Implante percutáneo de válvula pulmonar: a propósito de dos casos colombianos / Percutaneous pulmonary valve implant: Two Colombian case reports

Resumen Los pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas que afectan la continuidad del ventrículo derecho con la arteria pulmonar deben someterse con frecuencia a intervenciones debido a la limitada vida útil de los conductos quirúrgicos, lo que lleva al desarrollo de disfunción ventricular derecha por cambios en la geometría ventricular y predisposición a arritmias letales, con el consiguiente riesgo de reintervenciones. El implante valvular percutáneo pulmonar es una nueva alternativa terapéutica, menos invasiva en comparación con la quirúrgica, para pacientes seleccionados. Se realiza una revisión de las publicaciones médicas actuales disponibles y se describe la experiencia inicial del implante valvular pulmonar percutáneo en un centro colombiano de alta complejidad para el tratamiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares, en dos pacientes con disfunción del homoinjerto aórtico en posición pulmonar con doble lesión valvular, en los cuales el implante valvular pulmonar percutáneo fue una conducta exitosa. Se eligió a pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas, conductos quirúrgicos disfuncionales con estenosis o insuficiencia pulmonar significativa, y disfunción y dilatación ventricular derechas. Se empleó la técnica regular para el implante de la válvula pulmonar Melody, sin documentarse complicaciones durante el procedimiento ni al año de seguimiento. El implante percutáneo de la válvula pulmonar es un gran avance en el tratamiento de pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas, con resultados favorables a corto y mediano plazos, lo cual hace posible la restauración de la función ventricular con riesgo mínimo, frente al reemplazo quirúrgico en pacientes seleccionados.

Abstract Patients with congenital heart disease that involves reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract must frequently undergo interventions derived from the limited useful life of the surgical canals, which leads to the development of right ventricular dysfunction due to changes in the ventricular geometry and predisposition to lethal arrhythmias, with the consequent risk of reinterventions. The percutaneous pulmonary valvular implant is a new therapeutic alternative, less invasive, compared to surgery, for selected patients. A review of the available literature is made and the initial experience of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in a Colombian center of high complexity for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is described, in two patients with aortic homograft dysfunction in a pulmonary position with double valvular lesion, in which the percutaneous pulmonary valve implant was a successful strategy. Patients with congenital heart disease were chosen, with dysfunctional surgical conduits with stenosis or significant pulmonary insufficiency, with dysfunction and right ventricular dilatation. The standard technique for the implantation of the Melody pulmonary valve was used, without complications during the procedure or one year of follow-up. Percutaneous implantation of the pulmonary valve is a great advance in the management of patients with congenital heart diseases, with favorable results in the short and medium term, allowing the restoration of ventricular function with minimal risk, compared to surgical replacement in selected patients.

Prospective study of percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty - immediate results and complications

To assess the results and immediate complications of percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty at AFIC/NIHD. Quasi experimental study Paediatric cardiology department of Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology and National Institute of Heart Diseases [AFIC-NIHD] Pakistan from 01[st] October 2010 to 31[st] September 2013. This study comprised 143 patients [74 male and 69 female] with pulmonary valve stenosis undergoing percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. The procedure was classified as successful when the angiographic derived peak to peak pressure gradient [PG]across right ventricular outflow tract was reduced to less than 50% of pre-procedural value, suboptimal if reduction was 25-50% and unsuccessful if PG reduced by less than 25% of its initial value. The mean age of study population was 8.4 +/- 10.3 years and procedure was successful in 133 [93%] cases. Mean PG was reduced from 85.6 +/- 34.4 mmHg to 24.7 +/- 14.5 mmHg [p< 0.001]. Procedure was considered unsuccessful in one case, where PG across right ventricular outflow tract [RVOT] reduced from 70 to 60 mmHg, due to concomitant infundibular bands. In another nine patients, procedure considered suboptimal, as mean PG reduced from 81 +/- 24.1 to 50 +/- 16 mmHg. Among study population, 31 [21.7%] cases were considered as critical pulmonary stenosis. There were two deaths, two non fatal cardiac arrests, one life threatening arrhythmias and minor rhythm problems in five cases, but no cardiac tamponade or emergency cardiac surgery in our study population. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was effective and safe for the treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis with excellent short term results

Discordância atrioventricular associada à dupla via de saída do ventriculo direito: um raro caso com 28 anos e nenhuma cirurgia / Atrioventricular discordance and double outlet right ventricle: a rare case of a 28 year old man without surgery

Relatamos o raro caso de um paciente de 28 anos, com diagnóstico de discordância atrioventricular e dupla via de saída do ventrículo direito, obtido somente após o ecocardiograma transesofágico e sem cirurgia prévia onde a estenose pulmonar importante atuou como bandagem pulmonar natural, possibilitando essa evolução.

We report a rare case of a 28 years old patient with the diagnosis of atrioventricular discordance and double outlet right ventricle, obtained only after transesophageal echocardiogram and no surgery. Severe pulmonary stenosis was the natural banding allowing this outcome.

Cateterismo intervencionista na estenose valvar pulmonar crítica do recém-nascido e na atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular íntegro: 13 anos de experiência de um serviço terciário / Interventional catheterization in neonatal critical pulmonary valve stenosis and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: 13 years of experience at a tertiary service

Introdução: A abordagem percutânea é opção de escolha em neonatos portadores de estenose pulmonar crítica (EP) e atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular íntegro (APSI). Neste trabalho são descritos casos tratados consecutivamente em centro de referência e seu seguimento a médio prazo. Métodos: A maioria dos pacientes recebeu infusão endovenosa de prostaglandina pré-procedimento, independentemente da necessidade hemodinâmica. Na abordagem da APSI, foi utilizada guia de ponta rígida e, mais recentemente, valvotomia com cateter de radiofrequência. Na maioria dos casos, foi realizada dilatação sequencial com balão até atingir 110 a 120 do diâmetro do anel valvar pulmonar. Resultados: Entre 1998 e 2011, 17 neonatos com APSI (idade mediana de 5 dias, peso de 3,1 ± 0,6 kg) e 30 neonatos com EP (idade mediana de 12 dias, peso médio de 3 ± 1,4 kg) foram tratados em um serviço terciário. Na APSI, 14 pacientes foram abordados com guia rígida, com sucesso de 71,4, e 3 com radiofrequência, com sucesso de 100. Na EP, o sucesso foi alcançado em todos os casos. O óbito hospitalar foi de 23,5 no grupo com APSI e de 3,3 no grupo com EP, nenhum relacionado ao procedimento percutâneo. Na evolução a médio prazo, a taxa de reintervenção por reestenose foi de 21,4 no grupo com APSI e de 10 no grupo com EP. Conclusões: A valvoplastia pulmonar na EP e na APSI apresenta resultados clínicos e hemodinâmicos aceitáveis, desde que se observem características anatômicas favoráveis e se mantenha a patência do fluxo pulmonar até o procedimento. A morbidade e a mortalidade dos portadores de EP crítica são mais baixas que as de portadores de APSI.

BACKGROUND: The percutaneous approach is the therapy of choice in neonates with critical pulmonary stenosis (PS) and pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum (PAIVS). Consecutive cases treated at a reference center and their midterm follow-up was reported in this study. METHODS: Most of the patients received an intravenous infusion of prostaglandin preoperatively, regardless of the need. For the PAIVS approach, a stiff-tip guidewire was used and more recently, radiofrequency valvotomy. In most cases, sequential balloon dilation was performed until 110% to 120% of the pulmonary valve ring diameter was reached. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2011, 17 neonates with PAIVS (median age of 5 days, mean weight of 3.1 + 0.6 kg) and 30 neonates with PS (median age of 12 days, mean weight of 3 + 1.4 kg) were treated at a tertiary center. In PAIVS patients, a stiff-tip guidewire was used in 14 cases, with a success rate of 71.4%, and radiofrequency perforation in 3 cases, with a success rate of 100%. In PS patients, success was achieved in all of the cases. Hospital death was 23.5% for the PAIVS group and 3.3% for the PS group, none related to the percutaneous procedure. In the midterm follow-up, the reintervention rate due to restenosis was 21.4% in the PAIVS group and 10% in the PS group. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary valvuloplasty in PS or PAIVS has acceptable clinical and hemodynamic results, as long as favorable anatomic characteristics are observed and patent pulmonary flow is maintained until the procedure. Morbidity and mortality of patients with critical PS are lower than patients with PAIVS.

Noonan syndrome: An anesthesiologist's perspective.

Noonan syndrome (NS) is one of the most common non chromosomal syndrome presenting to the cardiac anesthesiologist for the management of various cardiac lesions, predominantly pulmonary stenosis (PS) (80%) and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (30%). The presence of HOCM in NS makes these children susceptible to acute congestive heart failure due to hemodynamic fluctuations, thus necessitating optimization of drug and fluid therapy, careful conduct of anesthesia and providing adequate analgesia in the perioperative period. We describe a case of four year old boy with NS who presented to us for the management of PS and HOCM. In our case, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) played a major role in confirmation of the preoperative findings, detection of any new anomalies missed during the preoperative evaluation, intraoperative monitoring and assessment of the adequacy of repair in the immediate postoperative period. TEE provided invaluable help in taking critical surgical decisions, resulting in a favorable outcome.

Prevalência e abordagem cirúrgica da estenose supravalvar pulmonar pós-operação de jatene para transposição das grandes artérias / Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after jatene operation for transposition of great arteries

FUNDAMENTO: A transposição das grandes artérias é a cardiopatia congênita cianogênica mais freqüente no período neonatal, correspondendo a 7 por cento de todas as cardiopatias congênitas. Dentre as operações para tratamento cirúrgico, a operação de Jatene, com correção arterial, é o tratamento escolhido. Durante a evolução pós-operatória tardia, alguns problemas foram observados, sendo o mais comum a ocorrência de estenose supravalvar na neopulmonar, independentemente do tipo da técnica cirúrgica utilizada. OBJETIVO: Estudar e analisar a prevalência da estenose, bem como descrever o tratamento cirúrgico e propor manobras técnicas para prevenir seu aparecimento. MÉTODOS: Dentre 553 pacientes operados, 409 tiveram alta hospitalar e 281 seguidos tardiamente; 59 (20,9 por cento) apresentaram diferentes graus de estenose supravalvar pulmonar e 21 gradiente médio superior a 60 mmHg, necessitando tratamento cirúrgico. Dependendo da localização e da anatomia da estenose, o tratamento cirúrgico constou de aplicação de diferentes técnicas, como ampliação das áreas de estenose com remendos de pericárdio bovino, ressecção de áreas estenóticas e anastomose término-terminal, substituição de remendos retraídos e de tubos sintéticos. RESULTADOS: Houve boa evolução em 20 pacientes, com óbito em um dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a estenose supravalvar pulmonar pós-operação de Jatene para transposição das grandes artérias teve prevalência de 20,9 por cento. Uma vez identificada e com indicação de tratamento, pode ser tratada cirurgicamente com baixa mortalidade, mediante diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas. Para prevenir a ocorrência de estenose, propõem-se ampla dissecção e liberação dos ramos pulmonares, anastomoses amplas, remendos amplos de pericárdio autólogo e cuidado na reconstrução da neoaorta, evitando compressão da neopulmonar.

BACKGROUND: The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7 percent of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used. OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset. METHODS: Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9 percent) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient > 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes. RESULTS: Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9 percent; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.

Abordagem da valva do tronco pulmonar por desvio direito e uso de cânula bicaval: estudo experimental / Approach of the pulmonary valve using right heart bypass and bicaval cannula: experimental study

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi reproduzir a cirurgia de abordagem da valva do tronco pulmonar por desvio direito, avaliando-se uma nova cânula venosa bicaval com balonetes insufláveis para uso por miniacesso. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se 15 suínos da raça Large-White, sendo cinco para a padronização técnica das vias de acesso e monitorização hemodinâmica, nove submetidos ao experimento por meio de esternotomia, e um animal excluído da amostra, operado por mínimo acesso ao tórax. O desvio direito foi estabelecido pela drenagem bicaval, sendo a cânula introduzida pela veia jugular interna direita e locada nas veias cavas cranial e caudal. Os parâmetros medidos foram: Pressão Arterial Média (PAM); Freqüência Cardíaca (FC); Saturação O2 (SAT O2); Capnografia (PetCO2) e Temperatura (T). A análise estatística foi feita comparando-se os valores antes e durante o desvio direito. RESULTADOS: No momento pré-desvio direito, obtiveramse os seguintes valores médios: PAM = 90,8 mmHg, FC = 101,6 bat/min, SAT O2 = 93,8 por cento, PetCO2 = 28,4 mmHg, T = 36,1ºC. Durante o desvio direito, obtiveram-se os seguintes valores médios: PAM = 88,1 mmHg, FC = 98,0 bat/min, SAT O2 = 93,1 por cento, PetCO2 = 25,3 mmHg e T = 36,9ºC. Comparandose as médias obtidas entre os dois momentos, verificou-se não haver diferenças significantes para a PAM, FC e SAT O2 e diferenças significantes para a PetCO2 e a T. CONCLUSÃO: A cânula bicaval com balonetes promoveu drenagem eficaz de ambas as veias cavas, permitindo a manutenção dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos durante o desvio direito, sendo possível realizar a abordagem da valva pulmonar.

OBJECTIVE: To reproduce the surgery for correction of pulmonary valve anomalies using right heart bypass and a new bicaval cuffed venous cannula for minimal access surgery. METHODS: Fifteen Large-White pigs were used for this study. The standard technique model was established with the first five pigs, the experiment was done with nine animals by sternotomy, and one was submitted to a minimally invasive procedure, but has been excluded of the sample. Bicaval drainage by a single cannula was obtained through the internal jugular vein. The cuffs were inflated to increase blood flow to the machine. The return was established by putting the arterial cannula into the pulmonary artery trunk. Pre-bypass parameters were measured and compared with the parameters during the right bypass: Median Arterial Tension (MAT); Heart Rate (HR); O2 Saturation (SAT O2); end-tidal CO2 measures (etCO2); Temperature (T). The statistical analysis was done comparing the pre-bypass and during bypass values. RESULTS: Pre-bypass values: MAT: 90.8 mmHg; HR = 101.6 beat/min; O2 SAT = 93.8 percent; PetCO2 = 28.4 mmHg; T = 36.1ºC. During bypass the obtained values were: MAT: 88.1 mmHg; HR = 98.0 beat/min; O2 SAT = 93.1 percent; PetCO2 = 25.3 mmHg; T = 36.9ºC. Comparing the average values between the two abovementioned moments, no significant difference occurred in MAT, HR and O2 SAT; PetCO2 and T presented significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The bicaval cuffed venous cannula showed efficient drainage of both venae cavae with appropriate hemodynamic parameters during right bypass allowing access to the pulmonary valve.

Perfuração cardíaca durante cateterismo em um lactente com estenose valvar pulmonar: resultados satisfatórios pela abordagem híbrida / Cardiac perfuration during catheterization in an infant with pulmonary valve stenosis: successful outcomes by a hybrid approach

Relatamos o caso de um lactente de 10 meses, submetido a uma tentativa mal sucedidade de valvoplastia pulmonar com balão (VPB) devido à perfuração cardíaca. A criança foi subsequentemente tratada por esternotomia mediana, sutura do sítio de perfuração no átrio direito e VPB intra-operatória por meio de uma bainha colocada na via de saída do ventrículo direito.

We report a case in which a 10-month-old infant underwent an unsuccessful attempt at percutaneous pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (PBV) due to cardiac perforation. The child was subsequently managed by median sternotomy, suture of the bleeding site in the right atrium and intraoperative PBV through a sheath placed in the right ventricular outflow tract.

Transcatheter closure of post-fontan communication between the hepatic vein and left atrium by amplatzer duct occluder: a case report

A 14-year-old boy underwent palliative total cavopulmonary connection [modified Fontan operation] for a single ventricle and pulmonary atresia. At postoperative outpatient clinic follow-up visits progressive cyanosis was noticed. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed a hepatic vein draining to the left atrium accounting for the arterial desaturation. The communication was successfully closed by transcatheter method using the Amplatzer duct occluder

Transcatheter completion of Fontan in Saudi Arabia

Fontan surgery and its modifications are well-recognized palliation for univentricular types of heart lesions. Until recently the surgical route was the only reasonable approach, but nowadays palliation can be achieved by combined surgical and transcatheter approaches, which offer good immediate and early results for the high-risk patient. We present a case involving a successful modified combined approach that had a good result

Valvuloplastía pulmonar: Resultados a largo plazo. Experiencia en el Centro Médico La Raza / Pulmonary valvuloplasty: Long term results at the Centro Medico La Raza

El objetivo fue valorar la evolución a corto y largo plazo en pacientes sometidos a valvuloplastía pulmonar (VP), e identificar los factores pronóstico para el fracaso. Se estudiaron 109 pacientes, 60 mujeres y 49 hombres con edad promedio de 7.04 ñ 8.4 años. El gradiente pulmonar previo fue de 89.53 ñ 37.23 mmHg y post-valvulopastía de 20.8 ñ 19.41 mmHg. (p < 0.0001), 43 pacientes presentaron gradiente infundibular post-valvular en 8 años de seguimiento fue 20.75 ñ 14.32 (p< 0.001). El porcentaje de éxito fue 86.2 por ciento, con una mortalidad global de 1.9 por ciento, complicaciones menores en 15.2 por ciento, falla del procedimiento en 13.8 por ciento. El 66.1 por ciento tenía estenosis pulmonar aislada y el 33.9 por ciento, presentaba lesiones asociadas. La reestenosis fue del 6.7 por ciento. Separando el análisis entre el grupo de éxito y de fracaso, las variables significativas que se encontraron en el grupo de fracaso fueron edad menor de 3.5 años y la morfología valvular displásica (p< 0.05) o combinada (p< 0.05), teniendo mayor número de complicaciones (p< 0.05). Los resultados inmediatos en el grupo de fracaso fueron un gradiente alto post-valvuloplastía (p< 0.05). La valvuloplastía pulmonar es procedimiento electivo tanto por sus resultados inmediatos como a largo plazo, siendo en nuestro medio un método efectivo y seguro