ABSTRACT
Premenstrual syndrome is characterized by physical, cognitive, affective and behavioral symptoms that occur cyclically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolved quickly at the beginning or within few days after menstruation started. The most severe form is represented by premenstrual dysphoric disorder included in the DSM 5. Over 40
of women experience emotional symptoms such as irritability, tension, emotional lability; and physical symptoms such as breast tenderness, fatigue, and abdominal distension. It has not yet been established the underlying pathophysiological mechanism, although hypotheses related to sex hormones and the GABAergic and serotonergic regulation have been postulated. Treatment includes nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions, being serotonin reuptake inhibitors the first-line treatment.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Premenstrual Syndrome , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/physiopathology , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder/diagnosis , Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder/physiopathology , Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder/therapyABSTRACT
Hasta 85 por ciento de las mujeres en edad fértil presentan síntomas premenstruales. Sólo algunas de ellas cumplen criterios para Síndrome Premenstrual (SPM) y menos aún para Trastorno Disfórico Premenstrual (TDPM). Ambas patologías comienzan en la adolescencia y se asocian a consecuencias negativas que interfieren en el funcionamiento diario. A pesar de eso, pocas adolescentes consultan por estos síntomas y, cuando consultan, muchas veces, no reciben el diagnóstico ni el tratamiento adecuado. En este artículo se hace una revisión de la epidemiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento del SPM y del TDPM en adolescentes. Educación sobre cambios en estilo de vida, alimentación saludable y ejercicio, son las intervenciones más recomendadas en adolescentes. En cambio, en adultos habría mayor evidencia en tratamiento hormonal y con psicotrópicos.
Up to 85 percent of women of child bearing age present premenstrual symptoms. Only some of them meet criteria for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and even less for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Both diseases begin in adolescence and are associated with negative consequences that interfere with daily functioning. Despite this, few adolescents consult for these symptoms, and when they consult, they do not get proper diagnosis and treatment. In this article we review the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of PMS and PMDD in adolescents. Education on lifestyle changes, healthy nutrition and exercise are the interventions most recommended in adolescents. In contrast, in adults, hormone therapy and psychotropic have greater evidence.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Female , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Signs and Symptoms , Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology , Premenstrual Syndrome/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Medical therapies have been widely used for premenstrual syndrome [PMS], but in all of them side effects are predominant. Herbal remedies rarely have side effects and people have more tendencies toward them than chemical therapies. In this study the therapeutic effect of Vitex agnus castus on women who had the PMS, in comparison with placebo, were investigated. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, from134 selected patients 128 women suffered from PMS were evaluated [active 62, placebo 66]. All patients answered to a self assessment questionnaire about their headache, anger, irritability, depression, breast fullness and bloating and tympani during the premenstrual period before the study. Forty drops of Vitex agnus extract or matching placebo, administrated for 6 days before menses for 6 consecutive cycles. Patients answered the self-assessment questionnaires after 6 menstrual cycles, again. Each item rated using a visual analogue scale [VAS]. The mean age was 30.77 [SD=4.37] years in the active group and 30.89 [SD=4.02] years in the placebo group. Rank of variables had significantly difference in active and placebo group before and after the study [P<0.0001] also we noticed significant differences on the use of Vitex agnus in comparison with placebo [P<0.0001]. Vitex agnus can be considered as an effective and well tolerated treatment for the relief of symptoms of mild and moderate PMS
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Plants, Medicinal , Double-Blind MethodABSTRACT
A síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) caracteriza-se por um conjunto de sintomas físicos, emocionais e comportamentais, cíclicos e recorrentes que iniciam na semana anterior à menstruação e aliviam com o início do fluxo, sendo um distúrbio altamente prevalente entre as mulheres em idade fértil. Enquetes epidemiológicas mostram que 75 a 80% das mulheres apresentam sintomas durante o período pré-menstrual. A revisão de literatura, entretanto, mostrou que o assunto está longe de um consenso, com controvérsias sobre fatores de risco, proteção e tratamento. Uma vez confirmado o diagnóstico, modificações no estilo de vida, suplemento de cálcio, vitamina B12 e V. agnus castus são opções não-farmacológicas razoáveis. Os inibidores seletivos de recaptação da serotonina (ISRS) são atualmente considerados a classe farmacológica mais efetiva. Outra opção é o uso de anticoncepcionais orais (ACO) combinados com etinilestradiol (EE) e drospirenona que foram aprovados pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA) para o tratamento da SPM e do transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual (TDPM)
The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a set of physical symptoms, emotional and behavioral, cyclical and recurring that start in the week before menstruation and relieve the beginning of the stream, being a highly prevalent disorder among women of childbearing age. Epidemiological surveys show that 75 to 80% of women experience symptoms during the premenstrual period. The literature review, however, showed that the subject is far from a consensus, with controversies about risk factors, protection and treatment. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, changes in lifestyle, calcium supplement, vitamin B12 and V. agnus castus are pharmacologic reasonable options. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are currently considered the most effective pharmacological class. Another option is the use of oral contraceptive combined with drospirenone and ethinilestradiol (EE) which were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Contraceptives, Oral/therapeutic use , Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage , Ethinyl Estradiol/therapeutic use , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology , Premenstrual Syndrome/etiology , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Vitex , /administration & dosage , Life Style , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
A Tensão pré-menstrual (TPM) é uma síndrome comum em mulheres na fase reprodutiva, sendo caracterizada por sintomas físicos e emocionais que ocorrem de forma cíclica durante a fase lútea do ciclo menstrual. Mulheres que apresentam sintomatologia mais severa são classificadas como portadoras de Distúrbio Disfórico Pré-Menstrual (DDPM). Ambas as situações clínicas podem se manifestar com uma grande variedade de sintomas incluindo depressão, labilidade emocional, distensão abdominal, mastalgia, cefaleia e fadiga. O manejo e tratamento adequados dos sintomas pré-menstruais têm sido uma grande incógnita para os clínicos. Porém, com base em vários estudos científicas realizadas na última década, hoje há critérios diagnósticos para a forma mais severa desta condição clínica, a DDPM, assim como novas estratégias terapêuticas. Esta revisão apresentou uma descrição prática e compreensiva do que os clínicos necessitam saber para diagnosticar e tratar os sintomas pré-menstruais, assim como critérios diagnósticos para diferenciação de TPM e DDPM.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is common in women in reproductive phase and is characterized by emotional and physical symptoms that cyclically occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Women with more severe symptoms are classified as having Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). Both clinical situations can appear with a wide variety of symptoms, including depression, mood lability, abdominal pain, breast tenderness, headache and fatigue. The appropriate management and treatment of adverse premenstrual symptoms has been a difficult challenge for clinicians. However, based on numerous scientific studies over the last decade, there are nowadays diagnostic criteria for the severe form of the syndrome, PMDD, and new evidence-based therapeutic strategies. This review presented a comprehensive and practical description of what the clinicians need to know in order to diagnose and treat premenstrual symptoms, as well as diagnostic criteria to differentiate PMS and PMDD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Menstrual Cycle , Hormones/therapeutic use , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Life Style , Motor Activity , Evidence-Based Medicine/trends , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/drug therapy , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Vitamins/therapeutic useABSTRACT
A síndrome pré-menstrual é um conjunto de sinais e sintomas físicos, emocionais e comportamentais que ocorre durante a fase lútea do ciclo menstrual e atinge cerca de 40% das mulheres em idade fértil. O transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual afeta 5,8% das mulheres e é definido quando os sintomas pré-menstruais são suficientemente severos a ponto de afetar a qualidade de vida dessas pacientes em âmbito social, familiar e profissional. Há diversas opções de tratamento descritas na literatura para ambas as patologias, incluindo mudança no estilo de vida, suplementação alimentar, fitoterapia, medicamentos hormonais, supressores da ovulação, ansiolíticos, antidepressivos, entre outros. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão foi fornecer uma atualização acerca dessas doenças tão prevalentes entre as mulheres, pontuando aspectos clínicos relevantes e avaliando os tratamentos atualmente disponíveis sob a ótica da Medicina baseada em evidências.
Premenstrual syndrome is a group of physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms that happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and affects about 40% of women in their reproductive age. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder affects 5.8% of women and is defined when the premenstrual symptoms are severe enough to affect quality of life of patients in the social, familial and professional scopes. The treatment options described in literature for both diseases are vast, including change in lifestyle, diet supplementation, phytotherapy, hormonal drugs, ovulation suppressors, anxiolytics, antidepressant medications and others. The objective of this review article was to provide an update about these diseases which are among women, pointing out relevant clinical aspects and evaluating the current treatments available, according to evidence-based medicine.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology , Premenstrual Syndrome/etiology , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
Los síntomas relacionados con la menstruación son frecuentes en mujeres en edad fértil, incluso en aquellas que están tomando anticonceptivos orales. A pesar de que el diagnóstico de síndrome premenstrual se basa en mujeres que tienen síntomas durante la ovulación, estos síntomas, que incluyen los emocionales, han sido descritos en mujeres que toman anticonceptivos por vía oral en un régimen 21/7. En una investigación en mujeres que utilizan un régimen extendido de anticonceptivos orales (que omite los siete días de intervalo libre de hormonas) y contiene drosperinona y etinilestradiol se halló una mejoría en los síntomas relacionados con la menstruación, incluidos los afectivos. El mayor inconveniente de los regímenes extendidos es el molesto inconveniente del sangrado intermenstrual. Se ha demostrado que el intervalo de tres días libre de hormonas, en los casos de problemas de sangrado prolongado, resuelve más a menudo los casos de pérdidas que la toma continua de comprimidos activos. Un régimen extendido es un plan terapéutico aceptable para muchas mujeres porque es una modificación o una reanudación de un tratamiento previamente utilizado en oposición al agregado de medicación psicotrópica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Contraceptives, Oral/administration & dosage , Contraceptives, Oral , Contraceptives, Oral/therapeutic use , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/prevention & control , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
Introdução: O transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual (TDPM) é uma variante mais grave da síndrome pré-menstrual que apresenta a oscilação do humor como fator mais perturbador e debilitante, repercutindo na qualidade de vida das mulheres em idade reprodutiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as principais repercussões físicas e emocionais causadas pela TDPM entre universitárias de Fisioterapia. Método: Estudo do tipo corte transversal, descritivo e analítico, realizado no período de agosto a dezembro de 2008 em 259 universitárias. Os instrumentos utilizados para a realização desta pesquisa foram: um questionário contendo questões socioeconômicas, o Questionário de Sintomas Menstruais (Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, MSQ), a escala de autoavaliação de síndrome de transtorno pré-menstrual de Steiner e o Questionário de Autoavaliação da Escala de Hamilton para Depressão. A análise estatística foi descritiva e analítica, sendo utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, sendo que todas as conclusões foram tomadas ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Encontramos alta prevalência de repercussões somáticas e emocionais. Através dos sinais e sintomas pesquisados pelo MSQ entre as portadoras de TDPM, observou-se uma associação do transtorno com os sintomas depressivos (p = 0,048). Os demais sintomas como ansiedade, labilidade de humor, sintomas somáticos, habilidade para realizar tarefas e dor não apresentaram correlação. Conclusão: O TDPM provocou desconforto físico e emocional e revelou uma correlação significativa com os sintomas depressivos, sugerindo tratar-se de uma expressão clínica de transtorno de humor.
Background: Maternal premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe variant of premenstrual syndrome in which mood swings are the most disturbing and debilitating, affecting the quality of life of women of reproductive age. The objective of this study was to identify the main physical and emotional manifestations of PMDD among undergraduate students of Physical Therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study was carried between August and December 2008, with 259 undergraduate students. The following instruments were used: a questionnaire covering social and economic data; the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ); Steiners selfrated premenstrual syndrome questionnaire; and the Hamilton Self-Rating Depression Questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test or Fishers exact test. Significance was set at 5%. Results: A high prevalence of physical and emotional symptoms was found. Among the signs and symptoms assessed by MSQ, only depression showed a significant correlation with PMDD (p = 0.048). Other symptoms, such as anxiety, mood lability, physical symptoms, the ability to perform daily tasks, and pain, were not correlated with PMDD. Conclusion: PMDD caused physical and emotional distress among the women assessed and was significantly correlated with depression. These findings suggest that PMDD should be classified as a clinical manifestation of mood disorders.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Depression , Women's Health , Premenstrual Syndrome/complications , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology , Premenstrual Syndrome/psychology , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Menstrual Cycle , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Herbal medicine is being increasingly used by women to prevent diseases, promote health and treat different diseases including a number of psychiatric disorders. The use of herbal drugs is increasing in the western world. The use of herbal drugs during pregnancy has been studied to various extents in different countries. However, more information is required regarding the impact of herbal medicine on conventional treatment, because such information can have important for public health and mental health care. This review focuses on herbal medicine and mental health of women in particular premenstrual syndrome and maternal depression
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Women , Mental Health , Mental Disorders , Pregnancy , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Depression/therapy , Mothers , Public Health , MenopauseABSTRACT
En este artículo intentaremos reflejar algunas de las tensiones existentes en nuestro campo con relación a la cuestión de género, tomando como eje al trastorno disfórico premenstrual (TDPM). Trataremos de ejemplificar las dificultades que se le presentan a la psiquiatría a la hora de intentar comprender lo que llamamos enfermedad mental y cuáles son sus condicionantes internos y externos en relación a una mirada que contemple la perspectiva de género. Desplegaremos dos aproximaciones diferentes. Primero narraremos la historia oficial del TDPM, la que cuentan las revistas médicas que toman en cuenta una vertiente positivista de evolución del conocimiento científico, que no considera a las cuestiones de género. Luego describiremos una aproximación crítica que no desdeña el modelo médico pero lo complementa con aportes provenientes de las ciencias sociales y así puede dar cuenta del sufrimiento femenino en toda su singularidad y amplitud, como sólo es posible a partir de utilizar la perspectiva de género aplicada a la psiquiatría. No podemos pretender que la mirada desde el género se despliegue completamente en el campo de la psiquiatría cuando en el conjunto de la vida social se registra una gran dificultad para que el concepto de género pueda visualizarse en diferentes áreas de la vida cotidiana.
In this paper we'll try to show some of the tensions existing in our field related to gender issue, focusing on the premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). We'll try to give some examples of the difficulties Psychiatry has when trying to understand what it is called a mental illness and which are its internal and external determinants from a gender perspective. We will display two different approximations. First of all, the official PMDD story will be narrated, the one told by medical journals, that basing on a positivist side of the scientific knowledge evolution, avoids gender issues. Then we'll describe a critical perspective, which far from denying the medical model it tries to complement it with social sciences contributions, so female suffering can be appreciated in its own singularity and extension. This only can be possible by including gender perspective in Psychiatry practice. We can't expect gender perspective to be fully spread out in the Psychiatry field when in the whole social life there is a big difficulty in visualizing gender concept among the different areas of every day life.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Gender Identity , Premenstrual Syndrome/drug therapy , Mood Disorders/drug therapy , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/epidemiology , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
Introdução: a disfonia pré-menstrual (DPM), que acomete entre 3% e 8% das mulheres em idade fértil, representa uma forma mais grave de síndrome pré-menstrual, na qual predominam as alterações do humor e do comportamento. Acredita-se que haja algum tipo de ligação entre DPM e os transtornos do humor. Objetivo: foi realizada uma revisão dos ensaios clínicos controlados com antidepressivos no tratamento da DPM, utilizando-se as seguintes bases de dados: Medline, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), psycINFO e Biblioteca Cochrane. Resultados: a clomipramina, a fluoxetina, a sertralina, a paroxetina e a venlafaxina se mostraram superiores ao placebo em diversos estudos. Discussão: as mulheres que sofrem de DPM possivelmente apresentam uma disfunção serotoninérgica. Conclusão: alguns antidepressivos, especialmente os inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina (ISRS), parecem ser eficazes no tratamento da DPM.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Review Literature as TopicABSTRACT
A síndrome pré-menstrual afetando milhões de mulheres em idade reprodutiva e caracteriza-se por sintomas clínicos recorrentes durante a fase lútea do ciclo menstrual, que diminuem rapidamente com o início da menstruação. A maioria das mulheres experimenta modificações físicas e emocionais periódicas mínimas relacionadas com o ciclo menstrual, mas a condição da síndrome pré-menstrual impõe considerável ruptura nas atividades ocupacionais, familiares e pessoais. Mulheres com sintomas afetivos graves também podem preencher os critérios para o diagnóstico de distúrbio disfórico pré-menstrual. O impacto negativo desses sintomas sobre as atividades diárias e na qualidade de vida já foi documentado e os custos econômicos, especialmente considerando a diminuição na produtividade, já foram estabelecidos. Neste estudo os autores apresentam uma revisão da literatura disponível e fazem uma abordagem baseada em evidências relacionada com a síndrome pré-menstrual, incluindo sua fisiopatologia, quadro clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Evidence-Based Medicine , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/physiopathology , Premenstrual Syndrome/drug therapy , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Dietary Supplements , Exercise , Life Style , Psychotherapy, GroupABSTRACT
El Síndrome Premenstrual (SPM) afecta a gran cantidad de mujeres en edad reproductiva y se caracteriza por una repetición cíclica de síntomas físicos y psicológicos que, en algunos casos, pueden llegar a ser lo suficientemente severos como para interferir en los patrones de vida. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es conocer cómo afecta el SPM el rendimiento laboral de las mujeres. A pesar de las significativas repercusiones personales y económicas, existen pocas investigaciones que estudien la relación entre SPM y rendimiento laboral. Sin embargo, la literatura es concluyente en señalar que la productividad laboral es un importante dominio de la vida de la mujer adversamente afectado por el SPM, manifestado en un aumento de la tasa de ausentismo laboral y reducción de la productividad. Se concluye, según la literatura revisada, que el SPM afecta el rendimiento laboral, lo que sugiere a los profesionales de la salud tomar un rol activo en la derivación y tratamiento oportuno, para de esta forma lograr un aumento en la productividad laboral de las mujeres.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Efficiency, Organizational/trends , Menstruation , Menstruation/psychology , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/psychology , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Absenteeism , Efficiency , Life Style , Work HoursABSTRACT
A síndrome da tensão pré-menstrual (STPM) envolve a presença de sintomas físicos e comportamentais na segunda metade do ciclo menstrual, que freqüentemente comprometem a boa qualidade do desempenho profissional e dos relacionamentos pessoais. Acomete aproximadamente 40% das mulheres entre 15 e 45 anos de idade. Desequilíbrio entre estrogênio e progesterona, excesso de prolactina, deficiência de vitaminas B6 e E, atividade inapropriada de prostaglandina e alterações na ação das endorfinas e serotonina são alguns dos fatores freqüentemente relacionados à sua ocorrência. O diagnóstico baseia-se exclusivamente no quadro clínico e o tratamento envolve, a mudança de hábitos comportamentais, como a realização de atividade física regular e a ingestão de uma dieta rica em proteínas e pobre em sal na segunda fase do ciclo e também, o uso de medicamentos tais como diuréticos, antidepressivos, progesterona ou fitoterápicos.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Phytotherapy , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/diet therapy , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
El sindrome premenstrual incluye una constelación de síntomas psíquicos y físicos que aparecen en la fase lútea del ciclo menstrualy desaparecen tres a cuatro días de comenzada la menstruación. Hasta un 75% de las mujeres presentan este cuadro enalgún momento de la vida. El trastorno disfórico menstrual es una forma severa de este síndrome y lo presentan entre un 3 y8% de las mujeres. Los tratamientos que cuentan con alguna evidencia científica para ser utilizados incluyen la vitamina B6 , elcarbonato de calcio y la espironolactona. Los inhibidores de la recaptación de serotonina cuentan con buen grado de evidenciade eficacia en la mejoría de los síntomas. Pueden emplearse de manera continua o administrarse en la segunda fase del ciclocon igual resultado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Depression , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Premenstrual Syndrome/drug therapy , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was aimed to identify the effect of self-foot reflexology on the relief of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea in high school girls. METHOD: Study subjects was 236 women residing in the community, teachers and nurses who were older than 45 were recruited. Data was collected with self administered questionnaires from July 1st to August 31st, 2003 and analysed using SPSS/WIN 10.0 with Xtest, t-test, and stepwise multiple logistic regression at a significant level of =.05. RESULT: The breast cancer screening rate was 57.2%, and repeat screening rate was 15.3%. With the multiple logistic regression analysis, factors associated with mammography screening were age and perceived barriers of action, and factors related to the repeat mammography screening were education level and other cancer screening experience. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, we recommend the development of an intervention program to decrease the perceived barrier of action, to regard mammography as an essential test in regular check-up, and to giveactive advertisement and education to the public to improve the rates of breast cancer screening and repeat screening.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Dysmenorrhea/therapy , Foot , Massage , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was aimed to identify the effect of self-foot reflexology on the relief of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea in high school girls. METHOD: Study subjects was 236 women residing in the community, teachers and nurses who were older than 45 were recruited. Data was collected with self administered questionnaires from July 1st to August 31st, 2003 and analysed using SPSS/WIN 10.0 with Xtest, t-test, and stepwise multiple logistic regression at a significant level of =.05. RESULT: The breast cancer screening rate was 57.2%, and repeat screening rate was 15.3%. With the multiple logistic regression analysis, factors associated with mammography screening were age and perceived barriers of action, and factors related to the repeat mammography screening were education level and other cancer screening experience. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, we recommend the development of an intervention program to decrease the perceived barrier of action, to regard mammography as an essential test in regular check-up, and to giveactive advertisement and education to the public to improve the rates of breast cancer screening and repeat screening.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Dysmenorrhea/therapy , Foot , Massage , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapyABSTRACT
Millions of women worldwide suffer from a variety of gynecological and psychiatric syndromes that are specifically linked to the late luteal phase of menstrual cycle and hence, need proper treatment for good quality of life. The objective of this qualitative review is to examine the latest developments in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual syndrome and its connections to premenstrual dysphoric disorder. A selective search of MEDLINE/PubMed retrieved numerous peer-reviewed papers published in international journals for the past 10 years [the search was ended in 2003], which were screened extensively, but only the latest and most relevant articles were included in this review. The 2 main premenstrual disorders manifesting tension, dysphoria and pain were etiologically attributed best to the dysregulation of central serotonergic and GABAergic systems and noxious sex steroid hormonal milieu during normal cyclical ovulation. The women with these syndromes needing proper assessment, investigations and correct diagnosis respond effectively to selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists, contraceptive pill-Yasmin, cognitive-behavior therapy, life-style changes, and also placebo. Premenstrual psychiatric syndromes coupled with multiple adverse consequences are important clinical entities in a woman's reproductive life, which need timely intervention and future research especially in Arabian Gulf countries
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Psychiatry , Gynecology , Premenstrual Syndrome/etiology , Premenstrual Syndrome/diagnosis , Premenstrual Syndrome/therapy , Mood Disorders/psychology , Pain/etiologyABSTRACT
A Tensão pré-menstrual é condição que inclui sintomas físicos, emocionais e cognitivos, afetando 75 porcento das mulheres no menacme, ocorrendo exclusivamente durante a fase lútea do ciclo menstrual. Cerca de 3 a 5 porcento das pacientes afetadas apresentam a sua forma grave (distúrbio disfórico pré-menstrual). O diagnóstico exige anamnese e exame físico minuciosos para excluir outras causas de sintomas físicos ou emocionais. Não há um consenso sobre a sua etiologia, sendo descritos fatores biológicos, emocionais, comportamentais, socioculturais e genéticos. O tratamento inclui medidas gerais, intervenções no estilo de vida, suplementos nutricionais e tratamento farmacológico, sendo seu objetivo uma boa qualidade de vida, pela redução dos sintomas, com melhora das funções sociais