur, patela, tíbia, fíbula, tarsais, metatarsais e falanges do cervo-do-pantanal, para contribuir com o cotidiano clínico e, a identificação da espécie. A maioria das estruturas foi semelhante às encontradas nos animais domésticos, com particularidades próprias da espécie. Destaca-se, por exemplo, a ausência do terceiro trocanter do fêmur. Embora seja um ruminante, o cervo-do-pantanal apresentou a fíbula semelhante à descrita para os equinos. Este animal possui quatro dedos em cada membro, formados por três falanges, sendo que apenas o terceiro e o quarto dedos tocam o solo e, o segundo e o quinto dedos são rudimentares. Apresentou ainda quatro ossos sesamóides proximais e dois distais. Não se observou ossos sesamóides junto ao músculo gastrocnêmio...

Osteoscopic Assessment of Sexual Dimorphism in Hip Bone.

Introduction: Th e pelvis is most sexually dimorphic and is the fi rst bone assessed in sex determination because it is the skeletal element most aff ected by reproduction and parturition.1 Th e assessment of the pelvis is made through metric measurements as well as through the visual analysis of non-metric traits; both important aspects of the analysis. Th e best methods for determining sex from adult skeletal remains involve measurement and inspection of the hip bone that presents a number of gender-related anatomical diff erences.2 Most osteologists visually (stereoscopic) evaluate these diff erences and integrate this subjective assessment ofhip bonemorphology into their sex determinations. Th e aim of thepresent study is to visually evaluate sexual diff erences in hip bone and comparing its effi cacy with metric assessment. Methods: Th is study is done on 46 hip bones of adult individuals of known sex from museum of department of anatomy of SGRRIM&HS Dehradun and TMMC&RC Moradabad, India. All these hip bones were visually examined and under mentioned fi ve characters of the hip bone were used, (A) aspects of the preauricular surface, (B) aspects of the greater sciatic notch, (C) the form of the composite arch, (D) the morphology of the inferior pelvis, and (E) ischiopubic proportions. Results: In this study traits of the group (A) were most sexually dimorphic while traits of the group (E) were least sexually dimorphic. Conclusion: Diagnostic accuracy is excellent when the complete hip bone is available. Hip bone features used for sex determination by visual assessment seem to be fairly stable.

Macroanatomy of the bones of pelvis and hind limb of an asian elephant (elephas maximus) / Macroanatomía de los huesos de la pelvis y del miembro posterior de un elefante asiático (elephas maximus)

Recent excavated skeleton of an adult female Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), died in dystokia in Bangladesh was used for macro anatomical study. Some unique morphological features of bones of hind limb were observed. Pelvic canal was more oval and the wings of ilium were wider. Rump slope was about 36°. Angle between femur and tibia was close to 180°. In Femur, the major trochanter was located at the lower level of head. Minor trochanter, fovea capitis and trochanteric ridge were absent. Supracondyloid fossa was shallow but the intercondyloid fossa was deep. Posterior surface of patella possessed a blunt vertical ridge. The articular surfaces of both tibial condyles were clearly concave. The tibia and the fibula were articulated proximally and distally with keeping a wide interosseous space. Instead of tibial tuberosity, there was an elongated triangular depression in proximal part. There were six tarsal bones arranged in three rows. The comparative size of the distal tarsal bones were III+IV > I > II. The comparative lengths of the metatarsal bones were III > II > IV > V> I. Digits I and V were the most vertical and digit III was the most horizontal. The proximal phalanx was the biggest of all.

Fue utilizado para su estudio anatómico macrocroscópico, el esqueleto de un elefante asiático (Elephas maximus) hembra adulta, excavado recientemente y con muerte por distocia en Bangladesh. Se observaron algunas características morfológicas únicas de los huesos de los miembros posteriores. El canal pélvico era más ovalado y las alas del ilion eran más amplias. La pendiente de la rabadilla era de unos 36° aproximadamente; el ángulo entre el fémur y la tibia era próximo a los 180°. En el fémur, el trocánter mayor se encontraba en el nivel inferior de la cabeza. El trocánter menor, la fovea capitis y cresta del trocánter estuvieron ausentes. La fosa supracondílea era superficial, mientras que la fosa intercondílea era profunda. La superficie posterior de la patela poseía una cresta vertical sobresaliente. Las superficies articulares de ambos cóndilos tibiales eran claramente cóncavas. La tibia y la fíbula se articulan proximal y distalmente, manteniendo un amplio espacio interóseo. En lugar de la tuberosidad tibial, había una depresión triangular alargada en parte proximal. Se observaron seis huesos del tarso dispuestos en tres filas. El tamaño relativo de los huesos del tarso distal eran III + IV > I > II. Las longitudes comparativas de los huesos metatarsianos fueron III > II > IV > V > I. Los dígitos I y V fueron los más verticales y el dígito III fue el más horizontal. La falange proximal fue la de mayor tamaño.

Jenynsia luxata, a new species from Northwestern Argentina, with additional observations of J. maculata regan and phylogeny of the genus (cyprinodontiformes: anablepidae)

Jenynsia luxata, a new species from northwestern Argentina, is described. This species is diagnosable from all other Jenynsia by the medial processes of left and right pelvic bones relatively reduced and separated from each other. The new species resembles J. multidentata, but it is further distinguished from this species by the absence of a swelling between the urogenital opening and the anterior base of the anal fin in females and details of coloration. Phylogenetic analyses, both under implied and equal weighting, recover the subgenera Plesiojenynsia and Jenynsia as monophyletic units. New information on previously missing characters of Jenynsia maculata is added. These data and phylogenetic characters coded for the new species herein described contribute to a better resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus Jenynsia, which is herein supported by additional synapomorphies relative to previous phylogenies.

Jenynsia luxata, una nueva especie del noroeste de Argentina, es descripta. Esta especie es diagnosticable por presentar los procesos mediales de los huesos pélvicos izquierdo y derecho relativamente reducidos y separados. La nueva especie se parece a J. multidentata, pero se distingue de ésta por la ausencia de un abultamiento entre la abertura urogenital y la base de la aleta anal en hembras y por detalles en el patrón de coloración. Los análisis filogenéticos, tanto bajo pesos implicados como iguales, recuperan los subgéneros Plesiojenynsia y Jenynsia como unidades monofiléticas. Se aporta nueva información sobre caracteres de J. maculata previamente codificados como entradas faltantes. Esos datos y los caracteres filogenéticos codificados para la nueva especie aquí descripta contribuyen a una mayor resolución de las relaciones filogenéticas dentro del subgénero Jenynsia, que está aquí soportado por sinapomorfías adicionales en relación a las filogenias previas.

Age determination from pelvis A radiological study in Mumbai region.

The bones of human skeletons develop from separate ossification centers. From these centers ossification progresses till the bone is completely formed. These changes can be studied by means of X-rays and these changes are age related. It is therefore possible to determine the approximate age of an individual by radiological examination of bones till ossification is complete. This radiological study was carried out with the objective to assess the general skeletal maturity around crest of ilium and ischial tuberosity, of subjects in Mumbai region. 99 males between age group of 9-25 years and 76 females between age group of 3-23 years attending the outpatient department of this hospital were selected. Age confirmed from history and noting the birth dates from driving license, passport, rations card or voter’s card. The cases were selected after ruling out the nutritional, developmental, and endocrinal abnormality which affects the skeletal growth. Data analysis was done in P4 computer using HPSS software. At the end conclusions were drawn which are compared with available results of various previous studies

Influencia de la extensibilidad isquiosural en la morfología sagital del raquis e inclinación pélvica en deportistas / Influence of hamstring extensibility on sagittal spinal curvatures and pelvic inclination in athletes

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de la extensibilidad isquiosural en la morfología sagital del raquis e inclinación pélvica en deportistas jóvenes. Métodos. Un total de 152 deportistas (media de edad: 16,22 +/- 0,80 años) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. La morfología sagital de las curvas torácica y lumbar, así como la inclinación pélvica, fueron evaluadas con un Spinal Mouse al realizar los test sit-and-reach, toe-touch y McRae & Wright. La extensibilidad isquiosural fue determinada mediante el test de elevación de la pierna recta (EPR). En base al valor obtenido en el test EPR, la muestra fue dividida en tres grupos (Grupo A: EPR < 76, n=49; Grupo B, EPR entre 76-88, n=45; y Grupo C, EPR > 88, n=50). Resultados. Los deportistas con menor extensibilidad isquiosural adoptaron posturas de mayor cifosis torácica y una mayor retroversión pélvica en los test sit-and-reach y toe-touch. No obstante, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre grupos en el test McRae & Wright. Además, la extensibilidad isquiosural no tuvo influencia alguna en la morfología sagital del raquis lumbar. Conclusiones. Una menor extensibilidad isquiosural está relacionada con una mayor cifosis torácica y una mayor retroversión pélvica cuando se realizan movimientos de flexión máxima del tronco con rodillas extendidas. La extensibilidad isquiosural no afecta a la disposición sagital del raquis lumbar en movimientos de flexión máxima del tronco.

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of hamstring extensibility in sagittal spinal curvatures and pelvic inclination on young athletes. Methods: A hundred and fifty-two young athletes (mean age: 16.22 +/- 0.80 years) were recruited. Thoracic and lumbar curvatures and pelvic inclination were evaluated with a Spinal Mouse system in the sit-and-reach test, toe-touch test and McRae & Wright test. Hamstring muscle extensibility was determined by passive straight leg raise test (PSLR). The sample was divided into three groups with regard to straight leg raise angle (Group A: PSLR < 76, n=49; Group B, PSLR between 76-88, n=45; and Group C, PSLR > 88, n=50). Results. Athletes with lower extensibility presented higher thoracic angle and a more posterior pelvic tilt in the sit-and-reach and toe-touch tests. However, no significant differences were found between groups when maximal trunk flexion with knees flexed was performed (McRae & Wright test). The lumbar curve was not affected by hamstring extensibility in any position. Conclusions: Lower hamstring extensibility is related to increased thoracic curve and more posterior pelvic tilt when maximal trunk flexion with knees extended is performed. Hamstring extensibility has not any influence in sagittal lumbar morphology when trunk flexion is performed.

Determination of sex by sciatic notch/acetabular ratio (Kelley’s Index) in Indian Bengali skeletal remains.

Kelley used the sciatic notch is to acetabular ratio as the osteometric method to differentiate between male and female hipbones. The present study was designed to examine the applicability of this index (sciatic notch /acetabular height ratio) and the rule of thumb (of Kelley) in Indian Bengali skeletal remains. A preliminary attempt was made to derive a sectioning point and propose a new ―rule of thumb‖ approach for determining sex from skeletal remains. The study showed that bones with sciatic notch /acetabular height index equal or greater than .93 (or 93 when expressed as a percentage) was definitely female and those with values less than .93 were male. The results of applying this new rule on the present series of Indian Bengali hipbones indicate that 93.3 % of the total sample could be correctly classified in to the proper sex. Of those 92.8% of the males and 93.75% of the females were correctly classified by the new rule. The present new rule of thumb approach is a valid, effective, reliable, population specific and easy method to differentiate between male and female pelvis in Indian Bengali skeletal remains.

Alterações da densidade mineral óssea em vértebras de ratos WistWistar submetidos à ausência de carga nos membros pélvicos / Changes of bone mineral density in vertebrae of rats subjected to hindlimb unload

A suspensão de ratos pela cauda é modelo utilizado para investigar o comportamento ósseo em animais impossibilitados de se locomoverem. O osso é um tecido adaptativo que se desenvolve em sua estrutura e função, entre outros fatores, em resposta a forças mecânicas aplicadas a ele e demandas metabólicas que venha sofrer. A ausência de forças mecânicas e de deformação óssea faz com que ocorra uma diminuição na deposição de cálcio por ausência de estímulos nos osteoblastose osteócitos, favorecendo a ação dos osteoclastos, tornando o osso enfraquecido e quebradiço. Portanto, a ação mecânica é necessária para estimular a resposta óssea local e, assim, proporcionar seu crescimento e remodelamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através da densitometria radiográfica, se a suspensão pela cauda por 15 e 36 dias altera a densidade mineral óssea das vértebras cervical (C3), torácica (T6) e lombares (L1 e L3) de ratos Wistar. Trinta Rattus norvegicus albinus, adultos, machos, linhagem Wistar, massa corpórea média de ± 350g, foram divididos em 3 grupos: controle (n=10) - não suspenso; S15 (n=10) - suspenso por 15 dias e S36 (n=10) - suspenso por 36 dias. Para análise densitométrica, as vértebras foram radiografadas, escaneadas, digitalizadas e analisadas pelo programa computacional ImageJ®. Houve aumento estatisticamente significante da densidade mineral óssea no grupo S15, provavelmente pela inquietação dos animais à suspensão, com diminuição no grupo S36, fato este hipoteticamente ligado à acomodação dos mesmos, concluindo que a suspensão pela cauda alterou a densidade mineral óssea num primeiro momento com diminuição com o passar do tempo.

The suspension of rats by the tail model is used to investigate the behavior of bone in animals unable to move around. Bone is an adaptative tissue that develops in structure and function, among other factors, in response to mechanical forces applied to it and metabolic demands that it will suffer. The absence of mechanical forces and deformation of bone that occurs causes a decrease in calcium deposition in the absence of stimuli on osteoblasts and osteocytes, favoring the action of osteoclasts, making bones weak and brittle. Therefore, the mechanical action is necessary to stimulate local bone response and thus provide growth and remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluable by radiographic densitometry, the tail suspension for 15 and 36 days alter the bone mineral density of cervical vertebrae (C3), thoracic (T6) and lumbar (L1 and L3) of Wistar rats. Thirty Rattus norvegicus albinus, adult, male, Wistar strain, average body mass ± 350g, were divided into 3 groups: control (n = 10) - not suspended; S15 (n = 10) - suspended for 15 days and S36 (n = 10) - suspended for 36 days. For densitometric analysis vertebrae were radiographed, scanned, digitized and analyzed by the computer program ImageJ®. There was a statistically significant increase in bone mineral density in group S15, probably by the restlessness of the animals to the suspension, with a decrease in group S36, and this hypothetically is linked to the accommodation of the rats, concluding that the tail suspension altered bone mineral density in first time with a decrease over time.

Is miniscrew primary stability influenced by bone density?

Primary stability is absence of mobility in the bone bed after mini-implant placement and depends on bone quality among other factors. Bone quality is a subjective term frequently considered as bone density. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate bone density in two bovine pelvic regions and verify the primary stability of miniscrews inserted into them. Forty bone blocks were extracted from bovine pelvic bones, 20 from iliac and 20 from pubic bone, all of them containing cortical bone about 1 mm thick. Half of the sections extracted from each bone were designated for histological evaluation of bone density (trabecular bone area - TBA) and the other half for bone mineral density (BMD) evaluation by means of central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Then, twenty self-drilling miniscrews (INPÒ, São Paulo, Brazil) 1.4 mm in diameter and 6 mm long were inserted into the bone blocks used for BMD evaluation. Peak implant insertion torque (IT) and pull-out strength (PS) were used for primary stability evaluation. It was found that iliac and pubic bones present different bone densities, iliac bone being less dense considering BMD and TBA values (P > 0.05). However, the miniscrew primary stability was not different when varying the bone type (P < 0.05). IT and PS were not influenced by these differences in bone density when cortical thickness was about 1 mm thick.

Original research paper radiological study of disappearance of tri-radiate cartilage in pelvic-bone in Gujarati population.

For medico-legal purposes evidence of age is very essential in various types of cases such as Identification, Consent, Rape, Attainment of Majority, and Eligibility for Employment, etc. Various work done on the study of age determination by the study of appearance of ossification centers and epiphyseal union of different bones in India as well as abroad indicate a reasonable variation. Majority of them conclude that, the ossification and epiphyseal union of a bone vary in different part of the world. To the best of our knowledge very little work has been done on the study of disappearance of tri-radiate cartilage out of various bony parts useful for age estimation. The present study comprising of 50 subjects ( male=35; female=15),was carried out during the period January 2000 to July 2001 at the Forensic Medicine department and Department of radiology, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad.

Determinação da estatura por meio da medida de ossos longos dos membros inferiores e dos ossos da pelve / Heught estimation through limbs long bones and pelvis bones measurements

Objetivo: considerando-se que a miscigenação racial brasileira é completamente sui generis, foi proposto um estudo sobre estatura, na busca de um padrão nacional para ossos longos dos membros inferiores e ossos da pelve. Metodologia: foi analisada uma amostra constituída por 100 ossadas de adultos, sendo 50 masculinas e 50 femininas, com estaturas conhecidas previamente, localizadas no Cemitério de Cuiabá/MT. Foram medidos os ossos fêmur, tíbia, fíbula e os ossos da pelve. As amostras foram submetidas à análise estatística por meio de cálculos de correlação linear, regressão linear e teste t de Pearson. Resultados: foi obtido um novo padrão para avaliar a participação da pelve - osso ilíaco - na composição da estatura verificando que existe uma medida, até agora desconhecida na literatura nacional e internacional. Foi estabelecida uma fórmula trigonométrica para calcular o grau de participação do osso ilíaco na estimativa da estatura. Conclusão: obtiveram-se, outrossim, fórmulas de regressão para padrões nacionais em relação ao fêmur, a tíbia e a fíbula que desde adequadamente aplicadas auxiliarão na estimativa da estatura.

Aim: since the Brazilian racial miscegenation is completely “sui generis”, a study was proposed on human height in order to establish a pattern for long bones of the lower limbs, as well as for the bones of the pelvis. Methodology: the sample included 100 skeletons - being 50 masculine and 50 feminine ones - with previously well known heights, belonging to the Bom Jesus Cemetery at Cuiabá (MT). Femur, tibia, fibula and the bones length of the pelvis were measured. The samples were submitted to statistical analysis through calculations of lineal correlation, lineal regression and Pearson’s t-test. Results: it was obtained a new pattern which allows indirect calculation of the pelvis - iliac bone - participation in the composition of the total height of the person. An actual measurement, just too unknown, in both national and international literature, was established. A trigonometric formula was proposed to calculate the degree of participation of the iliac bone in the body total height. Conclusion: they were also obtained regression formulae for national patterns for femur, tibia and fibula that, since appropriately applied, it will be of interest to estimate the total body stature.

The morphometric analysis of crista phallica in identification of sexes / El análisis morfométrico de cresta fálica en la identificación de los sexos

Crista phallica (CP) is used to determine sex in anthropology and criminal forensic medicine; however, it does not exist in anatomic and radiological terminology. The purpose of this retrospective study is morphometric analysis of the CP. We studied radiographs displaying several different clinical indications from patients whose bone maturation were fully complete. The crista phallica located on both sides of the medial portion of ischiopubic ramus (IPR) were localized and their peak points were determined. The distance from these peak points to the inner cortex of IPRs were measured, as well as the angles between the tangents passing the peak points from both sides. We determined the distance of the IPR (DIPR) for males and females sequentially as 21.3 +/- 3.5 mm, and 17 +/-2.8 mm, angle of CP (ACP) as 149.1 +/-15.7, and 163.5 +/-13.4. It was identified that ACP for females is less than ACP for males (p<0.001). ACP and DIPR alone are not sufficient criteria to determine sex. Therefore, the results of our findings show that it would be more useful to study other specifications and their metric analysis in order to determine sex.

La cresta fálica (Crista phallica, CP) se utiliza para determinación de sexo en antropología y la medicina forense, sin embargo, no existe en la terminología anatómica y radiológica. El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo es el análisis morfométrico de la CP. Estudiamos radiografías que muestran varias indicaciones clínicas diferentes de pacientes cuya maduración ósea fue totalmente completa. La cresta fálica se situó a ambos lados de la porción medial de la rama isquio-pubiana (RIP), donde su localización y sus puntos más altos fueron determinados. La distancia desde estos puntos más altos a la corteza interna de la RIP fueron medidos, así como los ángulos entre las tangentes que pasaron por los puntos más altos de ambos lados. Se determinó la distancia de la RIP (DRIP) para hombres y mujeres de forma secuencial como 21,3 +/- 3,5 mm, y 17 +/- 2,8 mm, ángulo de la CP (ACP) como 149,1 +/- 15,7 y 163,5 +/- 13,4. Se identificó que los ACP para mujeres fueron menores que las ACP para los hombres (p <0,001). ACP y DRIP por sí solas no son criterios suficientes para determinar el sexo. Por lo tanto, los resultados de nuestros hallazgos muestran que sería más útil para estudiar otras especificaciones y sus análisis métricos a fin de determinar el sexo.

Tomografia computadorizada na análise dos padrões de calcificações nos tumores ósseos da bacia em pediatria: nova abordagem / Computed tomography in the analysis of calcification patterns in pediatric bone tumors of the hip: a new approach

OBJETIVO: No grupo pediátrico, o diagnóstico radiológico dos tumores dos ossos ilíacos, ísquios e púbis apresenta dificuldades e peculiaridades próprias, mas a literatura revisada não trata especificamente desse tema. Este trabalho pretende investigar a existência de padrões radiológicos confiáveis para o diagnóstico diferencial desses tumores. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram revistos os achados radiológicos de tumores dos ossos do quadril em dez pacientes com idades entre 8 e 19 anos. RESULTADOS: Reação óssea (esclerose ou lise), reação periosteal (lamelar em camada única, múltiplas camadas ou radial), extensão do tumor no osso e grau de invasão das partes moles revelaram baixa especificidade. As calcificações nas partes moles, consideradas em conjunto, foram inespecíficas. Contudo, separando as próximas do osso comprometido, que apresentam formas e tamanhos variados - padrão I -, daquelas afastadas do osso, finas e amorfas - padrão II -, observamos que o padrão I foi totalmente inespecífico e o padrão II foi identificado nos três casos de osteossarcoma (100 por cento) e em apenas um dos casos de Ewing (16,6 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Neste material, as calcificações padrão II revelaram sensibilidade de 100 por cento e especificidade de 90 por cento para osteossarcoma. Contudo, sua importância pode não se limitar ao diagnóstico radiológico. As calcificações padrão II indicam, provavelmente, os sítios ideais para biópsia.

OBJECTIVE: In the pediatric group, the radiological diagnosis of bone tumors of the hip is difficult and presents some peculiarities, but reviewed literature does not approach this specific problem. The objective of the present study was to investigate the existence of reliable radiological patterns for the differential diagnosis of these tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiological findings of bone tumors of the hip in ten patients in the age range between 8 and 19 years have been reviewed. RESULTS: Bone reaction (sclerosis or lysis), periosteal reaction (lamellar with single or multiple layers, or radial), tumor extent in the bone and level of soft tissues invasion have presented low specificity. Soft tissue calcifications, when considered as a whole, were non-specific. However, when those calcifications with varied shapes and sizes, nearby the affected bone (pattern I) were separated from those, thin and amorphous, away from the bone (pattern II), we have observed that the pattern I was totally non-specific, and the pattern II was found in the three cases of osteosarcoma (100 percent) and in only one case of Ewing's sarcoma (16.6 percent). CONCLUSION: In the present study, pattern II calcifications have shown a 100 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity for osteosarcoma. However, their importance may be not limited to the radiological diagnosis. Pattern II calcifications indicate probably ideal sites for biopsy.

Fracturas de cotilo / Acetabullar fractures

Las fracturas del cotilo se asocian a accidentes de alta energía y por lo tanto en un 80 por ciento se presentan en pacientes politraumatizados, cuya mortalidad varía entre un 10 a 30 por ciento. Para un adecuado manejo es necesario conocer la anatomía del cotilo, lo que sumado a un estudio radiológico que incluya protecciones AP, lateral y obturatriz y TAC permite clasificar las fracturas en simples y complejas. El tratamiento puede ser ortopédico para las fractuas simples no desplazadas y quirúrgico en todas aquellas en que exista desplazamiento mayor a 3 mm posterior a una reducción cerrada

Fijadores externos en fracturas inestables y complejas de la pelvis / External fixation devices in unestable an complex fractures of the pelvis

Describe la experiencia de 3 anos desde julio de 1981 hasta agosto de 1987, con la aplicacion de tutores externos como metodo para inmovilizar fracturas de cadera en 16 pacientes de ambos sexos, entre 16 y 72 anos. En todos los casos el manejo de la fractura alivio el dolor, facilito la movilizacion y el cuidado de las heridas abiertas y de los drenajes. 8 de los pacientes se movilizaron en silla de ruedas o con muletas durante los primeros 7 dias de postoperatorio; 8 pudieron levantarse de la cama entre 12 y 15 dias despues de colocado el tutor y 2 lo hicieron despues de 2 semanas. 4 egresaron del hospital una semana despues de la intervencion; 8, dos semanas despues y 4 permanecieron hospitalizados 3-4 semanas por lesiones asociadas al trauma. No se detecto infeccion en los puntos de insercion de los clavos, ni se evidenciaron complicaciones por la fractura o por la inmovilizacion. Un paciente quedo inhabilitado permanentemente por otras alteraciones; 3 pacientes tuvieron discrepancias de longitud entre lo MMII de mas de 2 cms, 2, manifestaron dolor en la sinfisis pubica y 3 dolor sacroiliaco. Con base en esta experiencia se concluye que los fijadores externos son muy valiosos en el tratamiento de fracturas complejas e inestables que comprometen la porcion posterior del anillo pelvico y en esta serie fueron utiles en el manejo de 2 fracturas acetabulares transversa inestables de ambos arcos con protrusion. No se enfatizo el alineamiento anatomico; pero si la estabilidad pelvica