A common Salmonella Enteritidis sequence type from poultry and human gastroenteritis in Ibagué, Colombia / Un tipo de secuencia común de Salmonella Enteritidis de origen aviar y de humano con gastroenteritis en Ibagué, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Salmonella Enteritidis is a major cause of human salmonellosis in the world, with contaminated eggs and raw chicken meat as the main routes of infection. The main Salmonella spp. serovars circulating in laying hen farms, the surface of eggs, and in raw chicken carcasses have been identified in Ibagué, Colombia. However, it is unknown whether those serovars are responsible for human gastroenteritis. Objective: To evaluate the genetic relationship between gastroenteritis and Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from poultry and humans using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Materials and methods: Salmonella spp. was isolated from clinical cases of gastroenteritis (n=110). Antibiotic susceptibility tests, followed by serotyping and MLST were conducted and S. Enteritidis was compared to those from laying hen farms and marketed eggs. Results: Ten isolates of Salmonella spp. were obtained from the stools of people with gastroenteritis. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in human stools was 9.09%, and S. Enteritidis (n=4), S. Typhymurium (n=2), S. Newport (n=1), S. Uganda (n=1), S. Grupensis (n=1), and S. Braenderup (n=1) were the main serotypes. MLST indicated that a common S. Enteritidis sequence type (ST11) was present in all three sources and showed the same antibiotic resistance pattern. Conclusion: Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 constitutes a link between consumption and manipulation of contaminated eggs and human gastroenteritis in Ibagué. Additional studies would be required to establish if other Salmonella serovars isolated from raw chicken meat are also associated with human gastroenteritis.

Resumen Introducción. Salmonella Enteritidis es una de las mayores causas de salmonelosis en el mundo; los huevos contaminados y la carne de pollo cruda son sus principales fuentes de infección. En Ibagué, Colombia, se han identificado los principales serovares que circulan en granjas, superficies de huevos y canales de pollo, pero se desconoce si esos serovares son responsables de la gastroenteritis. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación genética entre los aislamientos de Salmonella Enteritidis de aves de corral y de humanos con la gastroenteritis mediante tipificación de multiloci de secuencias (Multilocus Sequence Typing, MLST). Materiales y métodos. Se aisló Salmonella spp. de casos clínicos de gastroenteritis (n=110). Se hizo la prueba de sensibilidad antibiótica, así como la serotipificación y la tipificación mediante MLST, y se comparó S. Enteritidis de humanos con la hallada en granjas de gallinas ponedoras y en huevo comercializado (n=6). Resultados. Se aislaron 10 cepas de Salmonella spp. a partir de heces de humanos con gastroenteritis. Se obtuvo una prevalencia de Salmonella spp. de 9,09%, y se identificaron los serotipos S. Enteritidis (n=4), S. Typhymurium (n=2), S. Newport (n=1), S. Grupensis (n=1), S. Uganda (n=1) y S. Braenderup presentes en pacientes con gastroenteritis. Mediante la MLST, se comprobó que un tipo de secuencia común (ST11) de S. Enteritidis estuvo presente en todas las tres fuentes y presentó el mismo patrón de resistencia antibiótica. Conclusión. Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 constituye un vínculo entre el consumo y la manipulación de huevos contaminados, y la gastroenteritis en humanos en Ibagué. Se requieren estudios complementarios para conocer si otros serovares de Salmonella aislados de carne de pollo cruda también se asocian con la gastroenteritis en humanos.

Salmonella Alachua: causative agent of a foodborne disease outbreak

Objectives: The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of the first outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella Alachua in Brazil, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility and the genetic relatedness of Salmonella Alachua strains isolated from clinical and food samples. Material and methods: To elucidate the outbreak, an epidemiological investigation was carried out, and two samples of common food were tested - mayonnaise salad and galinhada (a traditional Brazilian dish of chicken and rice) - according to the Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. Five stool samples were tested employing classic methods for the isolation and identification of enterobacteria. Strains of Salmonella were characterized for antibiotic susceptibility according to the Clinical and Laboratory Stan- dards Institute guidelines (2013), and submitted to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, performed according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PulseNet protocol. Results: A total of 94 people were interviewed after ingesting the food, 66 of whom had become ill. A 60-year old female patient who was hospitalized in a serious condition, developed septic shock and died two days after consuming the food. The presence of Salmonella Alachua was confirmed in all the analyzed stool samples, and in the two types of food. The five strains showed higher than minimum inhibitory concentration values of nalidixic acid (≥256 µg/mL) and reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.5 µg/mL). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed indistinguishable patterns in Salmonella Alachua strains isolated from clinical and food samples. Conclusion: The data presented herein confirm the foodborne disease outbreak. They also allowed for the identification of the source of infection, and suggest that products from poultry are potential reservoirs for this serotype, reinforcing the ...

Brotes por Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus y Listeria monocytogenes asociados al consumo de pollo / Outbreaks of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes associated with poultry consumption. Systematic review.

Introducción. Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos son un serio problema de salud pública y, el pollo, uno de los alimentos asociados con ellas. Objetivo. Determinar la distribución y frecuencia de brotes alimentarios asociados al consumo de pollo contaminado por Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes y Staphylococus aureus, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica. Materiales y métodos. Se buscaron los estudios de brotes asociados a Salmonella spp., S. aureus y L. monocytogenes, en las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct,SciELO,Librería Cochrane (CCRT),Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Highwire,HINARI y MedicLatina. Se obtuvieron los datos para el cálculo de odds ratios (OR) mediante la elaboración de tablas de contingencia en el programa RevMan5™. Resultados. Siete artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y no se encontraron reportes de L. monocytogenes. El OR global fue de 3,01 (IC95% 2,37-3,81), lo que se interpreta como una asociación significativa entre el consumo de pollo contaminado y la infección alimentaria. Se presentó heterogeneidad en los estudios incluidos (p=0,03), por lo que fue necesario un análisis por subgrupos de microorganismos; para el caso de Salmonella spp., el OR fue de 2,67 (IC95% 2,09-3,41). No se hizo análisis para S. aureus por reportarse un solo artículo. Conclusiones. Se encontró un OR de 2,61, lo que indica que hay una fuerte asociación entre el consumo de pollo y la adquisición de salmonelosis. El principal factor de riesgo para adquirir salmonelosis es el consumo de pollo de asadero en los restaurantes.

Introduction. Food borne diseases are a serious public health problem. Poultry are often associated with these outbreaks. Objective. A systematic review of the literature is provided concerning the distribution and frequency of food borne outbreaks associated with consumption of chicken contaminated with Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods. The search for studies of outbreaks associated with Salmonella, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was conducted in Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct, Scielo, Cochrane Library (CCRT), Virtual Health Library (VHL), Highwire, HINARI and MedicLatina. Data were obtained for the calculation of odds ratio (OR) by preparing contingency tables using the RevMan5 program. Results. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria; however, no reports of L. monocytogenes were obtained. The overall OR was 3.01 (95% CI: 2.37, 3.81); this was interpreted as a significant association between the consumption of contaminated chicken and food poisoning. In the included studies heterogeneity (p= 0.03) was presented, so it took a subgroup analysis of microorganisms, in the case of Salmonella OR was 2.67 (95% CI: 2.09 -3.41). No analysis was made for S. aureus reported a single article. Conclusions. The OR indicated a strong association between chicken consumption and acquisition of salmonellosis. The main risk factor for acquiring salmonellosis is the consumption of chicken from grill restaurants.

Salmonella wien from gastroenteritis cases encountered in Mangalore, India : A report of 10 cases and review of the literature.

Ten cases of gastroenteritis due to S. Wien were reported from a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore, in the month of April 2008. Biochemically, it resembles S. Paratyphi B or S. Typhimurium. Serotyping was done at the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, to confirm the identity. The food source is more likely to be chicken or some poultry products. All the 10 cases recovered with symptomatic treatment including antimicrobials like fluoroquinolones. To the best of our knowledge, no documented report is available from India regarding the prevalence of this organism in humans.

Mechanism of infection of a human isolate Salmonella (3,10:r:-) in chicken ileum: ultrastructural study.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Originally isolated from severe human food-poisoning cases, Salmonella (3,10:r:-), a monophasic variety of otherwise diphasic serotypes such as S. weltevreden and S. simi, causes serious infections in man, animals and poultry. Mechanism of infection of this versatile and deadly organism is important to understand for its control. The objective of this study was to enhance our understanding of infection of Salmonella (3,10:r:-) in vivo at cellular level. METHODS: Aliquots of 10(9) cfu of Salmonella (3,10:r:-) organisms were injected intra-ileally in 24 h pre-fasted 3 month old broiler chickens by standard ligated ileal loop method. After 18 h, the fluid accumulated in the ileum was drained and small tissue pieces were fixed in 2.5 per cent buffered (pH 7) glutaraldehyde and subsequently in 1 per cent aqueous osmium tetraoxide. Ultra-thin sections of araldite-embedded tissue pieces were examined under transmission electron microscope operated at 100 KV after staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. RESULTS: Over 70 per cent of salmonellae interacting within 300 nm with ileal epithelial cells developed numerous surface blebs of periplasmic extensions designated "periplasmic organelles" (POs). Large sized POs were apparently pinched off as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), 50-90 nm in diameter. Type III secretion needle complex-like "rivet complexes" (RCs) were viewed to rivet the bacterial outer and inner membranes together, allowing only pockets of periplasm to expand/inflate in order to liberate OMVs. Many OMVs were found visibly docked on the plasma membrane of host epithelial cells. The invading organisms appeared to leave the epithelial cells so as to find entry into the lymphatic vessels, where, they again appeared to be closely interacting with ileal macrophages, by forming numerous POs and concomitantly liberating OMVs. Inside the cytoplasm of macrophages, numerous tight phagosomes were seen, each containing two organisms. The final stage appeared to contain replicated salmonellae, four in each loose phagosome and, at the same time, macrophages also showed signs of apoptotic disintegration, culminating in the release of replicated salmonellae. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Outer membrane vesicles released from a fiercely virulent human isolate, Salmonella 3,10:r:- pathogens have been implicated in translocating biochemical signals from the host-interactive organisms to the eukaryotic cells at both stages of invasion leading to epithelial cell and macrophage infection in vivo, in the chicken ileal model. A comprehensive cellular mechanism at ultrastructural level is outlined for typhoid-like Salmonella infections caused by this humans-infecting organism.

Brote de intoxicación alimentaria por Salmonella Enteritidis en un Barrio de Capiatá, Paraguay / Bud of nourishing poisoning by Salmonella Enteritidis in a District of Capiatá, Paraguay

Describe un estudio de brote de intoxicación alimentaria ocurrido con los asistentes a una fiesta de cumpleaños, para el estudio se utilizaron encuestas para la obtención de datos y coprocultivos para la búsqueda del agente causal

Vigilancia epidemiológica de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos en la Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina, 1993-2001 / Surveillance of foodborne diseases in the province of Rio Negro, Argentina, 1993-2001

A total of 39 outbreaks of foodborne diseases affecting 958 people in the province of Rio Negro, Argentina between 1993 and 2001 are described and evaluated. The main causal agents were identified involving food, sites of occurrence, risk factors and notification system used. Salmonella spp (38%), Trichinella spiralis (15%), Escherichia coli (13%) and Staphylococcus aureus (15%) were the most frequent agents present in outbreaks. Salmonella spp produced the largest number of cases (52%). Food involved were cooked meat (36%), cheese (10%), sandwiches (10%), deserts (10%) and ice cream (8%). Indeed, ice creams were involved in the largest number of cases and of people affected. In relation to the source of food, 41% of outbreaks were caused by homemade meals, 23% by catering or ice cream parlor, 13% in family parties, 8% in county fairs and 8% in hotel restaurants. In 28% of the outbreaks the etiological agent was identified exclusively by epidemiological analysis, in 64% isolation of the agent was carried out, and in 8% of the cases, a final diagnosis could not be obtained. Validity of epidemiological studies in foodborne disease, the necessity of strengthening the notification system of outbreaks, and the importance of good practices in food handling are analyzed.

Se describen 39 brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos que afectaron a 958 personasen la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina, en el período 1993- 2001. Se identifican los agentes causales, los alimentos involucrados, los sitios de ocurrencia, los factores de riesgo involucrados y los mecanismosde notificación empleados. Salmonella spp (38%), Trichinella spiralis (15%), Escherichia coli (13%) y Staphylococcus aureus (15%) resultaron los agentes más frecuentes en los brotes. Salmonella spp. tambiénprodujo el mayor número de casos (52%). Los principales alimentos involucrados resultaron cárneos (36%),quesos (10%), fiambres y sándwiches (10%), postres (10%) y helados (8%). El mayor número de casos, por suparte, fue causado por la ingestión de helados (37%). Con relación al origen de los alimentos, 41% de los brotesfueron causados por comidas elaboradas en los domicilios, 23% en establecimientos comerciales, 13% enfiestas familiares, 8% en fiestas comunitarias y 8% en restaurantes de hoteles. En el 28% de los brotes fueidentificado el agente etiológico por análisis epidemiológico exclusivamente, en el 64% se logró el aislamientodel agente, mientras que en el 8% de los casos no se logró el diagnóstico definitivo. Se analiza el valor de laencuesta epidemiológica en los estudios de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, la necesidad de fortalecerel sistema de notificación médica de casos y brotes y la importancia de las buenas prácticas en la manipulaciónde alimentos.

Detección de salmonella enteritidis en muestras de productos avícolas de consumo humano en la Región Metropolitana / Detection of salmonella enteritidis in samples of poultry products for human consumption in the chilean metropolitan area

Background: Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is a frequent cause of diarrhea, and is transmitted mainly by SE contaminated eggs or poultry meat. The frequency of SE contaminated eggs or chicken meat and the risk for acquiring this pathogen is unknown in Chile. Aim: To measure SE contamination in eggs poultry meat and entrails offered in retail markets in the Metropolitan Area during two consecutive years (1998-1999). Material and methods: Samples were placed in sterile bags and transported to the laboratory before 4 hours at 4­C. Microbiologic detection was done using a standard procedure and an immunodetection assay. Results: SE was found in one of 1081 egg samples (0.09 percent). The contaminated sample was offered in a supermarket under their own commercial name. Six percent of 1154 poultry meat samples were contaminated by SE and 2.3 percent by other Salmonella serotypes. Entrails had even higher rates with 10.2 percent of 370 samples harboring SE and 2,7 percent other serotypes. Total Salmonella sp. isolates and SE isolates declined during 1999. Nine SE phagotypes were identified, predominating types 4 and 7. Conclusions: Eggs and other avian products are contaminated by different SE phagotypes and other Salmonella serotypes, implicating a risk for the consumers

Salmonella 3, 10:r: toxicity in rabbit ileum and liver by light and electron microscopy.

Salmonella 3, 10:r:- (a monophasic variety of otherwise diphasic serotypes such as S. weltevreden and S. simi) Cell_free filtrate, when introduded into rabbit ligated ileal loops causes fluid exsorption, as studied 18-hr after treatment. Light microscopic histology of treated ileum shows denudation of the columnar epithelium at several places, thereby allowing the passage of the toxic principle into circulation. An important target organ, liver shows extensive centrilobular necrosis, as observed by light microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy of ileum reveals opening of membrane junctions between the adjacent cells of epithelial lining of the treated ileum at places, and focal devitalization including formation of intra-cellular membranous inclusinos. Electron microscopy of liver shows extensive damage and swelling of cytoplasmic membranes. However, the areas of darkly staining lamellae of granulated endoplasmic reticulum are also seen in stacks as will as dispersed. These studies stress that Salmonella toxic substances can cause extensive damage to intestine and liver both.

Salmonella: determinaçäo de sorotipos e resistência a agentes antimicrobianos de cepas isoladas de carcaças de frango comercializadas na regiäo de Säo José do Rio Preto - SP / Salmonella: serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains isolated from chickem carcasse samples commercializede in the Säo José do Rio Preto area - SP

De abril de 1995 a dezembro de 1996, foram estudadas 160 amostras de carcaças de frango, comercializadas na Regiäo de Säo José do Rio Preto - SP. Foram determinados os sorotipos e perfis de sensibilidade aos agentes antimicrobianos de todas as cepas de Samonella isoladas. Das carcaças analisadas, 54,38(por cento) estavam contaminadas por Samonella. Foram identificados 18 diferentes sorotipos, dentre os quais Samonella Enteritidis correspondeu a 59,77(por cento). Verificou-se que 13,79 (por cento) das cepas de Samonella apresentaram resistência aos agentes antimicrobianos testados. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram o alto índice de contaminaçäo por Samonella em carne de frango. Considerando o consumo de alimentos de origem animal, principalmente de aves, por um grande número de pessoas, este fato possivelmente tem propiciado a ocorrência de numerosos surtos por S. Entidades na nossa regiäo, nos últimos anos

Observaçöes laboratoriais sobre surtos alimentares de Salmonella sp, ocorridos na Grande Säo Paulo, no periódo de 1994 a 1997 / Laboratorial observation about foodborne salmonellosis outbreaks in Great Säo Paulo city, from 1994 to 1997

As enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos (ETAs) causadas por salmonela säo consideradas um dos mais importantes problemas de Saúde Pública, tanto nos países em desenvolvimento como em países desenvolvidos. Significativos aumento no número de surtos por S. Enterititidis tem sido observado na Grande Säo Paulo desde 1994. Foram relatados no período de outubro de 1994 a junho de 1997, 18 surtos de ETAs causadas por Samonella envolvendo 23 alimentos, sendo que em 13 (72,2 por cento) surtos foram identificados Salmonella Enteritidis. Os alimentos envolvidos foram predominantemente de origem animal, em especial ovos e seus derivados. O método analítico empregado foi uma modificaçäo do descrito no "Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods", APHA. A relevância e a gravidade deste microrganismo como agente de ETA é discutido neste trabalho

Construction of specific DNA probe for the detection of Salmonella in food.

The Salmonella specific DNA fragment from genomic DNA of S. typhimurium ATCC 23566 was cloned in E. coli and successfully used as a digoxigenin labeled probe for detecting the presence of Salmonella serotypes in both artificially contaminated food and natural contaminated food samples.

Salmonella enteritidis outbreak in Thailand: study by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.

An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in Thailand was reported in 1990. The majority of isolates were found in chicken and human throughout the country. The continuation of a high rate of spreading which is presently continuing prompted us to investigate possible clonal involvement in the outbreak. One hundred and twenty five isolates of S. enteritidis which were isolated between 1990-1993 were clonally identified by the technique of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Eight profiles were found indicating the presence of 8 clones, designated no. 1-8. The predominant clone was profile no. 4 which was encountered in 93.6% of tested isolates while the rest of the profile comprised only 0.8-1.6%. The predominant clone was distributed mainly in isolates from chickens and humans which is suggestive that the profile no. 4 is the major clone involved in this outbreak and that chickens were the source of S. enteritidis infection. The information from the Microbiology Laboratory at Ramathibodi Hospital revealed that nearly 40% of S. enteritidis were isolated from blood specimens. This may reflect the invasiveness of S. enteritidis in Thailand. We concluded that the outbreak involved the single clone, RAPD profile no. 4 which may disperse dominantly during the epidemic.

Propagation of Salmonella 3, 10: r in ileum: a transmission electron microscope study.

Salmonella 3, 10: r organisms were examined ultrastructurally for their role in the initiation of infection in chicken ileum and studied 18 hr after, the organisms were seen located free as well as in contact with food particles. The surface features of the organisms revealed marked changes when they were located close to the ileal epithelial cell microvilli. The organisms were also seen having penetrated into intercellular spaces located in the interior of ileum. Many of them were seen phagocytosed by phagocytic cells.

Importancia de la Salmonella enteritidis en brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos en Argentina, años 1986 - 1988 / Significance of Salmonella enteritidis in outbreaks of diseases transmitted by foods in Argentina, 1986 - 1988

La presente comunicación informa los brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos producidos por Salmonella Enteritidis, que ocurrieron en la Argentina entre 1986 y 1988. Del total de 39 episodios registrados, se estudiaron 210 cepas aisladas de heces humanas (28 brotes) y 59 de alimentos (23 brotes). Fueron afectadas más de 2.500 personas en distintas provincias, caracterizándose el cuadro clínicos por la gravedad de los síntomas (fiebre, vómitos, diarreas y gran deshidratación). La principal fuente de infección se relacionó con huevos crudos, consumidos en forma de mayonesa artesanal. Se consdiera necesario realizar un efectivo control de los productos aviarios, así como una permanente vigilancia de la salmonellosis