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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; Rev. chil. infectol;40(6): 678-683, dic. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1529999

ABSTRACT

En la antigüedad ya se describía la rabia como una enfermedad zoonótica fatal cuyo pronóstico inexorable superaba todas las alter-nativas terapéuticas de los más célebres médicos. La realidad chilena sobre esta enfermedad a fines del siglo XIX fue descrita certeramente por el médico mártir Pedro Videla Órdenes en su tesis "La rabia" de 1879, destacando la descripción clínica de la rabia, su pronóstico fatal y la ausencia de tratamientos eficaces. Tan sólo seis años después, en 1885, el aclamado químico y microbiólogo Louis Pasteur desarrolló la vacuna antirrábica, logrando por primera vez en la historia de la humanidad prevenir esta terrible enfermedad. En Chile, se inició rápidamente la implementación de la vacuna Pasteur, vacunando al primer chileno el 7 de julio de 1896. Los doctores Milcíades Espinosa y Arturo Atria, en sus tesis "Generalidades sobre la rabia" (1898) y "Sobre la rabia y su profilaxia en Chile" (1905), respectivamente, abordaron esta primera etapa del desarrollo de la vacuna antirrábica en el país.


In antiquity, rabies was already described as a fatal zoonotic disease whose inexorable prognosis exceeded all the therapeutic alternatives of the most famous doctors. The Chilean reality about this disease at the end of the 19th century was accurately described by the martyred doctor Pedro Videla Ordenes in his thesis "La rabia" of 1879, highlighting in it his description about the unknown etiological agent, the fatal prognosis of the disease and the absence of effective treatments. Just six years later, in 1885, the acclaimed chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine, managing to prevent this terrible disease for the first time in human history. In Chile, the implementation of the Pasteur vaccine began rapidly, vaccinating the first Chilean on July 7, 1896. Doctors Milcíades Espinosa and Arturo Atria, in their theses "Generalidades sobre la rabia" (1898) and "Sobre la rabia y su profilaxia en Chile" (1905), respectively, addressed this first stage of the development of the rabies vaccine in the country.


Subject(s)
Humans , Rabies/history , Rabies Vaccines/history , Rabies/prevention & control , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Chile/epidemiology
2.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 28(2): e2018275, 2019. tab, graf, mapa
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012084

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: descrever o perfil epidemiológico da raiva humana no Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos de raiva humana notificados em 2000-2017; estimou-se a incidência e distribuição espacial. Resultados: 188 casos humanos observados, na maioria homens (66,5%), residentes rurais (67,0%), menores de 15 anos de idade (49,6%), com exposição mais frequente por mordedura (81,9%); o período 2000-2008 apresentou maior frequência (85,6%), com 46,6% dos casos envolvendo cães e 45,9% morcegos; incubação mediana de 50 dias, seguida de sintomatologia predominante de febre (92,6%), agitação (85,2%), parestesia (66,7%) e disfagia/paralisia (51,9%); a maioria (70,2%) não fez profilaxia, os demais (29,8%) realizaram-na de forma inoportuna e/ou incompleta; 13 pacientes foram tratados pelo Protocolo de Recife e dois sobreviveram. Conclusão: houve redução na incidência de raiva humana e mudança no perfil epidemiológico, predominando casos transmitidos por morcegos; sugere-se investigar casos secundários e viabilizar a profilaxia pré-exposição em populações sob maior risco de acidentes com morcegos.


Objetivo: describir el perfil epidemiológico de la rabia humana en Brasil. Métodos: descripción de los casos en 2000-2017, con estimación de la incidencia y distribución espacial. Resultados: se observaron 188 casos humanos, la mayoría de hombres (66,5%), residentes rurales (67,0%), menores de 15 años de edad (49,6%), con exposición más frecuente por mordedura (81,9%); el período 2000-2008 presentó mayor frecuencia (85,6%), con un 46,6% de los casos involucrando a perros y 45,9% a murciélagos; la incubación promedio fue de 50 días, seguida de sintomatología predominante de fiebre (92,6%), agitación (85,2%), parestesia (66,7%) y disfagia/parálisis (51,9%); la mayoría (70,2%) no hizo profilaxis y los demás (29,8%) la realizaron de forma inoportuna y/o incompleta; se trataron 13 pacientes con el Protocolo de Recife y dos sobrevivieron. Conclusión: hubo reducción en la incidencia de rabia humana y cambio en el perfil epidemiológico, predominando casos transmitidos por murciélagos; se sugiere investigar casos secundarios y viabilizar la profilaxis preexposición en poblaciones de mayor riesgo a accidentes por murciélagos.


Objective: to describe the epidemiological profile of human rabies in Brazil. Methods: this is a descriptive study of human rabies cases reported in 2000-2017, with an estimate of incidence and spatial distribution. Results: 188 cases were studied, mostly males (66.5%), rural residents (67.0%), children under 15 years (49.6%), with biting being the most frequent form of exposure (81.9%); frequency was highest in the period 2000-2008 (85.6%), with 46.6% of cases involving dogs and 45.9% bats; median incubation was 50 days, followed by, predominantly, symptoms of fever (92.6%), agitation (85.2%), paresthesia (66.7%), and dysphagia/paralysis (51.9%); the majority (70.2%) did not have prophylaxis and for the rest (29.8%) who did have prophylaxis, it was untimely and/or incomplete; 13 patients were treated according to the Recife Protocol, and two survived. Conclusion: human rabies incidence reduced and its epidemiological profile changed, with predominance of cases transmitted by bats; we suggest that secondary cases be investigated, and that pre-exposure prophylaxis be made available to populations at greater risk of accidents involving bats.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Rabies/diagnosis , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies virus/classification , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Neglected Diseases/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Incidence , Disease Notification , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data , Public Health Surveillance , Spatio-Temporal Analysis
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 34(4): 1362-1368, Dec. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-840894

ABSTRACT

Rabies is a lethal disease caused by a neurotropic virus that produces inconspicuous morphological changes hardly observable with conventional histopathology. The fatal outcome caused by rabies could be attributed to specific biochemical changes that severely impact neuronal function. The neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) has become a widely used neuronal marker for the research and the histopathological diagnosis of nervous system diseases. To evaluate the distribution of the protein NeuN in the motor cortex of normal and rabies-infected mice adult ICR mice were inoculated with rabies virus either intramuscularly or intracerebrally. Rabies-infected mice were sacrificed at the terminal stage of the disease. Control mice were also euthanized at the same age. The brains were removed and cut into coronal sections on a vibratome. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression of NeuN in the motor area of the cerebral cortex. Neuronal counts, cellular optical densitometry and neuronal diameter measurements were performed to analyze the immunoreactivity of the protein. All parameters revealed decreased immunoreactivity for NeuN in cortical neurons of mice intracerebrally infected with rabies. In contrast, the changes were not statistically significant in mice inoculated intramuscularly. Either the immunoreactivity of NeuN or its expression is affected by the presence of rabies virus in the cerebral cortex depending on the inoculation route. These results contribute to the knowledge of the dynamics of cellular infection on rabies pathogenesis.


La rabia es una enfermedad mortal causada por un virus neurotrópico que produce discretos cambios morfológicos difícilmente observables con la histopatología convencional. El desenlace fatal causado por la rabia puede atribuirse a cambios bioquímicos específicos que afectan gravemente la función neuronal. La proteína nuclear neuronal (NeuN) es un marcador ampliamente utilizado para la investigación y el diagnóstico histopatológico de enfermedades del sistema nervioso. Este trabajo se realizó con el propósito de evaluar la distribución de la proteína NeuN en la corteza motora de ratones normales y ratones infectados con virus de la rabia. Ratones ICR adultos fueron inoculados con virus de la rabia por vía intramuscular o por vía intracerebral. Los animales infectados con rabia fueron sacrificados en la etapa terminal de la enfermedad. Ratones de la misma edad no inoculados con el virus (controles) fueron sacrificados simultáneamente. Se extrajeron los cerebros y se obtuvieron cortes coronales en un vibrátomo. Mediante inmunohistoquímica se estudió la expresión de NeuN en el área motora de la corteza cerebral. Se realizaron conteos neuronales, densitometría óptica celular y mediciones del diámetro de los perfiles neuronales para analizar la inmunorreactividad de la proteína. En los ratones inoculados por vía intracerebral hubo disminución significativa de la inmunorreactividad de NeuN manifestada en los diferentes parámetros evaluados. En contraste, estos cambios no fueron estadísticamente significativos en los cerebros de ratones inoculados por la ruta intramuscular. La inmunorreactividad de NeuN o su expresión es afectada por la presencia del virus de la rabia en la corteza cerebral pero dependiendo de la vía de inoculación. Estos resultados contribuyen al conocimiento de las dinámicas de infección celular en la patogénesis de la rabia.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/pathology , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Rabies/metabolism , Cerebral Cortex/virology , Immunohistochemistry , Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis , Nuclear Proteins/analysis , Rabies virus/metabolism
4.
Acta paul. enferm ; Acta Paul. Enferm. (Online);26(5): 428-435, 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-697566

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o tratamento profilático do primeiro atendimento anti-rábico pós-exposição. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Analisados 39.087 atendimentos, excluídos 1.091 (2,79%) casos de re-exposição e préexposição, resultando em 37.996 atendimentos pós- exposição. Realizada análise de regressão logística para adequação de conduta. RESULTADOS: Observou-se predomínio da raça branca (83,93 %), sexo masculino (54,58 %), ensino fundamental (66,13%), idades entre 20-59 anos (45,0%), seguido por 0 a 12 anos (32,88%) e residentes na zona urbana (91,97%). Considerou-se 15.500 (41,56%) atendimentos inadequados 10.587 (28,11%) atendimentos deficitários, ou o paciente não recebeu o tratamento necessário, e 5.013 (13,44%) pacientes receberam atendimento mais do que o necessário para a profilaxia antirrábica. CONCLUSÃO: A profilaxia pós-exposição da raiva foi considerada inadequada necessitando de uma melhor abordagem na admissão e atenção no preenchimento dos registros de dados.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate primary care prophylactic post-exposure anti-rabies treatment. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, with data from the Information System for Notification of Diseases. It analyzed 39,087 visits, excluding 1,091 (2.79%) cases of re-exposure and pre-exposure, resulting in 37,996 post-exposure visits. A logistic regression analysis was performed for adjustment of the treatment. RESULTS: A predominance of Caucasians (83.93%), male (54.58%), primary school educational level (66.13%), ages between 20-59 years (45.0%) , followed by 0 to 12 years (32.88%), and residents in the urban area (91.97%) was observed. Among the visits, 15,500 (41.56%) were considered inadequate, 10,587 (28.11%) were deficient or the patient did not receive the necessary treatment, and 5,013 (13.44%) patients received more than what was necessary for rabies prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: The post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies was considered inadequate and requires a better approach on admission, and attention in completing the notification in the data record.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Nursing Assessment , Nursing Care , Public Health Nursing , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/statistics & numerical data , Rabies Vaccines/therapeutic use , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Logistic Models
6.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;31(4): 331-335, abr. 2011. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-584048

ABSTRACT

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de casos de raiva paralítica em bovinos na área de influência do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), ocorridos em 1978-2007. Foram estudados também 11 surtos de raiva observados em 2008-2010, na mesma região. Neste período morreram 42 animais de um total de 686 sob risco. A idade dos animais foi de 1-6 anos e o curso clínico de 4-14 dias. No estudo retrospectivo de 1978-2007 foram identificados 77 surtos ou casos isolados de raiva paralítica em bovinos. A morbidade em todos os surtos diagnosticados em 1978-2010 variou de 0,37 por cento a 20 por cento. Vinte e quatro casos ocorreram no outono, sete na primavera, 14 no verão e 16 no inverno. O diagnóstico foi realizado pela epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e lesões histológicas observadas. No estudo dos casos de raiva paralítica em bovinos ocorridos a partir de 2008, o diagnóstico foi confirmado pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica utilizando anticorpo policlonal anti-virus rábico. Em dois destes casos não foi observada meningoencefalite não-supurativa, porém a imuno-histoquímica demonstrou a presença do antígeno viral. Esta técnica é uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico de raiva, devendo ser utilizada em todos os casos suspeitos nos quais não se evidenciam lesões de encefalite.


A retrospective study of paralytic rabies in cattle in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, diagnosed from 1978 to 2007 by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD) of the Veterinary School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), with 77 outbreaks or isolated cases of paralytic rabies in cattle, is reported. A study of 11 outbreaks of rabies, observed from 2008 to 2010 in the same region, where 42 cattle aged 1-6 years died from a total of 686 at risk, with a clinical course of 4 to 14 days, was also made. The morbidity of all outbreaks diagnosed from 1978-2010 ranged from 0.37 percent to 20 percent; 24 cases occurred in autumn, 7 in spring, 14 in summer, and 16 in winter. The diagnosis was achieved by epidemiology, clinical signs and histological lesions. Immunohistochemistry using rabies virus polyclonal antibody was positive in all cases. In two cases non-suppurative meningoencephalitis was not observed, and the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. This technique is an important tool for the diagnosis of rabies and should be used in all suspected cases in which no evidence of encephalitis is observed.


Subject(s)
Animals , Immunohistochemistry , Rabies virus/pathogenicity
7.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;30(11): 909-914, Nov. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-570698

ABSTRACT

Foram analisados 14 equídeos (13 equinos e 1 muar) com diagnóstico clínico e histológico de raiva provenientes de quatro regiões do Brasil. O curso clínico médio foi de quatro dias de evolução, incluindo incoordenação motora, paralisia dos membros pélvicos, paresia dos membros torácicos e decúbito. Os achados histopatológicos caracterizaram-se por meningoencefalite e meningomielite não supurativa com infiltrado perivascular linfoplasmocitário. Corpúsculos de Negri foram observados em 64,28 por cento (9/14) dos casos, principalmente na medula espinhal cervical e nos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo. Em 55,55 por cento (5/9) dos equídeos analisados tiveram resultado positivo pela técnica de imunofluorescência direta para raiva. Todos os casos foram positivos na imuno-histoquímica para raiva, cujas reações foram mais evidentes no córtex temporal, córtex occipital e medula espinhal cervical. A técnica de imuno-histoquímica foi essencial para confirmar todos os casos de raiva nos equídeos.


Thirteen horses and one mule from four regions of Brazil with clinical and histological diagnosis of rabies were analyzed. The clinical course lasted four days, with motor incoordination, paresis and paralysis of the legs, and decubitus. The main histopathological findings were lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis and non-suppurative meningomyelitis associated with characteristic Negri bodies in 64.28 percent (9/14) cases, mainly in the cervical spinal cord and in Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. In 55.55 percent (5/9), the animals examined were positive by for the fluorescent antibody test for rabies. All animals were positive in immunohistochemistry for rabies, whose immunolabeling were more evident in the temporal cortex, occipital cortex and cervical spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry procedure was essential to confirm all cases of rabies in the equids.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabies virus/pathogenicity
8.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo;52(5): 231-236, Sept.-Oct. 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-562998

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pathogenicity of rabies virus isolated from bats and dogs, and to verify the efficacy of a commercial rabies vaccine against these isolates. For evaluation of pathogenicity, mice were inoculated by the intramuscular route (IM) with 500MICLD50/0.03mL of the viruses. The cross-protection test was performed by vaccinating groups of mice by the subcutaneous route and challenged through the intracerebral (IC) route. Isolates were fully pathogenic when inoculated by the IC route. When inoculated intramuscularly, the pathogenicity observed showed different death rates: 60.0 percent for the Desmodus rotundus isolate; 50.0 percent for dog and Nyctinomops laticaudatus isolates; 40.0 percent for Artibeus lituratus isolate; 9.5 percent Molossus molossus isolate; and 5.2 percent for the Eptesicus furinalis isolate. Mice receiving two doses of the vaccine and challenged by the IC route with the isolates were fully protected. Mice receiving only one dose of vaccine were partially protected against the dog isolate. The isolates from bats were pathogenic by the IC route in mice. However, when inoculated through the intramuscular route, the same isolates were found with different degrees of pathogenicity. The results of this work suggest that a commercial vaccine protects mice from infection with bat rabies virus isolates, in addition to a canine rabies virus isolate.


O estudo avaliou e comparou as propriedades patogênicas de cinco isolados do vírus da raiva de morcegos e um isolado do vírus da raiva de cão e analisou a eficácia de vacina comercial contra estes isolados, em camundongos. Para o estudo de patogenicidade camundongos foram inoculados pela via IM com 0,1 mL contendo 500MICLD50/0,03mL das amostras de vírus. Quando inoculados pela via IC, os isolados do vírus da raiva provocaram a morte de 100 por cento dos camundongos. No entanto, 500MICLD50/0,03mL das mesmas amostras, inoculadas pela via IM, ocasionaram mortalidade de: 60,0 por cento quando a amostra era de Desmodus rotundus; 50,0 por cento de cão e de Nyctinomops laticaudatus; 40,0 por cento de Artibeus lituratus; 9,5 por cento de Molossus molossus; e 5,2 por cento de Eptesicus furinalis. Camundongos que receberam duas doses de vacina foram protegidos quando desafiados pela via IC, com todas as amostras testadas. Quando os camundongos receberam uma dose da mesma vacina, houve proteção parcial daqueles desafiados com a amostra de cão. Todos os isolados do vírus da raiva testados foram patogênicos para camundongos, inoculados pela IC. No entanto, pela via IM, os mesmos isolados mostraram diferentes graus de patogenicidade. Concluiu-se também que a vacina comercial contra raiva protegeu os camundongos desafiados com amostras de vírus isolados de morcegos e de cão.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Mice , Rabies Vaccines/immunology , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Rabies/prevention & control , Chiroptera , Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage , Rabies virus/classification , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies/immunology
9.
Diagn. tratamento ; 15(2)abr.-jun. 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-550875

ABSTRACT

1. Em infectologia a importância não está apenas no diagnóstico o mais rápido possível, mas, sobretudo, em acionar a prevenção e o controle das doenças transmissíveis, em colaboração com o Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica. 2. Até na instituição universitária conceituada, a anamnese − primeira e fundamental etapa da relação interno/paciente − perdeu a excelência que já foi marca no ensino médico do passado. 3. O inquérito epidemiológico excepcionalmente é detalhista, o que só se verifica se o preceptor dos futuros médicos for hábil e paciente para revisão e complementação adequada dos informes no prontuário. 4. Morbidades tais como a histoplasmose e a criptococose, antes raras, tornaram-se comuns. 5. É conhecida a vulnerabilidade de crianças ao ataque de morcegos, o que decorre da maior profundidade do sono e da inadvertência. 6. Contato com morcegos, ataque ao homem e acidentes por eles provocados já descolaram de territórios agropecuários ou amazônicos; podem ser observados na área metropolitana. 7. A raiva humana, no extremo da gravidade, volta à discussão desde que o morcego adquiriu visibilidade epidemiológica, de grande aumento, como o transmissor mais viável. 8. No casebre, a criatura humana pode ser a vítima preferencial − como acontece com o animal de pasto −, submetida a ataques repetidos e, consequentemente, padecer de anemia espoliativa. 9. À notável capacidade de adaptação do morcego ao ambiente que o homem lhe proporciona dá-se o nome de sinantropia. O animal é dito sinantrópico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Chiroptera/virology , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Communicable Diseases/pathology , Communicable Diseases/transmission , Communicable Diseases/virology
10.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online);62(2): 343-349, abr. 2010. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-551834

ABSTRACT

Caracterizou-se filogeneticamente o vírus da raiva, isolado de morcegos hematógafos (Demodus rotundus). Cento e noventa e nove D. rotundus foram capturados em cinco abrigos, no Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e sul do Espírito Santo. Sete deles foram positivos para a raiva. Amostras desses vírus foram sequenciadas e comparadas com sequências provenientes de diversos estados brasileiros. As sequências de vírus da raiva isoladas, na região norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, mostraram características que as distinguem de amostras de vírus isoladas em outras regiões do país, no entanto foram idênticas às isoladas de bovinos no noroeste do Rio de Janeiro.


Rabies samples isolated from vampire bats captured in the Rio de Janeiro State were phylogenetically analyzed. One hundred and ninety nine vampire bats were captured from five shelters from North and Northwest of Rio de Janeiro and South of Espírito Santo States. Seven of them were positive for rabies. Theses samples were sequenced and compared with rabies virus sequences from several Brazilian states. The sequences of rabies virus, isolated in the present work, from North of Rio de Janeiro State, showed characteristics that differ of the sequences isolated from bats from other Brazilian regions. However, they were identical to samples isolated from cattle in Northwest of Rio de Janeiro state.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Phylogeny , Chiroptera/anatomy & histology , Chiroptera/blood
11.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;30(3): 211-218, mar. 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-545160

ABSTRACT

A raiva é uma zoonose viral que acomete o sistema nervoso central (SNC) de mamíferos, considerada um grave problema de saúde pública. Herbívoros (bovinos e equinos) são frequentemente acometidos pela in-fecção após serem atacados por morcegos hematófagos (Desmodus rotundus). A técnica de imunofluorescência direta (IFD) realizada em tecidos frescos, recomendada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), é utilizada para o diagnóstico da raiva. A técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) é utilizada para detectar antígenos em tecidos fixados, pelo uso de anticorpos monoclonais/policlonais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade da IHQ na detecção de antígenos do vírus da raiva em amostras de SNC de herbívoros fixadas em formol, analisando a distribuição antigênica em diferentes fragmentos do SNC. Os resultados demonstraram concordância das técnicas de IFD e IHQ. A IHQ mostrou maior sensibilidade em amostras de bovinos em relação às de equinos, especialmente quando realizada em fragmentos de cerebelo e tronco encefálico. A detecção de antígeno nestes fragmentos foi mais consistente para ambas as técnicas, nas duas espécies. Estes resultados demonstram que a IHQ pode ser empregada para a vigilância epidemiológica da raiva, entretanto, recomenda-se cautela ao se empregar a IHQ para diagnóstico de doença em herbívoros, especialmente quando o fragmento encaminhado ao laboratório for apenas o hipocampo.


Rabies is a viral zoonosis that causes disease in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals and it is considered a serious problem of public health. Herbivorous (bovines and equines) are often infected after being attacked by vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus). The direct fluorescent antibody technique is used as a diagnostic test to detect viral antigens in fresh tissues and is recommended by the World Health Organization. The immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) is used to detect the viral antigen through the use of monoclonal/policlonal antibodies in formalin-fixed tissues. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of the IHC in samples of CNS of herbivorous fixed in formol, analyzing the antigenic distribution in different fragments of the CNS. The results demonstrated good agreement between the two techniques for the rabies diagnosis. The IHC presented higher sensitivity in samples of cattle comparing to horse samples, especially in fragments of cerebellum and brain stem. These fragments demonstrated to be more suitable for antigen detection by both techniques in the two species. These data demonstrate that the IHC is suitable for rabies vigilance yet cautions should be taken in examining cattle and horses samples, when the submitted specimen is only the hippocampus.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Immunohistochemistry , Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods , Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary , Central Nervous System/pathology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Tissue and Organ Harvesting/methods , Tissue and Organ Harvesting/veterinary , Encephalitis, Viral/transmission , Encephalitis, Viral/veterinary , Horses
12.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; Pesqui. vet. bras;28(10): 495-500, Oct. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-506695

ABSTRACT

Descreve-se a ocorrência de raiva em ovinos na região Central do Rio Grande do Sul em novembro de 2003. Foram afetados dois ovinos de raça mista, um macho de três meses e uma fêmea de 2,5 anos de idade que apresentaram sinais clínicos com evolução de cinco dias e caracterizados por dificuldade de locomoção, tremores musculares, decúbito lateral, convulsões, opistótono e febre. Histologicamente havia mielomeningoencefalite não-supurativa, associada a inclusões eosinofílicas intracitoplasmáticas (corpúsculos de Negri) em neurônios nos dois ovinos afetados. Em um ovino em que o gânglio de Gasser foi examinado, havia ganglionite não-supurativa. As lesões concentravam-se predominantemente na substância cinzenta da medula espinhal, no tronco encefálico e no cerebelo. Antígeno viral foi detectado em seções selecionadas de ponte e bulbo submetidas ao teste de imuno-histoquímica utilizando anticorpo policlonal anti-ribonucleoproteína do vírus da raiva. Os casos ocorreram em meio a um surto de raiva bovina transmitida por morcegos e foram considerados, com bases epidemiológicas, como transmitidos da mesma forma, como ocorre na raiva endêmica de bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul.(AU)


Cases of rabies in sheep occurring in November 2003, in central Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, are described. A 3-month-old male, and a 2.5-month-old female sheep were affected. Clinical signs were characterized by abnormal gait, trembling, lateral recumbency, convulsion, opisthotonus, and fever. Histological findings included a non-suppurative myelomeningoencephalitis associated with intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion (Negri) bodies in neurons. Lesions were predominantly observed in gray matter of the spinal cord, brainstem and cerebellum. There was non-suppurative Gasserian ganglionitis in one sheep in which this structure was examined. Immunohistochemistry using rabies virus ribonucleoprotein polyclonal antibody yelded positive result in brain tissue from both sheep. The cases herein reported occurred concomitantly to an outbreak of bat transmitted rabies in cattle in the same region and were considered, on epidemiological basis, to be transmitted by bats, as occurs in endemic bovine rabies in Rio Grande do Sul.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rabies/diagnosis , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Sheep/virology , Immunohistochemistry
13.
Rev. chil. infectol ; Rev. chil. infectol;25(supl.1): S14-S18, abr. 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-480661

ABSTRACT

Rabies glycoprotein is the only exposed protein which is inserted in the viral lipidie envelope. This 65-67 kda protein is a N-glycosilated transmembrane protein forming trimers on the viral surface. It has been identified as the major pathogenicity determinant, playing a role in the budding, viral axonal transport during infection, apoptosis and immune evasion. It is also the major antigen responsible for the protective immune response and it is been used in commercial recombinant vaccines. Its structure, antigenicity and pathogenic role have been well studied, identifying main antigenic sites that have the responsibility for virulence, cellular receptors attachment and epitope acquisition.


La glicoproteína del virus rábico es la única proteína viral expuesta, encontrándose inserta en la envoltura lipídica. Esta molécula de 65-67 kda corresponde a una proteína trans-membrana N-glicosilada que se dispone en forma de trímeros en la superficie viral. Ha sido identificada como el mayor determinante de pato-genicidad, participando además en procesos de yemación, flujo axonal del virion durante la infección, apoptosis y evasión de la respuesta inmune. Es también el principal antígeno inductor de la respuesta inmune protectora siendo utilizado en vacunas recom-binantes comerciales. Su estructura, antigenicidad e implicancias en la patogenia han sido bien estudiadas identificándose los principales sitios antigénicos responsables de la patogenicidad, unión a receptores celulares y formación de epitopos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antigens, Viral , Glycoproteins , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Viral Envelope Proteins , Antigens, Viral/chemistry , Antigens, Viral/immunology , Antigens, Viral/physiology , Glycoproteins/chemistry , Glycoproteins/immunology , Glycoproteins/physiology , Protein Conformation , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies virus/metabolism , Virulence , Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry , Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology , Viral Envelope Proteins/physiology
14.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-60235

ABSTRACT

A line of research beginning in the early 1960s with the observation that West Nile virus and, later, several strains of rabies virus could inhibit the development of the Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumor in the wing-web of chicken (a "sarcoma-blockade") eventually culminated in the characterization of a 14-kDa circulating anti-sarcoma and anti-viral activity christened "plasma factor" (PF) which, unlike the interferons, inhibited the replication of diverse RNA-containing viruses, but not of any DNA-containing viruses. The possibility that this 14 kDa protein represented a novel antiviral cytokine has been strengthened by analysis of partial amino acid sequencing data which suggest that this 14-kDa cytokine may correspond to the 127-amino acid-long chicken YB2-like protein (Locus: XP_423576) deduced very recently from the genomic sequencing of chicken. Biologically, proteins of the Y-box family (such as chicken YB1 and YB2) not only bind DNA and thus regulate transcription but also bind single-stranded RNA in a sequence-specific and reversible manner, repress viral RNA translation, inhibit retroviral transformation of chicken fibroblasts, and are known to regulate transcription of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus. Taken together, the available data point to a novel anti-viral cytokine with a novel mechanism of action.


Subject(s)
Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Avian Proteins/genetics , Chickens , Cytokines/physiology , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Sarcoma, Avian/immunology , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Transcription Factors/genetics , Viral Interference , West Nile virus/pathogenicity
15.
J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop. dis ; J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop. dis;12(3): 423-434, 2006. graf
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-439141

ABSTRACT

The relationship among the phenotypes resistance to infection, virus replication in the brain and isotype production was investigated in genetically modified High (H) or Low (L) antibody responder mouse lines. Although they express the same innate susceptibility to rabies infection, these lines differ as to different viral replication rates in the central nervous system and L mice showed a higher permissible state. After intramuscular infection with the Pasteur rabies strain (PV), the H-L interline differences on the earlier stage of virus replication were 1000 and 80 folds on days 5 and 6, respectively. The isotype profile in sera of the experimentally infected mice reflected an interline difference of 25 folds for IgG2a throughout the infection period, and for the IgE production the H-L difference was highly significant only at the beginning of the process. These results confirm the multi-specific effect of antibody immune responsiveness and the general isotype distribution of antibodies in these genetically selected mice. Contrary to the clear correlation between antibody responsiveness and the acquired resistance to rabies infection, the present study demonstrates that the constitutive genetic character of High and Low responder individuals does not intervene in the degree of resistance following infection. Altogether, this study contributes to the knowledge of the protective role of the general innate responsiveness on the pathological pattern to rabies virus infection


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Mice , Cerebrum , Rabies/immunology , Virus Replication , Immunoglobulin Class Switching , Rabies virus/physiology , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Infections , Nervous System
16.
17.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; Biomédica (Bogotá);24(1): 63-79, mar. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-635429

ABSTRACT

Algunas manifestaciones clínicas de la rabia, así como los resultados de experimentos con cultivos celulares y animales de laboratorio han llevado a sugerir que el virus de la rabia afecta la neurotransmisión gabaérgica. En la corteza cerebral existen diferentes tipos de neuronas que sintetizan el neurotransmisor GABA. Éstas se pueden identificar con marcadores neuronales, entre los que se destacan tres proteínas ligadoras de calcio: la parvoalbúmina (PV), la calbindina (CB) y la calretinina (CR). El virus de la rabia se disemina a través de la corteza cerebral pero se desconocen sus posibles efectos citopáticos sobre las neuronas gabaérgicas. Para evaluar el efecto de la rabia sobre estas neuronas, se estudió mediante inmunohistoquímica la expresión de PV, CB y CR en la corteza frontal de ratones normales y ratones infectados con virus 'calle' o virus 'fijo' de la rabia. La PV se expresó en neuronas multipolares dispersas regularmente entre las capas II y VI, y en botones sinápticos que bordeaban el soma de las neuronas piramidales. La inmunorreactividad a CB se manifestó en dos franjas corticales: la primera, en las capas supragranulares II y III en neuronas con somas redondeados e inmersos en un neuropilo intensamente marcado; la segunda, en las capas infragranulares V y VI en neuronas multipolares dispersas y rodeadas por un neuropilo menos reactivo. La CR se expresó en neuronas bipolares con somas fusiformes distribuidas en las seis capas corticales, pero concentradas principalmente en las capas II y III. Hubo una característica común en las muestras infectadas con los dos tipos de virus: la inmunotinción a PV fue más intensa que en las muestras normales. La infección derivada del virus 'calle' no causó alteraciones adicionales en la expresión de las tres proteínas. En contraste, la infección con virus 'fijo' produjo una reducción notable del número de neuronas CB+, así como de la inmunorreactividad a CB en el neuropilo de la corteza frontal. Además, provocó una disminución significativa del tamaño de las neuronas CR+ en la corteza del cíngulo. Estos resultados aportan evidencia histológica en apoyo de la hipótesis según la cual las neuronas gabaérgicas son afectadas por el virus de la rabia.


Some clinical features of rabies and experimental evidence from cell culture and laboratory animals suggest impairment of gabaergic neurotransmission. Several types of gabaergic neurons occur in the cerebral cortex. They can be identified by three neuronal markers: the calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR). Rabies virus spreads throughout the cerebral cortex; however, rabies cytopathic effects on gabaergic neurons are unknown. The expression of calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR) was studied in the frontal cortex of mice. The effect of gabaergic neurons was evaluated immunohistochemically. The distribution patterns of CaBPs in normal mice and in mice infected with 'fixed' or 'street' rabies virus were compared. PV was found in multipolar neurons located in all cortical layers except layer I, and in pericellular clusters of terminal knobs surrounding the soma of pyramidal neurons. CB-immunoreactivity was distributed in two cortical bands. One was composed of round neurons enclosed by a heavily labeled neuropil; this band corresponds to supragranular layers II and III. The other was a weakly stained band of neuropil which contained scattered multipolar CB-ir neurons; this corresponds to infragranular layers V and VI. The CR-ir neurons were bipolar fusiform cells located in all layers of cortex, but concentrated in layers II and III. A feature common to samples infected with both types of viruses was a more intense immunoreactivity to PV in contrast to normal samples. The infection with 'street' virus did not cause additional changes in the expression of CaBPs. However, the infection with 'fixed' virus produced a remarkable reduction of CB-immunoreactivity demonstrated by the loss of CB-ir neurons and low neuropil stain in the frontal cortex. In addition, the size of CR-ir neurons in the cingulate cortex was decreased.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Parvalbumins/metabolism , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Rabies/metabolism , /metabolism , Biomarkers/analysis , Immunohistochemistry
18.
Braz. j. vet. res. anim. sci ; 40(1): 79-84, 2003.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-360570

ABSTRACT

Hamsters inoculados oralmente com as amostras de vírus rábico ERA e PV foram sacrificados após 24, 48 e 72 horas, 21 e 30 dias. Fragmentos do cérebro foram analisados através da imunofluorescência direta (IFD) e heminested-PCR (hn-PCR). Os fragmentos do estômado, sangue, coração e pulmão foram examinados somente com a técnica de hn-PCR. Soros de outros hamsters, inoculados de modo similar e obtidos 30 dias após a inoculação, foram submetidos ao teste de soroneutralização (SNT) em camundongos. No 45º dia pós-inoculação, os hamsters foram desafiados intracerebralmente com a amostra CVS, contendo 102,7DL50 em camundongos/0,03 mL. Os fragmentos do cérebro foram todos negativos ao teste de imunofluorescência. A hn-PCR detectou a presença de RNA do vírus da raiva no pulmão de um animal inoculado com a amostra ERA e, no cérebro, estômago, sangue e pulmão de hamsters inoculados com a amostra PV. As amostras de vírus inoculadas oralmente foram capazes de se replicar em diferentes órgãos, no entanto, todos od hamsters morreram ao desafio, indicando uma resposta imunológica insuficiente.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Cricetinae , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rabies virus/pathogenicity
20.
São Paulo; São Paulo (Estado) Secretria da Saúde. Instituto Pasteur; 2 ed; 2000. 33 p. tab.(Manual Técnico do Instituto Pasteur, 4).
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS, SESSP-CTDPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-ACVSES | ID: biblio-932928
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