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1.
In. Manzanares Castro, William; Aramendi Epstein, Ignacio; Pico, José Luis do. Disionías en el paciente grave: historias clínicas comentadas. Montevideo, Cuadrado, 2021. p.371-391, graf, tab.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1344747
2.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 89(1): 10-17, feb. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042712

ABSTRACT

Las estrategias nutricionales para prematuros extremos con alto aporte de proteínas, han mostrado alteraciones metabólicas con hipofosfemia precoz, especialmente en el grupo de pacientes con restricción de crecimiento intrauterino (Rein). También se presenta hipofosfemia tardía, característica de la enfermedad metabólica ósea. En este artículo se revisan y actualizan conceptos en relación a la fisiopatología del metabolismo del fósforo en recién nacidos prematuros y uso de parenterales precoces en el contexto de enfermedad metabólica ósea. Los artículos fueron identificados en base de datos electrónicas como Pubmed y Rima. Fueron incluidos artículos en inglés y español. Fueron filtrados por título y resumen. La literatura actual propone diversas estrategias de nutrición precoz que permitan asegurar una adecuada cantidad de nutrientes para continuar con el crecimiento y desarrollo extrauterino. En pacientes con nutrición parenteral pero con diferentes aportes de fósforo, o relación calcio: fósforo inadecuada, a mayor contenido de aminoácidos, se presenta hipofosfemia, hipercalcemia, hipomagnesemia, hipokalemia e hiperglicemia, especialmente en casos de Rein. Estas alteraciones se asocian a prolongación de ventilación mecánica, mayor riesgo de displasia broncopulmonar y aumento de sepsis tardía. La hipofosfemia tardía, descrita ya hace muchos años, se presenta con normocalcemia y aumento de fosfatasas alcalinas, en la enfermedad metabólica ósea del prematuro, con alteración de la mineralización en distintos grados, secundaria a un inadecuado aporte de este mineral para los altos requerimientos de estos pacientes. Esta presentación de hipofosfemia precoz y tardía en el prematuro alerta sobre el control oportuno de fosfemia para ajustar el aporte nutricional. En el prematuro con nutrición parenteral precoz, el control en conjunto con la calcemia en la primera semana de vida, especialmente en Rein, permite tratar la hipofosfemia y prevenir sus complicaciones. En hipofosfemia tardía, el seguimiento semanal o quincenal desde las 4 semanas a los prematuros con riesgo, permite lograr un aporte óptimo de minerales.


New nutritional approaches to treat extreme premature babies have demonstrated relevant eviden ce of metabolic disturbances with early hypophosphatemia, especially in patients with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). They have shown late hypophosphatemia, as well, which is characteristic in the metabolic bone disease. A sytematic search of literature describing metabolic disturbances of phosphorus in preterm newborns is presented, related to the use of early parenteral nutrition and also in the context of metabolic bone disease. The articles were gathered from electronic data bases, such as PubMed and Rima. We include articles in english and spanish which were selected by titles and abstracts. Several strategies for early nutrition have been proposed in order to ensure an adequate amount of nutrients to accomplish the development and growth of preterm babies. Patients with parenteral nutrition support with different doses of phosphate, or inadequate calcium phosphate relation, or an increased amino acid content, may present hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia, hy pomagnesemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia, all of these are additionally noteworthy in the pre sence of intrauterine growth restriction. Furthermore, said alterations are associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation, as well as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and increase in late onset sepsis. The late hypophosphatemia, described several years ago, arises as normocalcemia and as an increment of alkaline phosphatases in the metabolic bone disease in preterm babies, and also with an inadequate mineralization in different grades, secondary to an inadequate supply due to high nutritional requi rements in these patients. When early or late hypophosphatemia appears in preterm babies, it shall require timely control of phosphemia and will need to adjust the nutritional intake in order to correct it. In case of preterm babies with early parenteral nutrition it will also need a control of calcemia in the first week of birth, especially if those belonging to the IUGR group. Adjustment must be made along with metabolic follow up, as well. In late hypophosphatemia, a weekly or every two weeks fo llow up will be a must for all preterm babies in risk and they should be given supplements to get an optimum mineral supply.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Hypophosphatemia/diagnosis , Hypophosphatemia/etiology , Hypophosphatemia/metabolism , Hypophosphatemia/therapy , Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis , Infant, Premature, Diseases/etiology , Infant, Premature, Diseases/metabolism , Infant, Premature, Diseases/therapy , Phosphorus/metabolism , Infant, Premature , Biomarkers/metabolism , Calcium/metabolism , Parenteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Refeeding Syndrome/physiopathology , Fetal Growth Retardation/physiopathology
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