Modelagem da formação de biofilmes de Pseudomonas fluorescens e Pseudomonas aeruginosa em aço inoxidável através da metodologia de superfície de resposta / Modeling Pseudomonas luorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on stainless steel by response surface methodology

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do tempo e da temperatura na formação de biofilmes de P. fluorescens e P. aeruginosa em superfície de aço inoxidável através de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR). Os biofilmes foram avaliados nas temperaturas de 7; 13; 27; 41 e 47 °C e nos tempos de contato de 0; 1,2; 4; 6,8 e 8 dias. As superfícies de resposta mostraram que P. fluorescens foi capaz de formar biofilme entre 0,9 e 8 dias em temperaturas entre 9,8 e 47 °C. P. aeruginosa foi capaz de formar biofilme entre0,7 a 8 dias e entre 11 e 47 °C. É importante destacar que estas condições são frequentemente encontradas durante todo o processamento de queijo Minas frescal, comprometendo a segurança do alimento.

Bacterial biofilm formation, pathogenicity, diagnostics and control: An overview.

Bacterial biofilms are complex, mono- or poly-microbialn communities adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces. This adaptation has been implicated as a survival strategy. The formation of biofilms is mediated by mechanical, biochemical and genetical factors. The biofilms enhance the virulence of the pathogen and have their potential role in various infections, such as dental caries, cystic fibrosis, osteonecrosis, urinary tract infection and eye infections. A number of diagnostic techniques, viz., bright-field microscopy, epifluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and amplicon length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction, have been employed for detection of these communities. Researchers have worked on applications of catheter lock solutions, a fish protein coating, acid shock treatment, susceptibility to bacteriophages, etc., for biofilm control. However, we need to rearrange our strategies to have thorough insight and concentrate on priority basis to develop new accurate, precise and rapid diagnostic protocols for detection and evaluation of biofilm. Above all, the strict compliance to these techniques is required for accurate diagnosis and control.

O açúcar refinado no tratamento da infecção por Pseudomonas sp em úlcera por pressão / El azúcar refinado en el tratamiento de la infección por Pseudomonas sp en úlcera por presión / White sugar in treatment of infection by Pseudomonas sp in pressure ulcers

As úlceras por pressão, em estágios mais avançados, podem apresentar infecção, retardando a cicatrização e podendo ser letal. Entre os agentes infecciosos estão as pseudomonas, que são patógenos oportunistas e ubíquos. Objetivou-se verificar a eficácia do uso de açúcar refinado no tratamento de infecção por Pseudomonas sp em úlcera por pressão. Foi realizado um estudo de caso com paciente do sexo feminino, 79 anos, em internação domiciliar, na cidade de São Paulo, em 2006, com úlcera por pressão contaminada por Pseudomonas saprophaga/saprófitas (sp). A lesão era lavada com soro fisiológico 0,9% e depois coberta com uma camada de açúcar refinado, até não se visualizar mais o leito da mesma. Em seguida, era ocluída com gaze estéril e micropore. A troca do curativo era realizada de 6 em 6 horas. O exame de cultura da lesão, após 72 horas de tratamento, mostrou ausência do microorganismo, o que se conclui que o tratamento foi eficaz.

Pressure ulcers are lesions located in regions where the skin suffers prolonged pressure. At more advanced stages, they can present infections that not only delay cicatrisation but can be fatal. Among the infectious agents are the Pseudomonas, which are ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens. In 2006 a case study was conducted of a 79 year old female patient under home care to determine the effectiveness of using refined sugar to treat Pseudomonas saprophaga (sp) infection of pressure ulcer. The lesion was washed with 0.9% sterile saline solution and then covered with a layer of white sugar until the wound bed was not longer visible and then dressed with sterile gauze and micropore tape. The dressing was changed every 6 hours. Culture from the wound examined after 72 hours of treatment was free of Pseudomonas sp., warranting the conclusion that the treatment was effective.

Las úlceras por presión, en fases más avanzadas, pueden presentar infección, lo que retarda la cicatrización, pudiendo ser letal. Entre los agentes infecciosos están las pseudomonas, que son patógenos oportunistas y ubicuos. Se objetivó verificar la eficacia del uso de azúcar refinado en el tratamiento de infección por Pseudomonas sp en úlcera por presión. Fue cumplido un estudio de caso con paciente del sexo femenino, 79 años, en internación domiciliaria, en la ciudad São Paulo-SP-Brasil, en 2006, con úlcera por presión contaminada por Pseudomonas saprophaga (sp). La lesión era bañada con suero fisiológico 0,9% y después cubierta con una camada de azúcar refinado, hasta no ser más visto su lecho; en seguida, ella era cerrada con gasa estéril y micropore. El cambio del curativo era hecho de 6 en 6 horas. El examen del cultivo de la lesión, después de 72 horas, reveló ausencia del microorganismo, concluyéndose que el tratamiento fue eficaz.

Investigação de Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp. e Pseudomonas spp. no trato intestinal de avestruzes (Struthio camelus) criados no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Investigation of Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in ostriches (Struthio camelus) intestine from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Na estrutiocultura, pesquisas relacionadas com a prevalência de micro-organismos patogênicos para esses animais e de importância em saúde pública ainda são escassas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a presença de Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp. e Pseudomonas spp. a partir de 60 amostras de suabes cloacais, provenientes de quatro criatórios de avestruzes e avaliar o perfil de susceptibilidade destes micro-organismos frente aos antimicrobianos. Os micro-organismos dos gêneros Salmonella, Listeria e Campylobacter não foram encontrados nas amostras analisadas. Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi isolado a partir de 17 amostras (28,3,%), provenientes de animais de diferentes faixas etárias, oriundos dos quatro criatórios investigados. Adicionalmente, Escherichia coli foi isolado de 57 amostras (95%), Klebsiella spp., de cinco amostras (8,33%), Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris e Enterobacter spp. de uma amostra (1,66%). Das 17 cepas de P. aeruginosa submetidas ao teste de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, todas (100%) apresentaram sensibilidade à Amicacina e à Ciprofloxacina e todas (100%) foram resistentes ao Sulfametoxazol/Trimetoprim e à Tetraciclina. Foram encontrados cinco perfis diferentes de resistência aos antimicrobianos, indicando uma variação da resistência entre as cepas de Pseudomonas isoladas, inclusive em animais do mesmo criatório e mantidos no mesmo piquete.

There has been limited research on the prevalence of ostrich intestinal pathogens and on the role of these animals as foodborne pathogens source. This study was conducted to estimate the frequence of Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. from intestinal swabs of ostriches and to investigate the antibiotic resistance of the isolates. Sixty samples collected from four ostrich farms were examined. Salmonella, Listeria and Campylobacter were not isolated from the samples investigated and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from 17 (28.3%) samples. Additionally, Escherichia coli was isolated from 57 samples, (95%), Klebsiella spp. from five (8.33%), and Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Enterobacter spp. from one sample (1,66%). All Pseudomonas isolates were susceptible to Amicacin and Ciprofloxacin, and all of them (100%) were resistant to Trimethoprin/Sulfametox and to Tetracicline. Five antimicrobial resistance profiles were found, showing a resistance diversity among the Pseudomonas isolates, even in the same farm and raised at the same pen.

Wound infection; frequency in clean surgical operations

The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of infection in clean surgical cases [General and Orthopaedic]. A descriptive study. This descriptive study was conducted at department of surgery and orthopaedic DHQ Teaching Hospital Sargodha from July 2007 to Dec, 2008. In this study 1500 clean surgical cases were included. Wounds were examined on third post operative day and then regularly after removal of stitches. Surgical wounds were examined finally on fifteenth post operative days. Description of wound condition and detailed data of patients were collected on preformed performas. Patients with wound infection developed pain at operation site and fever on third post operative day. Wounds were examined for swelling, redness, discharge; stitch abscess. Routine investigations were done as per protocol ie complete blood examination, complete urine examination, blood sugar, C-reactive proteins etc. Wounds swab was taken for microscopy and culture sensitivity. This study was carried out on fifteen hundred clean surgical cases [General and Orthopaedic]. There were 1064 males and 436 females. Male to Female ratio was 2.4:1. Infection was detected in 110 patients [7.3%] while no infection was found in 1390. Infection was maximum in patients more than 60 yrs of age [10.9%]. Wound infection was minimum in young patients [3.5%].commonest micro organism isolated from the infected wound was staphylococcus areus. Other organism isolated was streptococcus pyogenes, proteus and pseudomonas. No MRSA was detected. In our case study clean cases were found generally free of infection especially young patients. Whereas increased incidence of infection was noted in old patients. Wound infection is associated with significant morbidity in the form of delayed wound heeling, prolonged hospital stay and increased economical pressure on the patient

Comparative study between early and delayed grafting in burn patients

To evaluate the relationship between the mortality and morbidity in both early and delayed types of grafting. From September 1998 to September 2000, forty seven patients with full thickness burns were admitted to the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, Out of these forty seven, twenty eight patients with full thickness burns were prospectively studied. Nearly all of the patients were admitted through casualty. Male to female ratio was 1.3:1. Pertaining to the type of burn, flame burns are 50% and scalds 39.2% in our study. Average number of dressing in early grafting was 7-10 whereas in delayed grafting it was 25.30. Hospital stay in early grafting was 10-15 days while it was 25-30 days in delayed grafting and return to school/work in early grafting was within 2 weeks but in delayed grafting it was 4-5 weeks. Mortality rate in early grafting was 1 [7.1%] but in delayed grafting it was 4 [28.5%]

Physiological and biochemical studies on phytopathogenic bacteria isolated from cucumber in Egypt

Thirty phytopathogenic bacterial isolates were obtained from diseased cucumber plants [Cucumis sativus]. These isolates were highly pathogenic, capable of inducing angular leaf spots as well as wilting of cucumber seedlings within 3-6 days after inoculation. The diagnostic tests including colony morphology, pathogenicity trials and different physiological tests showed that they belonged to Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans. Inoculating three weeks old cucumber seedlings with the most virulent isolate resulted in a reduction in dry weight, water content and both shoot and root length to a level below that of the control

Interactions between VA mycorrhizal fungus glomus mosseae, bradyrhizobium japonicum and pseudomonas syringae in soybean plants

The interactions between VA mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae, the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae, in the presence or absence of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on some physiological parameters of soybean plants were investigated. The results revealed that co- inoculation of G. mosseae with B. japonicum increased the shoot dry weight, nodulation, accumulated nitrogen and phosphorus as well as nitrate reductase activity in soybean plants. G. mosseae prevented P. syringae from infecting soybean plants and improved the plants growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and nitrate reductase activity. The presence of the mycorrhizal fungus suppressed the population density of the pathogenic bacterium in the rhizosphere of soybean plants. The mycorrhiza increased the plant resistance to P. syringae more prominently in the presence of B. japonicum

Pseudomonas septicaemia encountered in some ornamental fishes

The present study found that the infection rate of Pseudomonas septicaemia rate was 8.56% and 4.89% respectively, which was mainly caused by Pseudomonas fluorescence and Pseudomonas anguilliseptica. The clinical signs and pathological alterations associated with these bacterial infections, of fish were represented as fin and tail rot, haemorrhagic septicemia and ulcerative lesions. Induction of experimental infection by such isolates to determine their pathogenicity to Tilapia, Catfish, Angelfish and Swordtailfish were undertaken. Also, the biogram of both bacterial isolates was carried out, and revealed that Pseudomonas fluorescence was more sensitive to Enrofloxacine, Streptomycin, Doxycycline, Tobramycin and Tetra-cycline.While Pseudomonas anguilliseptica more sensitive to Neomycin, Oxytetracycline and refamycin

Septicemia caused by pseudomonas paucimobilis

This is a retrospective study of Pseudomonas paucimobilis causing septicaemia. The organism was isolated aerobically from blood cultures of nine patients suffering from speticaemia. Antibodies susceptibility results showed that out of nine isolated, three were sensitive to only three of the antibiotics tested. All the patients were treated with antibiotics as guided by susceptibility results, and all of them recovered

Incidence of postoperative surgical wound infections in Nizwa referral hospital

This study aimed to investigate the problem of hospital acquired wound infection [HAWI] in nizwa referral hospital [NRH]. All patients admitted to NRH during the period of the study and were subjected to various clean surgical procedures constituted the target population. Surveillance of patients, hospital staff, operating theatres and wards were done using different methods. Out of 120 patients, 28 [23.3%] got their wounds infected after operations. Patients in the maternity ward recorded the highest incidence rate of HAWI [38.9%] while the lowest rate recorded was in the female ward [7.1%]. The infected patients stayed in the hospital a slightly longer period than the control group [8.96 +/- 1.58 and 7.92 +/- 2.15 days respectively]. The study revealed also that 7.9% of the hospital staff in direct relation with those patients were carriers of different pathogenic microorganisms. The commonest causative microorganism detected was staphylococcus aureus being isolated in 75% of the swabs taken from both patients and hospital staff. Acinobacter, diphteroids and pseudomonas species were detected also when detected also when surveying the three operation theatres in NRH. Regarding the application of some infection prevention and control measures by hospital staff in hospital wards, the female ward staff were the only to apply perfectly all the measures. In conclusion, hospital staff and environment as well as personal hygiene habits of patients play a major role in the occurrence of acquired infection in Nizwa hospital

Urinary tract infection [UTI] in children

One hundred and fifty cases with signs and symptoms referable to urinary tract infection were analyzed in the jPaediatric Department of Women and Children Hospital, Abbottabad. The most common presenting features were fever, vomiting, failure to thrive and dysuria. E.Coli ktebsiella, proteus and pseudomonas were the most common organisms which were isolated. Sensitivity to gentamicin, cefatoxime and nitrofurantoin was remarkable

Histopathological study of the effect of intravitreal injection of gentamicin on the rabbit's retina

Gentamicin, a broad spectrum antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group, is effectively used in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis caused by pseudomonas and staphylococcus strains [Zachary and Foster, 1979]. This antibiotic was found to be toxic for retinal structures if high concentrations are administered in the vitreous especially the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor outer segment complex. [D'Amico et al., 1984]. However, the presence of significant histopathological changes on the other layers of the retina was not clearly documented with its commonly used doses. So, in this study, a group of adult albino rabbits were injected with doses 2000 micro g, 1000 micro g and 500 micro g gentamicin [one dose for each group]. The results showed severe affection of the inner retinal layers even with the smallest dose [500 micro g] used. These were in the form of cytoplasmic and nuclear vacuolation, margination of the chromatin of the cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers and fusion of processes in the nerve fiber layer. In addition, intermingling of the cells of the different layers with each other was also seen. In addition, there were severe fundus changes as evidenced by ophthalmoscopic examination. Due to the presence of these dramatic effects on the retina induced by a single injection of commonly used doses of gentamicin, we advised not to use intravitreal gentamicin except if it is highly indicated in a dose not more than 100-200 micro g

Septicemia por pseudomonas en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel / Septicemia by pseudomonas in a pedriatric hospital of trird level

Objetivo: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo para estimar la frecuencia de septicemia por Pseudomonas aeruginosa y pseudomonas sp en el Hospital de Pediatría CMN IMSS, así como evaluar la respuesta clínica a los tratamientos actualmente utilizados. Sujetos y métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con aislamiento de Pseudomonas en hemocultivo en el periodo comprendido entre octubre de 1990 y abril de 1992. Resultados: Se diagnosticó un total de 15 pacientes. Unicamente 12 recibieron tratamiento. El esquema empírico utilizando en pacientes con fiebre y neutropenia sin foco infeccioso identificado fue carbenicilina-amikacina, que se indicó en 7 pacientes. Seis de doce pacientes que recibieron tratamiento fallecimiento se asoció con un tratamiento antimicrobiano inadecuado y en los otros tres hubo falla terapéutica al tratamiento empírico, sólo una de las cepas aisladas de estos tres pacientes era sensible o medianamente sensible a uno o ambos antimicrobianos utilizados, 5 cepas fueron resistentes a carbenicilina, 4 a amikacina, 8 a gentamicina, 10 a cefotaxima, 3 resistentes a ceftazidima y 2 resistentes a imipenem/cilastatín. Conclusiones: La elevada mortalidad que sigue presentándose en relación con la infección por estos gérmenes no obliga a considerar otras opciones terapéuticas. Se sugiere el uso de ceftazidima-amikacina cuando se tenga certeza bacteriológica y el cambio a imipenem-cilastatín/amikacina si la cepa es resistente o no hay respuesta al tratamiento inicial. No se recomienda la monoterapia

Characterization of bacillus polymyxa isolates from different Brazilian soils

Setenta e oito isolados de B. polymyxa foram obtidos de diferentes solos brasileiros com intuito de se identificar estirpes com marcadores geneticos que pudessem ser utilizadas em experimentos de troca gênica nesta espécie de Bacillus. O DNA destes isolados foi extraído e observou-se que 4 deles apresentavam um plasmídio de tamanho semelhante. Trinta e dois isolados (incluindo os 4 contendo plasmídio) foram escolhidos para estudos complementares. Todos eles mostraram-se resistentes à polimixina-B e à bacitracina e sensíveis aos outros 12 antibióticos testados. Todos os isolados produziram uma substância inibitória contra uma estirpe de Staphylococcus aureus RN45O e 7 contra uma estirpe de Pseudomonas sp. Dos 32 isolados, 25 mostraram-se sensíveis ao fago EPy-2, específico para B.polymyxa, e 2 foram capazes de fixar o nitrogênio atomosférico (teste de reduçäo de acetileno). Entretanto, nenhuma destas características acima mencionadas pode ser atribuída à presença do plasmídio, já que isolados curados (sem o plasmídio) apresentavam as mesmas características fenotípicas que aqueles contendo o plasmídio em questäo

Comparative histopathological study of the effect of three strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa on the rabbit's cornea

Three different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inoculated on scratched rabbit[s] cornea as an experimental model to study their histopathological effect. After one week light microscopic examination of the cornea affected by the haemolytic strain showed severe inflammatory reaction which led to occlusive vasculitis near descemet[s] membrane. Again the degenerated endothelial cells were interspersed, as well, with acute inflammatory cells. Some electron microscopic findings were common in corneas infected by the proteolytic strain as well as the lecithinase positive strain. They were in the form of widened intercellular spaces, disruption of cell membranes and degenerated forms of intracytoplasmic organelles. However, there was elastoid degeneration of the collagen in corneas affected by the proteolytic strain while collagen in corneas affected by lecithinase positive strain exhibited clear lyses. A striking finding was the distribution of tiny pigments all through the corneaI layers except the epithelial cells. Since this kind of corneal infection induced by three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa respond in three severe different mechanisms, it can be particularly dangerous to persons who have experienced industrial accidents, corneal abrasions induced by hard or soft contact lens or to immuno-compromised patients