Priapismo: abordaje clínico y manejo de urgencia / Priapism: clinical approach and emergency management

Priapism is a persistent erection, often painful, lasting more than 4 hours and unrelated to sexual stimulation. Based on clinical and pathophysiological features, priapism can be classified as ischemic, nonischemic and stuttering. Ischemic priapism is the most frequent form and represents a urological emergency. Although it is described as a low frequency entity, its timely diagnosis and immediate intervention are essential in the reestablishment of cavernous blood flow and in the prevention of necrosis and permanent erectile dysfunction. Intracavernous blood aspiration and injection of a-adrenergic agents correspond to the first-line options for the management of cases of ischemic priapism. Surgical shunts continue to be the most widely used surgical option for the management of prolonged ischemic priapism refractory to non-invasive management, with emerging evidence supporting the early implantation of a penile prosthesis. The objective of this review article is to describe the keys to the clinical approach and acute management of priapism in the emergency department. (AU)

Self-care of men with priapism and sickle cell disease / Autocuidado de hombres con priapismo y enfermedad falciforme / Autocuidado de homens com priapismo e doença falciforme

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify self-care demands of men with sickle cell disease and priapism and describe self-care measures in light of Orem's Self-Care Theory. Method: This is a descriptive exploratory study with qualitative approach conducted with nine men with a history of sickle cell disease and priapism. Data were analyzed using Orem's Self-Care Theory. Results: Some demands were identified: from universal self-care - difficulty in social interaction and solitude, changes in self-image, self-esteem and sexual activity; from development - the experience with priapism and little knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease; regarding health deviations - pain crises. Conclusion: Orem's theory allowed to identify self-care demands, which are essential for the nursing care provided for men with priapism. Nursing has an essential role in the measures for the different demands presented.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar las demandas sobre autocuidado de hombres con enfermedad falciforme y priapismo y describir las medidas del autocuidado a la luz de la Teoría de Orem. Método: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva, exploratoria, de abordaje cualitativo, realizada entre nueve hombres con historia clínica de enfermedad falciforme y priapismo. El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo según la Teoría del Autocuidado de Orem. Resultados: se identificaron algunas demandas: del autocuidado universal: dificultad de interacción social y soledad, alteraciones de la autoimagen y autoestima y actividad sexual; del desarrollo: la experiencia con el priapismo y el conocimiento insuficiente sobre la fisiopatología de la enfermedad; sobre desviaciones de la salud: crisis de dolor. Conclusión: La teoría de Orem permitió identificar las demandas del autocuidado, esenciales para la atención de enfermería en hombres con priapismo y resaltó la importancia de la enfermería acerca de las medidas a ser tomadas en las diferentes demandas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as demandas de autocuidado de homens com doença falciforme e priapismo e descrever as medidas de autocuidado à luz da Teoria do Autocuidado de Orem. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, com nove homens com história clínica de doença falciforme e priapismo. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da Teoria do Autocuidado de Orem. Resultados: Foram identificadas algumas demandas: de autocuidado universal - dificuldade de interação social e solidão, alterações na autoimagem e autoestima e atividade sexual; de desenvolvimento - a experiência com o priapismo o e pouco conhecimento sobre a fisiopatologia da doença; em relação a desvios de saúde - crises de dor. Conclusão: A teoria de Orem possibilitou identificar as demandas de autocuidado, que são essenciais para cuidado de enfermagem a homens com priapismo, e a importância da enfermagem frente às medidas para diferentes demandas apresentadas.

El priapismo en la Leucemia Mieloide Crónica Hallazgos radiológicos en casos de Leucemia Mieloide Crónica que se presentaron con priapismo / 7 PRIAPISM IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA : IMAGING FINDINGS IN CASES OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA WHO PRESENTED WITH PRIAPISM

El priapismo es una emergencia urológica que debe ser diagnosticada y tratada apropiadamente. Específicamente en casos conocidos de leucemia el pene turgente doloroso debe hacer surgir la sospecha de priapismo de primera movida y el Doppler peneano debe ser la mera línea de modalidad de imágenes. Esta información debe ser transmitida al paciente y al departamento clínico emergentológico

Priapism is an urological emergency and must be diagnosed and treated appropriately. Specifically in known cases of leukemia painful turgid penis should raise suspicion of priapism in first hand and penile Doppler should be the first line of imaging modality. This information should be forwarded to patient and emergency department clinician

Prognostic factors and outcome of management of ischemic priapism in Zaria, Nigeria

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the nuances of management, prognostic factors, and outcome of ischemic priapism in patients seen at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively studied the case notes of all patients managed for ischemic priapism in the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, over a period of 10 years (2006­2015). The data extracted included patients' age, occupation, duration of painful penile erection, and previous episodes. Addition information including precipitating factors, hemoglobin genotype, treatment, and complications was also retrieved. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The records of a total of forty patients managed for priapism over the period under review were retrieved. Thirty-three (82.5%) of these patients had an operative intervention. The mean age was 23.7 years with a range of 8­53 years. Sixty percent of patients were young adults in their third decade of life. The minimum duration of erection at presentation was 18 h and a maximum period of 10 days with a mean of 105.5 h (4 days). Thirty-three patients (82.5%) had sickle cell anemia (HbSS). Erectile dysfunction (ED) accounted for 60% of all forms of postpriapism complications. Five patients (12.5%) had residual tumescence from fibrosis, and three patients had recurrence outside the immediate postoperative period. Duration of symptoms before surgical intervention, SSA and previous episodes were the most important prognostic factors. Conclusion: Priapism is a disease of the young, mostly sickle cell anemic patients. Late presentation remains the norm in our environment, hence a higher incidence of ED. The distal penile shunt is an effective means of achieving detumescence even with failed conservative management. Favorable outcome is highly dependent on the duration of erection and early intervention

Recurring priapism may be a symptom of voiding dysfunction – case report and literature review

ABSTRACT Recurring priapism is rare in pre-pubertal children and may be attributed to multiple causes. We propose that voiding dysfunction (VD) may also justify this symptom and detail a clinical case of recurring stuttering priapism associated to overactive bladder that completely resolved after usage of anticholinergics and urotherapy. Sacral parasympathetic activity is responsible for detrusor contraction and for spontaneous erections and a relationship between erections and bladder status has been proved in healthy subjects (morning erections) and models of medullar trauma. High bladder pressures and/or volumes, voiding incoordination and posterior urethritis can potentially trigger reflex erections.

Priapismo de alto flujo postraumático en paciente pediátrico tratado con embolización arterial selectiva / Postraumatic high-flow priapism in pediatric patient treated with selective arterial embolization

El priapismo arterial es una rara patología en pacientes pediátricos, originada por una fístula entre la arteria cavernosa y los sinusoides del cuerpo cavernoso, habitualmente secundaria a un traumatismo perineal. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 16 años con priapismo arterial de 5 días de evolución tras una caída a horcajadas, tratado satisfactoriamente mediante embolización arterial supraselectiva con material reabsorbible. Seis meses después, el paciente presenta detumescencia completa sin disfunción eréctil asociada. La embolización arterial en pacientes pediátricos es compleja debido al menor calibre arterial y la necesidad de control de la arteria pudenda interna contralateral para evitar el desarrollo de complicaciones. La utilización de material reabsorbible permite disminuir el riesgo de disfunción eréctil posterior y, aunque presenta un mayor índice de recurrencias, constituye una alternativa eficaz en el tratamiento de esta patología.

Arterial priapism is a rare condition in pediatric patients, caused by a fistula between the cavernous artery and the sinusoids of the corpus cavernosum, usually secondary to perineal trauma. We report the case of a 16 year old child with arterial priapism of 5 days duration following a fall astride, successfully treated by superselective arterial embolization with absorbable material. Six months later the patient had complete detumescence without secondary erectile dysfunction. Arterial embolization in pediatric patients is complex due to the smaller arterial size and the need to control the contralateral internal pudendal artery to prevent the development of complications. The use of absorbable material helps reduce the risk of subsequent erectile dysfunction and, although it has a higher rate of recurrence, is an alternative for the treatment of this pathology.

Priapismo secundario a antipsicóticos: a propósito de un caso asociado a risperidona / Priapism associated with risperidone use: Report of one case

Background: The use of drugs with α-adrenergic antagonistic effect is one of the most prominent etiologies of priapism. We report a 32-year-old schizophrenic male in treatment with risperidone who consulted in the emergency room for a painful priapism. A low flow priapism was diagnosed. Medical treatment was unsuccessful and the patient was subjected to a proximal corporo-spongiosal shunt (Quackels technique), with good results. The patient was discharged in good conditions.

Priapismo de bajo flujo convertido en priapismo de alto flujo por fístula arterio-lacunar secundaria a la técnica de Winter / Low-flow priapism developing to high-flow priapism by arterial-lacunar fistula secondary to the winter procedure

El priapismo es una afección patológica que consiste en una erección peneana persistente más allá de la estimulación sexual. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 80 años, diagnosticado inicialmente, por la historia clínica, valores gasométricos de los cuerpos cavernosos y ultrasonografía doppler color peneana, de priapismo de bajo flujo que durante la realización de la técnica de Winter se produce iatrogénicamente la laceración bilateral de las arterias dorsales, originando una fístula arteriolacunar y en consecuencia un priapismo de alto flujo. Se realizó arteriografía selectiva de la pudenda, al no ser la eco-doppler color concluyente, que puso de manifiesto dicha fístula y permitió la embolización supraselectiva con microcoils...

Priapism is a pathology consisting of prolonged penile erection unrelated to sexual stimulation. We present an 80-year-old patient with relevant clinical history; corpora cavernosa blood gas analysis and penile Doppler ultrasound examination confirmed low-flow priapism. The Winter procedure was performed, which provoked iatrogenic laceration of the dorsal artery, leading to an arterio-lacunar fistula and high-flow priapism. A second Doppler ultrasound was inconclusive, and so a selective angiography was performed to observe the pudendal artery, following which selective embolization with microcoils was carried out...

Priapismo em crianças: revisão de fisiopatologia e tratamento: [revisão] / Priapism in children: review of pathophysiology and treatment: [review]

OBJETIVOS: O priapismo pode causar sequelas graves em relação à vida sexual futura do paciente, pois pode determinar impotência, disfunção erétil ou aversão sexual psicogênica. É um sintoma comum da doença falciforme em crianças e adolescentes. Há poucos estudos com evidências de qualidade sobre esse problema na literatura médica atual. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão da literatura utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS no período de 1966 a 2008. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A base para o tratamento de priapismo de baixo fluxo inclui o tratamento da doença falciforme e o uso de agentes adrenérgicos por administração intracavernosa conforme necessário. Indica-se cirurgia em uma minoria de casos. O tratamento de casos pediátricos exige ajuste de doses, escolha adequada de medicamentos e sedoanalgesia para procedimentos envolvendo dor ou trauma. CONCLUSÕES: Uma nova teoria fisiopatológica relativa à doença falciforme, que questiona os mecanismos tradicionais de bloqueio vascular por hemácias deformadas e propõe que a ativação inflamatória endotelial é a principal causa de problemas clínicos, permite propor novas manobras terapêuticas para lidar com o priapismo na doença falciforme. A ausência de evidência de qualidade para tratar o priapismo na doença falciforme sugere a necessidade de conduzir bons protocolos prospectivos multicêntricos para investigar essa condição.

OBJECTIVES: Priapism may cause serious sequelae concerning the future sex life of the patient, as it can determine impotence, erectile dysfunction or psychogenic sexual aversion. It is a common symptom of sickle cell disease in children and adolescents. There are few good quality evidence manuscripts about the problem in current medical literature. SOURCES: Literature review on the databases MEDLINE and LILACS covering the period from 1966 to 2008. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The basis for the treatment of low flow priapism includes treating sickle cell disease and the usage of intracavernous adrenergic agents as necessary. Surgery is indicated in a minority of cases. The treatment of pediatric cases demands dose adjustments, adequate drug choice and sedoanalgesia to cover procedures involving pain or trauma. CONCLUSIONS: A new physiopathologic theory concerning sickle cell disease, which questions the traditional vascular blockage mechanisms by deformed red cells and proposes that endothelial inflammatory activation is the main cause of clinical problems allows to propose new therapeutic maneuvers to solve sickle cell priapism. The absence of good quality evidence to treat sickle cell priapism suggests the necessity to conduct good prospective multicenter protocols to investigate the condition.

Outcome of Priapism after early and late management

To assess the outcome of patients presenting with priapism during the last six years. Record of the patients presenting with priapism was evaluated retrospectively. Following parameters were assessed; etiology, duration, management, complications and final outcome. Fifteen patients with mean age of twenty seven years presented from Jan 2000 to Dec. 2006. Etiological factors were intracavernosal injection of papavarine 6 [40%]. hakeem medication 4 [26.7%], thalasemia 2 [13.3%] and idiopathic in 3[20%] patients. Mean duration of priapism was 80.8 hours. Initial conservative management was successful in 7 [46.7%] patients. Non responders were treated with distal cavernosospongiousus shunt. Out of eight, three [37.5%] patients responded and remaining four ended up with corporeal fibrosis and erectile dysfunction[ED]. One patient develop urethrocutaneous fistula. Intracavernosal injection of papaverine and hakeem medicines are common etiological factors. Patient usually present late because of embarrassment. Outcome of management depends upon duration of priapism

Priapismo como manifestación de leucemia mieloide cronica / Priapism as a sign of chronic myeloid leukaemia

En base a un caso clínico se realiza una revisión bibliográfica acerca de las recomendaciones formuladas en el diagnóstico y manejo de los pacientes con priapismo. Se describe lo fundamental en lo que respecta a la distinción entre un priapismo de alto o bajo flujo y al tratamiento de instauración precoz a fin de optimizar el pronóstico de potencia sexual a largo plazo. En la revisión de la literatura, destaca el escaso número de casos descritos por lo que aún se requiere mayor experiencia y seguimiento para definir y precisar el mejor protocolo terapÚutico en pacientes leucÚmicos con priapismo. Se insiste en la importancia de una historia clínica exhaustiva con el propósito de distinguir factores etiológicos y la utilidad del hemograma como herramienta económica en el diagnóstico diferencial.

Priapismo: enfoque actual y manejo / Priapism: current approach and management

El priapismo es una erección anormal y persistente del pene, dolorosa e involuntaria, sin relación con estímulos sexuales y que no se alivia con la descarga de catecolaminas después del orgasmo. Según su mecanismo fisiopatológico se reconoce un priapismo isquémico o de bajo flujo y uno no isquémico o de alto flujo. Es muy importante diferenciarlos, ya que tienen causas y tratamientos distintos. El priapismo isquémico es una urgencia que debe ser resuelta a la brevedad. Su tratamiento debe ser secuencial, siguiendo un algoritmo y tratando de evitar acciones que aumenten el riesgo de una disfunción eréctil iatrogénica posterior. El priapismo de alto flujo no es una urgencia médica, por lo que su manejo inicial debe ser expectante. A pesar de ser poco frecuente, el priapismo debe ser conocido por el mÚdico general, quien debe ser capaz de diferenciar los casos isquémicos de los no isquémicos y de tratarlos de manera de evitar secuelas y disfunciones sexuales posteriores. Se propone un algoritmo de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de la Asociación Americana de Urología. En él se establecen las medidas a tomar en un orden secuencial que va aumentando en complejidad y el empleo de procedimientos invasivos.

Priapismo de alto fluxo: analise de quatro casos / High flow priapism: four cases report

Priapismo e caracterizado por quadros de erecao prolongada nao relacionada a estimulos sexuais. Pode ser dividido em dois tipos de acordo com a fisiopatologia: baixo e alto fluxo. O primeiro e o mais comum e normalmente secundario a doencas hematologicas ou decorrente de tratamento farmacologico para a impotencia e esta relacionado a erecao dolorosa e isquemica dos corpos cavernosos. O segundo e menos frequente e esta relacionado a estados de hiperfluxo peniano secundarios a trauma em regiao peniana ou perineal resultantes em lesao de arteria cavernosa ou de seus...

Tratamiento médico del priapismo con etilefrina / Medical treatment of priapism with etylephrine

Presentamos seis casos del priapismo, uno idiopático y cinco farmacológicos, tratados con inyección intracavernosa de etilefrina no diluida. En todos los casos se logró flacidez peneana casi inmediata y sin mayores efectos secundarios.

Priapismo: a propósito de un caso; técnica de Chester Winter / Priapism: apropos of a case; Chester Winter's technique

Se presenta un caso de priapismo, considerado una urgencia Urológica verdadera; hacemos hincapié en la fisiopatológica y la etiopatogénia del proceso. Así mismo se propone una pauta de tratamiento descrita por Chester Winter en 1976, muy sencilla y por ende fácil de practicar en cualquier centro hospitalario de nuestro país