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1.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 62(4): 466-471, July-Aug. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-950085

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the candidate genes PAX-8, NKX2-5, TSH-R and HES-1 in 63 confirmed cases of thyroid dysgenesis. Subjects and methods: Characterization of patients with congenital hypothyroidism into specific subtypes of thyroid dysgenesis with hormone levels (TT4 and TSH), thyroid ultrasound and scintigraphy. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and the genetic analysis was realized by investigating the presence of mutations in the transcription factor genes involved in thyroid development. Results: No mutations were detected in any of the candidate genes. In situ thyroid gland represented 71.1% of all cases of permanent primary congenital hypothyroidism, followed by hypoplasia (9.6%), ectopia (78%), hemiagenesis (6.0%) and agenesis (5.5%). The highest neonatal screening TSH levels were in the agenesis group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Thyroid dysgenesis is possibly a polygenic disorder and epigenetic factors could to be implicated in these pathogeneses.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5/genetics , PAX8 Transcription Factor/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Brazil , DNA Mutational Analysis , Genetic Testing , Cohort Studies , Ultrasonography , Congenital Hypothyroidism/etiology , Congenital Hypothyroidism/genetics , Congenital Hypothyroidism/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Dysgenesis/genetics
2.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 56(8): 513-518, Nov. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-660259

ABSTRACT

Activating mutations in the TSH Receptor (TSHR) gene have been identified as the molecular basis for congenital non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism. We describe the clinical findings and molecular characterization in a girl who presented severe non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism since birth, born to a mother with autoimmune thyroid disease. She was treated with methylmercaptoimidazol and β-blockers, but remained hyperthyroid and required total thyroidectomy. To characterize the presence of an activating mutation, the whole coding sequence and intron-exon boundaries of TSHR gene were analyzed. The patient was heterozygous for p.Ser281Asn mutation and p.Asp727Glu polymorphism. This recurrent mutation, p.Ser281Asn, characterized in vitro by increased basal production of cAMP, is the unique germline activating gene variant described so far in the extracellular domain of TSH receptor. Interestingly, the patient's mother presented hyperthyroidism but without any TSHR gene activating mutation. Although congenital non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism is a rare condition, it should be investigated when severe disease persists, even in a newborn from an autoimmune hyperthyroid mother, in order to differentiate it from the more common congenital autoimmune disease. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(8):513-8.


Mutações ativadoras no gene receptor de TSH (TSHR) foram identificadas como a base molecular do hipertireoidismo congênito não autoimune. Descrevemos os achados clínicos e a caracterização molecular de uma menina que apresentou hipertireoidismo autoimune grave desde o nascimento, nascida de uma mãe com desordem tiroidiana autoimune. Tratada com metilmercaptoimidazol e β-bloqueadores, ela permaneceu com hipertiroidismo e necessitou de tiroidectomia total. A fim de caracterizar a presença da mutação ativadora, foram analisados toda a sequência codificadora assim como os extremos dos íntrons e éxons do gene TSHR. A paciente era heterozigota para a mutação p.Ser281Asn e para o polimorfismo p.Asp727Glu. Essa mutação recorrente, p.Ser281Asn, caracterizada in vitro pelo aumento da produção basal de cAMP, é a única variante genética ativadora da linhagem germinativa descrita até hoje no domínio extracelular do receptor de TSH. Interessantemente, a mãe da paciente apresentou hipertireoidismo sem qualquer mutação ativadora do gene TSHR. Embora o hipertireoidismo congênito não autoimune seja uma condição rara, ele deve ser investigado quando há persistência da doença grave, mesmo em um recém-nascido de uma mãe com hipertireoidismo autoimune, a fim de se diferenciar o caso da forma mais comum da doença autoimune congênita. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(8):513-8.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Hyperthyroidism/congenital , Hyperthyroidism/genetics , Mutation , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Hyperthyroidism/surgery , Pedigree , Severity of Illness Index , Thyroidectomy
3.
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine ; : 179-186, 2011.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-64776

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Graves' disease (GD) is caused by thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). We used a recently introduced, technically enhanced TSI bioassay to assess its diagnostic value and determine the cut-off in patients in high iodine intake area. METHODS: In a cross-sectional setting, we collected serum from 67 patients with untreated GD, 130 with GD under treatment, 22 with GD in remission, 42 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 12 with subacute thyroiditis, 20 with postpartum thyroiditis, and 93 euthyroid controls. TSI was measured using the Thyretaintrade mark bioassay, which is based on Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with chimeric TSHR (Mc4). TSI levels are reported as a specimen-to-reference ratio percentage (SRR%). RESULTS: The TSI levels in patients with GD (either treated or not) were significantly higher than those of the remaining patients (p < 0.05). The new bioassay showed a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 95.9% with a cut-off value of 123.0 SRR% for GD. A weak correlation was found between TSI and thyrotropin-binding inhibiting immunoglobulin (TBII) (rs = 0.259, p = 0.03), but no correlation was found between TSI and tri-iodothyronine or free thyroxine. CONCLUSIONS: The Mc4-CHO bioassay showed comparable diagnostic value for GD with the conventional TBII assay. We propose a cut-off of 123.0 SRR% in areas where iodine intake is high.


Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Cricetinae , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Biological Assay , Biomarkers/blood , CHO Cells , Case-Control Studies , Cricetulus , Cross-Sectional Studies , Genes, Reporter , Graves Disease/diagnosis , Hashimoto Disease/diagnosis , Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating/blood , Luciferases/genetics , Postpartum Thyroiditis/diagnosis , Predictive Value of Tests , Protein Binding , Radioimmunoassay , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism , Republic of Korea , Sensitivity and Specificity , Thyroiditis, Subacute/diagnosis , Transfection
4.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(8): 1313-1316, Nov. 2008. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-503297

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Recent studies reported that BRAF V600E mutation, the most prevalent genetic event found in papillary thyroid carcinoma, is an independent poor prognostic marker. Additionally, it correlates with a less differentiated tumor stage due to reduced expression of key genes involved in iodine metabolism. We previously described a patient with BRAF V600E mutation in primary tumor and a new mutation (V600E+K601del) in the matched-lymph node metastases. In the present study we report an unusual clinical behavior of PTC and correlate with BRAF mutational status and level of expression of TSHR and NIS. METHODS: Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to evaluate the NIS and TSHR level of expression in matched papillary thyroid carcinoma and adjacent normal tissue. RESULTS: In this study, we presented a seven-year follow up of a juvenile papillary thyroid carcinoma patient who had an aggressive tumor harboring BRAF mutation, and failed to conventional therapy. We found a markedly decrease of NIS and TSHR expression in primary PTC compared to adjacent normal thyroid tissue. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that BRAF mutational status and decreased NIS and TSHR expression in this patient may reduce radioiodine uptake and lead to a negative response to radioiodine therapy.


INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos recentes demonstraram que a mutação V600E no gene BRAF é o evento genético mais freqüentemente encontrado em carcinoma papilífero da tiróide e um marcador de prognóstico independente. Adicionalmente, esta alteração genética tem sido correlacionada com a redução de expressão de genes envolvidos no metabolismo do iodo. Previamente, nosso grupo descreveu uma paciente com a mutação V600E no gene BRAF no tumor primário e uma mutação nova (V600E+K601del) em metástases pareadas. Neste estudo, reportamos um carcinoma papilífero com um comportamento clínico incomum e correlacionamos com a presença de mutação no gene BRAF e os níveis de expressão de TSHR e NIS. MÉTODO: Análise de expressão dos genes NIS e receptor de TSH (TSHR) através da técnica de PCR em tempo real. RESULTADOS: Descrevemos sete anos de acompanhamento de uma paciente jovem que apresentava um tumor com comportamento agressivo e baixa resposta aos tratamentos convencionais. Uma acentuada diminuição da expressão do TSHR e a ausência de expressão de NIS foram observadas no tumor primário desta paciente quando comparada com o tecido tiroidiano normal adjacente. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados sugerem que as mutações encontradas nesta paciente no gene BRAF com conseqüente perda de expressão dos genes NIS e TSHR podem ter reduzido a captação de iodo radioativo e a resposta ao tratamento.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics , Mutation , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics , Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics , Case-Control Studies , Gene Expression , Iodine/metabolism , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Symporters/genetics
5.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(7): 1194-1199, out. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-499732

ABSTRACT

A 29 yrs-old patient was referred to our hospital due to generalized convulsions. She had hyperthyroidism treated with methimazole. Her MRI showed 4 metastatic lesions in the brain. She had a goiter with a "cold" nodule and a palpable ipsilateral lymph node. The FNAB disclosed a papillary thyroid carcinoma. Under 5 mg of MMI treatment, she had a subclinical hyperthyroidism and TRAb were 47.8 percent (n.v. < 10 percent). The CT scan also showed lung metastasis. She underwent a total thyroidectomy with a modified neck dissection and she received an accumulated radioiodine dose of 700 mCi during the following two years. She died from the consequences of multiple metastatic lesions. Studies were performed in DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue from the tumor, the metastatic lymph node and the non-tumoral thyroid. The genetic analysis of tumoral DNA revealed point mutations in two different genes: the wild type CAA at codon 61 of N-RAS mutated to CAT, replacing glycine by histidine (G61H) and the normal GCC sequence at codon 623 of the TSHR gene was replaced by TCC, changing the alanine by serine (A623S). In the non-tumoral tissue no mutations were found. In vitro studies showed a constitutive activation of the TSHR. It is very probable that this activating mutation of the TSHR is unable to reach the end point of the PKA cascade in the tumoral tissue. One possibility that could explain this is the presence of a cross-signaling mechanism generating a deviation of the TSH receptor cascade to the more proliferative one involving the MAPKinase, giving perhaps a more aggressive behavior of this papillary thyroid cancer.


Paciente de 29 anos foi encaminhada ao Hospital de Clínicas por causa de convulsões generalizadas. Apresentava hipertiroidismo tratado com metimazol (MMI). A ressonância magnética mostrava quatro lesões metastáticas cerebrais. Possuía bócio com nódulo frio e linfonodo palpável ipsilateral. Usando 5 mg de MMI, a paciente apresentava hipertiroidismo subclínico e TRAb = 47,8 por cento (normal < 10 por cento). A tomografia computadorizada também mostrava metástases pulmonares. A paciente foi submetida a tiroidectomia total com dissecção cervical modificada e recebeu dose acumulada de radioiodo de 700 mCi durante o período de dois anos. Foi analisado o DNA extraído de tecido emblocado em parafina do tumor, do linfonodo metastático e de tecido tiroidiano não-tumoral. Foram encontradas mutações pontuais em dois genes: uma substituição do genótipo selvagem CAA no códon 61 de /N-RAS/ por CAT, substituindo a glicina pela histidina (G61H) e uma substituição da seqüência normal GCC no códon 623 do gene TSHR por TCC, trocando a alanina pela serina (A623S). Não foram encontradas mutações no tecido não-tumoral. Estudos in vitro mostraram ativação constitutiva de TSHR. Já que esta mutação ativadora de TSHR foi incapaz de atingir o final da cascata PKA no tecido tumoral, sugere-se que um mecanismo de cross-signaling possa explicar o desvio da cascata do receptor de TSH para outra mais proliferativa, envolvendo MAPKinase e levando ao comportamento mais agressivo deste câncer papilífero.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics , Graves Disease/genetics , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics , Brain Neoplasms/secondary , Carcinoma, Papillary/secondary , Carcinoma, Papillary/surgery , Fatal Outcome , Gene Rearrangement , Graves Disease/pathology , Graves Disease/surgery , Point Mutation/genetics , Receptor Cross-Talk , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Thyroidectomy , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery
6.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(5): 654-671, jul. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-463385

ABSTRACT

Thyroid cancers are the most frequent endocrine neoplasms and mutations in the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) are unusually frequent. Here we present the state-of-the-art concerning the role of TSHR in thyroid cancer and discuss it in light of the cancer stem cell theory or the classical view. We briefly review the gene and protein structure updating the cancer related TSHR mutations database. Intriguingly, hyperfunctioning TSHR mutants characterise differentiated cancers in contrast to undifferentiated thyroid cancers which very often bear silenced TSHR. It remains unclear whether TSHR alterations in thyroid cancers play a role in the onset or they appear as a consequence of genetic instability during evolution, but the presence of functional TSHR is exploited in therapy. We outline the signalling network build up in the thyrocyte between TSHR/PKA and other proliferative pathways such as Wnt, PI3K and MAPK. This networks integrity surely plays a role in the onset/evolution of thyroid cancer and needs further research. Lastly, future investigation of epigenetic events occurring at the TSHR and other loci may give better clues for molecular based therapy of undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas. Targeted demethylating agents, histone deacetylase inhibitors combined with retinoids and specific RNAis may help treatment in the future.


Os cânceres de tiróide são as neoplasias endócrinas mais frequentes e as mutações no receptor de tirotrofina (TSHR) são incomumente frequentes. Nesta revisão nós apresentamos o "estado da arte" com relação ao papel do TSHR no câncer de tiróide e o discutimos à luz da teoria da célula matriz do câncer ou a visão clássica. Revisamos brevemente a estrutura do gene e da proteína, atualizando a base de dados das mutações do TSHR relacionadas ao câncer. Curiosamente, mutações do TSHR com hiperfunção caracterizam cânceres diferenciados, em contraste com os cânceres de tiróide indiferenciados, os quais muito comumente mostram TSHR silenciados. Permanece obscuro se as alterações do TSHR em cânceres de tiróide têm algum papel no surgimento ou se elas aparecem como conseqüência da instabilidade genética durante seu desenvolvimento, mas a presença de TSHR funcional é explorada na terapia. Nós delineamos a rede de sinalizacão desenvolvida no tirócito entre TSHR/PKA e outras vias proliferativas como a Wnt, PI3k e MAPK. A integridade desta rede certamente tem um papel no surgimento/evolução do câncer de tiróide e necessita de novas pesquisas. Finalmente, novas investigacões sobre os eventos epigenéticos que ocorrem no TSHR e outros locais poderão trazer novas informações para uma terapia de base molecular nos carcinomas indiferenciados de tiróide. Agentes demetilantes direcionados, inibidores da histona-deacetilase, combinados com retinóides e RNAs específicos poderão auxiliar no tratamento futuro.


Subject(s)
Humans , Receptors, Thyrotropin/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics , Thyrotropin/metabolism , Cell Proliferation , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology , Mutation/genetics , Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism , Thyrotropin/genetics , Wnt Proteins/metabolism
7.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 656-665, 2006.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-191665

ABSTRACT

Genetic alterations have been recognized as an important event in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). We conducted high resolution bacterial artificial chromosome array-comparative genomic hybridization, to elucidate in more detail the genomic alterations, and to establish a pattern of DNA copy number changes with distinct clinical variables in GC. Our results showed some correlations between novel amplified or deleted regions and clinical status. Copy-number gains were frequently detected at 1p, 5p, 7q, 8q, 11p, 16p, 20p and 20q, and losses at 1p, 2q, 4q, 5q, 7q, 9p, 14q, and 18q. Losses at 4q23, 9p23, 14q31.1, or 18q21.1 as well as a gain at 20q12 were correlated with tumor-node-metastasis tumor stage. Losses at 9p23 or 14q31.1 were associated with lymph node status. Metastasis was determined to be related to losses at 4q23 or 4q28.2, as well as losses at 4q15.2, 4q21.21, 4q 28.2, or 14q31.1, with differentiation. One of the notable aspects of this study was that the losses at 4q or 14q could be employed in the evaluation of the metastatic status of GC. Our results should provide a potential resource for the molecular cytogenetic events in GC, and should also provide clues in the hunt for genes associated with GC.


Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Male , Humans , Female , Aged, 80 and over , Aged , Adult , Stomach Neoplasms/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods , Neoplasm Staging , MafB Transcription Factor/genetics , Lymphatic Metastasis/genetics , Genome, Human/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics , Chromosome Aberrations
8.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 65(3): 257-267, 2005. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-425247

ABSTRACT

Las enfermedades tiroideas constituyen una heterogénea colección de anormalidades asociadas a mutaciones en los genes responsables en el desarrollo de la tiroides: factor de transcripción tiroideo 1 (TTF-1), factor de transcripción tiroideo 2 (TTF-2) y PAX8, o en uno de los genes que codifican para las proteínas involucradas en la biosíntesis de hormonas tiroideas como tiroglobulina (TG), tiroperoxidasa (TPO),sistema de generación de peróxido de hidrógeno (DUOX2), cotransportdor de Na/I– (NIS), pendrina (PDS), TSH y receptor de TSH. El hipotiroidismo congénito ocurre con una prevalencia de 1 en 4.000 nacidos. Los pacientes coneste síndrome pueden ser divididos en dos grupos: con hipotiroidismo congénito sin bocio (disembriogénesis) o con bocio (dishormonogénesis). El grupo de disembriogénesis, que corresponde al 85% de los casos, resulta de ectopía,agenesia o hipoplasia. En una minoría de estos pacientes, el hipotiroidismo congénito está asociado con mutaciones en los genes TTF-1, TTF-2, PAX-8, TSH o TSHr. La resencia de bocio congénito (15% de los casos) se ha asociado a mutaciones en los genes NIS, TG, TPO, DUOX2 o PDS. El hipotiroidismo congénito por dishormonogénesis es trasmitido en forma autonómica recesiva. Mutaciones somáticas en el TSHr han sido identificadas en adenomas tiroideos hiperfuncionantes. Otra enfermedad tiroidea bien establecida es la resistencia a hormonas tiroideas(RTH). Es un síndrome de reducida respuesta tisular a la acción hormonal causado por mutaciones localizadas en el gen del receptor de hormonas tiroideas (TR). Mutantes de TRinterfieren con la función del receptor normal por un mecanismo de dominancia negativa. En conclusión, la identificación de mutaciones en los genes de expresión tiroidea ha permitido un mayor entendimiento sobre la relación estructura-función de los mismos. La tiroides constituye un excelente modelo para el estudio molecular de las enfermedades genéticas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Goiter/genetics , Hyperthyroidism/genetics , Hypothyroidism/genetics , Goiter/metabolism , Hyperthyroidism/metabolism , Hypothyroidism/congenital , Hypothyroidism/metabolism , Iodide Peroxidase/genetics , Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism , Mutation , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Thyroid Hormones/biosynthesis , Thyroid Hormones/genetics
9.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-43150

ABSTRACT

A polymorphism in codon 52 of the human thyrotropin receptor results in a proline to threonine substitution in the extracellular domain of the receptor, but the association with autoimmune thyroid disease has been uncertain and there is no report the prevalence of this polymorphism in Orientals. To investigate this polymorphism and the association with autoimmune thyroid disease, we studied 113 normal unrelated individuals, 142 autoimmune thyroid disease patients including 112 Graves' disease and 30 Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the Thai population. We screened genomic DNAs of these subjects for the presence of A253 by PCR amplification using a degenerate oligonucleotide primer which produces a Tth111 I restriction site only in the presence of A253. The variant allele was present in 5.3 per cent of normal and 3.5 per cent of autoimmune thyroid disease, 2.7 per cent of Graves' disease and 6.7 per cent of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The allele distribution in autoimmune thyroid disease patients did not differ significantly from that observed in controls. No association was found between this TSH-R polymorphism and the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease.


Subject(s)
Adult , Asian People/genetics , Female , Genotype , Graves Disease/genetics , Humans , Male , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Genetic , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Thailand , Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/genetics
10.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 40(1): 1-13, mar. 1996. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-180153

ABSTRACT

As mutaçoes no receptor de TSH condicionam dois tipos de resposta fenótípica com quadro de hipotireoidismo/eutireoidismo (resistência da célula folicular ao TSH) ou hipertireoidismo (adenoma tóxico, tireotoxicose familiar ou congênita). Na ausência de resposta da célula tireóidea ao TSH nao há elevaçao de AMP cíclico após TSH "in vitro" e verificou-se, a nível molecular, mutaçoes de ponto no gene do receptor de TSH, afetando a cadeia extracelular (posiçoes 583 e 599). Nas três irmas com este defeito, os alelos mutantes foram herdados, respectivamente, da mae (posiçao 583) e do pai (posiçao 599). Anímais com o mesmo tipo de defeito (camundongos hyt/hyt e gatos dfc/dfc) apresentam mutaçao de ponto no IV anel intramembranal (nucleotídeo 1666). Em adenomas tóxicos foram descritas mutaçoes que afetam, com grande freqüência, a VI alça intramembranal do gene do rTSH. Tais mutaçoes podem ser evidenciadas "in vivo" pelo estudo de células tireóideas do nódulo, obtidas por punçao biópsia, onde polimorfismos seriam detectados por enzimas restritivas específicas. Em tireotoxicose nao-autoimune familiar, com transmissao autossômica dominante, também se encontram mutaçoes de ponto em alças intramembranais. Um único caso de hipertireoidismo congênito nao autoimune foi recentemente descrito com substituiçao de prolina por leucina no VI anel intramembranal do receptor de TSH. Conclui-se que mutaçoes no receptor do TSH produzem grande variedade de expressao fenotípica e podem ser responsáveis por outras alteraçoes da fisiopatologia tireóidea.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Cats , Mice , Thyroid Diseases/physiopathology , Thyroid Gland/physiopathology , Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Cyclic AMP , Disease Models, Animal , Thyroid Diseases/congenital , Thyroid Diseases/genetics , Cat Diseases/congenital , Cat Diseases/physiopathology , Cat Diseases/genetics , Hyperthyroidism/congenital , Hyperthyroidism/genetics , Hyperthyroidism/physiopathology , Hypothyroidism/congenital , Hypothyroidism/genetics , Hypothyroidism/physiopathology , Mutation , Pedigree , Phenotype , Receptors, Thyrotropin/metabolism
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