ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: Cada día son más las mujeres que ingresan a las escuelas de medicina y a los programas de especialización tradicionalmente considerados como de "predominancia masculina" (especialidades quirúrgicas y médico-quirúrgicas). Internacionalmente se han hecho esfuerzos por conocer la realidad de igualdad de género en otorrinolaringología, pero poco se sabe del escenario chileno. Objetivo Evaluar la percepción de igualdad de género en otorrinolaringología en residentes y médicos de la especialidad en Chile. Además evaluar la asociación entre género y aspectos de vida laboral y personal. Material y método Elaboración y distribución de encuesta que recopila información epidemiológica, de formación, de vida personal y laboral, además de preguntas relacionadas con percepción de acoso y/o discriminación de género. Resultados 139 encuestados (55% hombres, 75% ≥40 años, 72% especialistas). Se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en percepción de discriminación negativa de género hacia mujeres tanto durante la residencia como en el lugar de trabajo, mayor reporte de cuestionamiento de habilidades quirúrgicas y de comentarios sexistas en desmedro de mujeres. Sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa en percepción de acoso sexual ni en variación de horas de trabajo luego de ser padre o madre. Conclusión En la población encuestada, la población femenina reportó mayor percepción de discriminación de género. Se deben aumentar los esfuerzos por estudiar la situación de igualdad de género en nuestro medio y generar ambientes amigables para el desarrollo profesional indiferente del género.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Everyday more women enter medicine schools and to traditionally known as "male predominant" specialization programs (surgical and medical-surgical specialties). Internationally, efforts have been made to understand the reality regarding gender equality in otolaryngology, but little is known about the Chilean scene. Aim: To evaluate the perception on gender equality in otolaryngology of residents and physicians of the specialty in Chile. Also, to evaluate the association between gender and aspects of labor and personal life. Material and methods: Elaboration and distribution of a survey that collects epidemiologic, schooling, personal and labor life information, additionally questions related to perception of harassment and/or gender discrimination. Results: 139 people surveyed (55% men, 75% ≤40 years old, 72% specialists). Statistically significant difference was found in the perception of negative discrimination against women during residency and in work places, greater report of questioning of surgical abilities and sexist comments against women. No statistical difference was found in the perception of sexual harassment nor variation of work hours after mother or fatherhood. Conclusion: The female population surveyed reported a greater perception of gender discrimination. Efforts to study gender equality situation should be increased and friendly environments for professional development independent of gender should be generated.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Otolaryngology/statistics & numerical data , Physicians, Women/statistics & numerical data , Gender Equity , Chile , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sexual Harassment , SexismABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the quality of life of physicians and investigate to what extent it is affected by work addiction. Methods This is an exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study, conducted with 1,110 physicians. For data collection, we used a questionnaire with sociodemographic information, the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF, and the Work Addiction Scale. Results Most physicians presented high quality of life. Female participants presented lower quality of life in the domains psychologic, environment and general (p<0.05). Quality of life was negatively correlated with the number of shifts (p<0.005). The higher the addiction to work, the lower the quality of life. Conclusion The research allowed understanding the implications of work addiction in the quality of life. Further studies are required to support the development of strategies that improve health conditions and quality of life of medical professionals.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade de vida de médicos e investigar em que medida a adição ao trabalho a afeta. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal, realizado com 1.110 médicos. Para coleta de dados, optou-se por utilizar um questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas, bem como aplicar o instrumento World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF e a Escala de Adição ao Trabalho. Resultados Os médicos, em sua maioria, apresentaram alta qualidade de vida. Os participantes do sexo feminino tiveram menor qualidade de vida em relação aos homens nos domínios psicológico, meio ambiente e geral (p<0,05). A qualidade de vida correlacionou-se negativamente com o número de plantões (p<0,005), e quanto maior a adição ao trabalho, menor a qualidade de vida. Conclusão A pesquisa permitiu o conhecimento das implicações da adição ao trabalho sobre a qualidade de vida. Novos estudos são necessários para subsidiar a elaboração de estratégias que melhorem a saúde e a qualidade de vida do profissional médico.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Physicians/psychology , Physicians/statistics & numerical data , Quality of Life/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Behavior, Addictive/psychology , Work-Life Balance/statistics & numerical data , Physicians, Women/psychology , Physicians, Women/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , After-Hours Care/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
O presente estudo apresenta a distribuição das causas de morte de médicos do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, cujos óbitos ocorreram entre os anos de 2000 e 2009. Utilizou-se o banco de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, do Ministério da Saúde, limitando-se às declarações de óbito cujo campo de ocupação estava preenchido como "médico". As causas básicas de morte foram classificadas de acordo com os capítulos da CID-10. O estudo revela que doenças do aparelho circulatório foram a principal causa de morte entre os médicos na última década, seguidas das neoplasias e doenças do aparelho respiratório. As causas externas constituíram as principais causas de morte abaixo de 40 anos. Câncer da mama foi responsável pela maior parte dos óbitos por neoplasias entre mulheres, enquanto entre os homens a neoplasia de pulmão ocupou a primeira posição. Sugere-se a necessidade de se estimular hábitos adequados de saúde e prevenção de doenças entre os médicos, buscando informar e sensibilizar este grupo de profissionais.
This study presents the distribution of causes of death among physicians in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2000 to 2009. The study used the database of the Mortality Information System, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, limited to death certificates in which the item on occupation was reported as "physician". Underlying causes of death were classified according to ICD-10 chapters. The study showed that cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death among physicians, followed by cancer and respiratory diseases. Under age 40, doctors of both genders died mainly from external causes. Among cancer deaths, breast cancer was the leading cause in women and lung cancer the first cause in men. The results show the need to promote adequate health habits and disease prevention among physicians, seeking to raise awareness in this group of professionals.
El estudio presenta la distribución de las causas de muerte de los médicos en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre los años 2000 y 2009. Se utilizó la base de datos del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud, limitándose a los certificados de defunción, cuya ocupación del finado figuraba como "médico". Las principales causas de muerte fueron clasificadas de acuerdo con los capítulos del CIE-10. El estudio muestra que las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte entre los médicos durante la última década, seguido del cáncer y las enfermedades respiratorias. Las causas externas fueron las principales causas de muerte en menores de 40 años. El cáncer de mama es responsable de la mayoría de las muertes por cáncer entre las mujeres, mientras que entre los hombres el cáncer de pulmón ocupa el primer lugar. Se sugiere la necesidad de estimular los hábitos adecuados de salud y prevención de enfermedades entre los médicos, buscando informar y sensibilizar a este colectivo de profesionales.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cause of Death , Physicians/statistics & numerical data , Age Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Death Certificates , Physicians, Women/statistics & numerical data , Sex Factors , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Although nearly half of American medical school classes are comprised of women, less than 5 percent of female medical students enter the surgical subspecialties compared to nearly 20 percent of male students. Many women are concerned that a career in a surgical field will limit their personal choices. In an effort to evaluate if urology is conducive to a satisfying lifestyle, we surveyed all 365 board certified women urologists in the United States in 2007 to find out how satisfied they are with their choice of urology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 114 item anonymous survey was mailed to all 365 American Board Certified female urologists in 2007. Results were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 244 women (69 percent) who responded, 86.8 percent (211) reported being satisfied with their decision to enter urology. Given the choice to repeat the decision, 81 percent (198) said that they would remain in medicine and 91.4 percent (222) would choose a surgical subspecialty again. The majority of respondents who stated they would choose a career outside of medicine also stated their family life had been significantly compromised by their career. Those who did not think their family life was compromised reported they would remain in medicine. There was a positive correlation between the level of satisfaction with the work itself and with income level (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small number of women who choose a career in urology, the number of satisfied women indicates urology is a career conducive to having a balanced and fulfilling life; professionally, personally and financially.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Career Choice , Job Satisfaction , Personal Satisfaction , Physicians, Women/statistics & numerical data , Urology , Physicians, Women/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , United StatesABSTRACT
Medicine remained as a male profession during many centuries, but the proportion of women rosesteadily during the second part of the 20th century in the world and in Brazil. In 2006 they became themajority (51.75%) of the new physicians licensed by the Regional Council of Medicine of the State of SãoPaulo. Nevertheless, the proportion of women in Neurosurgery and in directive posts in entities of thespecialty in Brazil continue very low or absent. Data obtained from the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgeryand the Brazilian Academy of Neurosurgery are very similar to those of the American counterparts, likethe proportion of women among the associates, around 5%, and one single female chief of a servicecertified for training in each country. Authors from WINS, an American entity, reported several problemssuffered by female neurosurgeons, including gender discrimination. Such occurrences, as reported inonline news, should alert against discriminatory attitudes.
Mulheres na neurocirurgia no BrasilA medicina remanesceu como uma profissão masculina durante muitos séculos, mas a proporção demulheres aumentou constantemente durante a segunda metade do século XX no mundo e no Brasil.Em 2006, elas passaram a constituir a maioria (51,75%) dos novos médicos licenciados pelo ConselhoRegional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo. Todavia, a proporção de mulheres na neurocirurgia e emcargos diretivos de entidades da especialidade no Brasil continua muito baixa ou ausente. Dados obtidos daSociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia e da Academia Brasileira de Neurocirurgia são muito semelhantes aosdas congêneres americanas, como a proporção de mulheres entre as associadas, em torno de 5%, e umaúnica chefe de serviço credenciado para treinamento em cada país. Autoras da WINS, entidade americana,relataram diversos problemas enfrentados pelas neurocirurgiãs, incluindo discriminações de gênero.Ocorrências dessa natureza, noticiadas em jornais eletrônicos, devem alertar contra atitudes discriminatórias.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Physicians, Women/statistics & numerical data , Physicians, Women/history , Physicians, Women/trends , Neurosurgery/education , Neurosurgery/statistics & numerical data , Neurosurgery/history , Women's RightsABSTRACT
Este artigo fundamenta a tese de "feminização" da odontologia através da literatura especializada no tema e concentra na revisão bibliográfica a análise deste fenômeno. Para ilustrar, realizou-se um estudo de caso analisando o número de inscritos no processo seletivo para odontologia na Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros - Unimontes, Brasil, apresentando os selecionados e concluintes, por sexo. A análise refere-se aos anos de 1997 a 2006. O curso desde sua implantação tem apresentado maior porcentagem de mulheres, tanto com relação aos ingressantes e concluintes, como no processo seletivo. O referencial teórico analisado vai ao encontro dos dados empíricos desse estudo de caso, donde se conclui que o fenômeno da feminização também ocorre no curso de odontologia da Unimontes.
This article substantiates the feminization of the odontology course starting from the case study of the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros - Unimontes, Brazil, and its relation with some explanations that can be found at specialized literature. Its subject of analysis is the empirical data about the number of people, by gender, enrolled in the entrance examination and that has concluded the course at the university during the period of 1997 and 2006. Since its establishment, the odontology course of Unimontes has been having a higher percentage of women since the number entrance examination or entering, and also that has been concluded it. The analyzed literature source is according to the empirical data from the present case study. It was concluded that the feminization phenomena also occurs in the odontology course of Unimontes.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Education, Dental/statistics & numerical data , Physicians, Women/statistics & numerical data , Students, Dental/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Sex Distribution , UniversitiesABSTRACT
As autoras apresentam o panorama da inserção das mulheres nas Especialidades Cirúrgicas desde o final do século XIX até os dias atuais e analisam as dificuldades enfrentadas bem como o aumento desta inserção nos dias atuais.
The authors present the current view of the women in Surgery since the end of the XIX century until now. They discuss the difficulties they face when they choose Surgery as a career and the progress now achieved.
Subject(s)
Female , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , General Surgery/history , General Surgery/statistics & numerical data , Physicians, Women/history , Physicians, Women/statistics & numerical data , BrazilABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Verificar la existencia de diferencias en la satisfacción de los usuarios de los servicios sanitarios, según sea que la atención se reciba de un médico hombre o mujer. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó la encuesta realizada a usuarios de atención primaria en 2005 que llevó a cabo el Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados, del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IESA/CSIC). Se efectuó un análisis bivariado entre el sexo del médico y las variables de satisfacción, y un análisis de varianza (ANOVA); se tomó como variable dependiente el indicador de satisfacción general y como variables independientes las características del individuo y del sistema, entre estas últimas el sexo del médico. RESULTADOS: En el análisis bivariado se constató la relación entre sexo del médico y la satisfacción con algunos de los elementos del servicio, si bien en el análisis de dependencia, que incluye variables sociodemográficas y del sistema, esta influencia desaparece. CONCLUSIÓN: Se confirmaron las diferencias en la práctica asistencial de hombres y mujeres médicos, pero no así las diferencias en la satisfacción general con el servicio recibido.
OBJECTIVE: To analyse differences in the satisfaction of health service users associated with the sex of the attending doctor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data obtained from the Primary Care Services User Survey (2005), part of a project regarding user satisfaction with the Andalusian Public Health Services. A bivariate analysis was conducted, the two variables being doctors´ sex and user satisfaction, as was an ANOVA, taking as a dependent variable the indicator of general satisfaction and as independent variables the characteristics of the individual and that of the system, including physician sex. RESULTS: In the bivariate analysis a relation was confirmed between doctors´ sex and satisfaction with the components of the health service received. Nevertheless, this influence disappears in the analysis of dependence, which includes sociodemographic and system variables. CONCLUSION: Differences between practices by male and female doctors are confirmed, but not the differences in general satisfaction with the service received.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Patient Satisfaction , Physicians , Physicians, Women , Professional Practice , Age Factors , Data Collection , Educational Status , Marital Status , Patients/psychology , Patients/statistics & numerical data , Pediatrics , Physicians, Family/psychology , Physicians, Family/statistics & numerical data , Physicians, Women/psychology , Physicians, Women/statistics & numerical data , Physicians/psychology , Physicians/statistics & numerical data , Sex Factors , Spain , Young AdultABSTRACT
Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar o perfil (naturalidade, nacionalidade e sexo), a formação e a inserção profissional dos médicos no mercado de trabalho em São Paulo, entre 1892-1932, período com poucos trabalhos sobre o tema. Utiliza como fontes a coleção de Livros do Serviço de Fiscalização do Exercício Profissional do Estado São Paulo, preservados pelo Centro de Memória da Saúde Pública (SES/SP). Trata-se de um estudo preliminar - primeiros resultados de uma pesquisa em andamento, que faz parte de um projeto mais amplo, voltado para a construção de um banco de dados e análise da formação e do perfil dos trabalhadores/as que atuaram em diferentes áreas da Saúde em São Paulo, entre 1892-1978.
This article aims at analyzing the profile (place of origin, nationality and sex), the place/institution of graduation and the insertion of physicians into the labor market of São Paulo between 1892 and 1932, a period covered by only a small number of studies on this topic. The source of information used in this survey is the collection of records of the Professional Practice Audit Service of the State of São Paulo, preserved in the Center for the Memory of Public Health. The present paper refers to a preliminary study, part of a broader project aimed at constructing a data bank and analyzing the formation and the profile of workers acting in São Paulo in different health areas, between 1892 and 1978.