Informe especial: Envenenamiento por animal ponzoñoso: Alacranismo / Special report: Poisonous by venomous animal: Scorpions

Presentación de un caso, notificado el 9 de enero de 2017, a la Gerencia Operativa de Epidemiología del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires por un efector privado de la Ciudad, de envenenamiento por animal ponzoñoso (Alacranismo) en un paciente residente en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se describen el cuadro clínico y el tratamiento recibido, la evolución del caso, la importancia de distintas acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica, el procedimiento de notificación, medidas de protección, y medidas de prevención y control de accidentes. Incluye datos de centros públicos nacionales y de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires especializados en asistencia y/o in-formación sobre animales venenosos

First report of scorpionism caused by Tityus serrulatus, described by Lutz and Mello, 1922 (Scorpiones, Buthidae), a species non-native to the state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon

Abstract This reports a case of scorpionism caused by Tityus serrulatus. A male adult was stung while unloading bananas at the supply center in Belém, Pará, Brazil. The bananas originated in another state (Bahia) and were brought to Belém by truck. The patient presented with pain, edema, and erythema at the sting site, and was classified as low-risk. The specimen was identified as T. serrulatus and symptomatic treatment and clinical observation were advised. The patient was discharged later without further complications. This is the first known envenomation caused by T. serrulatus, a non-native species to Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon.

Escorpionismo en pacientes pediátricos internados en terapia intensiva: Serie de casos / Escorpionism in pediatric intensive care patients: Case series

El escorpionismo constituye un problema de salud pública con una incidencia en aumento en Argentina. El veneno contiene varias neurotoxinas capaces de generar una "tormenta autonómica" responsable de las manifestaciones clínicas. Los sistemas cardiovascular y respiratorio son los más afectados y su grado de compromiso determinará la morbimortalidad. Un 10 % de los casos en niños evolucionan a su forma grave. En esta serie retrospectiva, se describe la epidemiología y evolución de 17 pacientes ingresados a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica entre enero de 2010 y enero de 2014. Si bien no hubo mortalidad, sí una alta morbilidad: 12 pacientes presentaron edema agudo de pulmón que requirió ventilación mecánica; 11 pacientes desarrollaron shock cardiogénico hipotensivo; 7, bajo gasto cardíaco grave y, en 6, se utilizó levosimendán por el carácter refractario de su bajo gasto.

Scorpionism is a public health problem with an increasing incidence in Argentina. The poison contains several neurotoxins capable of generating an "autonomic storm" responsible for the clinical manifestations. The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are the most affected ones and their degree of commitment will determine morbidity and mortality. A 10 % of cases in children evolve to their severe form. In this retrospective series, we describe the epidemiology and evolution of 17 patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit from January 2010 to January 2014. Although there was no mortality, there was a high morbidity: 12 patients had acute lung edema requiring mechanical ventilation, 11 patients developed hypotensive cardiogenic shock, 7 were under severe low cardiac output and in 6 levosimendan was used due to the low refractory output.

Infrared thermography to diagnose and manage venomous animal bites and stings

Abstract INTRODUCTION Infrared imaging (IR) is a noninvasive technique that quantifies body surface temperature, producing a digital color image. IR has been used to study diseases in which skin temperature can reflect the presence of inflammation. METHODS This was an observational pilot study of eight patients envenomed by snakes, spiders, and scorpions. All patients were examined using a thermal camera. RESULTS In all cases, we obtained infrared images that corroborated clinical findings indicating localized effects of venom, specifically inflammation. CONCLUSIONS IR has potential for use as a research, diagnostic, and monitoring tool for localized effects of animal venoms.

Clinical update on scorpion envenoming

Abstract: Scorpion stings are currently the leading cause of venom-related injury to humans in Brazil and are a significant public health problem globally. Only scorpions of the Tityus genus are of medical importance in Brazil, and Tityus serrulatus is responsible for the most serious envenomations and deaths. The toxic effects of scorpion envenomation are due to a massive release of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters; the severity is related to cardiac and hemodynamic changes, with cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema contributing to the main causes of death. The pathophysiology of cardiac involvement has been discussed for decades and has been attributed to adrenergic discharge and a possible toxic effect of venom on the myocardium, while acute pulmonary edema may have a cardiogenic and/or non-cardiogenic origin. Currently, the clinical data point to catecholamine excess as the cause for reversible scorpion cardiomyopathy . These data include electrocardiographic changes, profiling of cardiac enzymes and troponin I, echocardiographic data with global or regional left ventricle dysfunction, and myocardial perfusion alterations compatible with spasm in the coronary microcirculation. Furthermore, recent data on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings, which are similar to those observed for stress-induced cardiomyopathy, have also been linked to catecholamine excess. The efficiency of antivenom serum treatment is controversial in the literature. Our experience in Brazil is that the management of patients with systemic manifestations of scorpion stings is based on three approaches, all of which are extremely important. These include symptomatic treatment, antivenom serum, and cardiorespiratory support.

Envenomation caused by Rhopalurus amazonicus Lourenço, 1986 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in Pará State, Brazil

Scorpions, mainly those belonging to the genus Tityus cause many deaths and injuries in Brazil, with tens of thousands of envenomations notified every year. However, injuries involving other scorpion species are scarcely registered. Among the sixteen species of the genus Rhopalurus, Thorell, 1876, described up to date, nine are found in this country, with only a confirmed case of human envenomation provoked by R. agamemnonKoch, 1839. The present case reports, for the first time, a case of scorpion sting in a human victim involving Rhopalurus amazonicus, endemic species of the west region of the Pará state, Amazon, Brazil. The symptoms of envenomation were local pain and paresthesia. This study contributes to develop the knowledge on venomous scorpions, particularly those that may cause envenomations in this region.

Scorpion sting-induced myocardial damage and pulmonary oedema.

A patient with electrocardiographic abnormalities simulating early myocardial infarction after scorpion sting is reported. Pulmonary oedema and congestive heart failure accompanied these electrocardiographic changes. The aetiology of the cardiovascular manifestations in severe scorpion sting is related to the venom effects on the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal secretion of catecholamines, as well as to the toxic effects of the venom on the myocardium.

Escorpionismo: quadro clínico e manejo dos pacientes graves / Scorpion envenomation: clinical presentation and management of severe cases

Os escorpiões representam um grave risco à saúde pública brasileira, especialmente nas ßreas urbanas, devido à alta incidência e potencial gravidade de casos ocorridos por acidentes com esses animais peçonhentos. Do ponto de vista médico-sanitario, o gênero Tityus, com destaque para a espécie Tityus serrulatus é, atualmente, o reponsßvel pelo maior número de casos de picadas de escorpião no país. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar e comparar dois casos clínicos de escorpionismo ocorridos no mês de março do ano de 2012, na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Ambos os acidentes foram classificados como graves. Entre- tanto, as diferenças na abordagem e no manejo entre os dois casos clínicos foram consideradas fatores determinantes nas suas evoluções e prognósticos. Desta forma, fazer o diagnóstico e iniciar a administração de soroterapia antiveneno específica adequada o mais precocemente possível são essenciais nos casos de envenenamento por picada de escorpião, sendo os Centros de Informações e Assistência Toxicológi- cas (CIATs) ferramentas fundamentais...

Scorpions represent a serious risk to public health in Brazil, especial/y in urban areas due to lhe high incidence and potential severity of cases occurred in accidents with these poisonous animais. From the perspective of health care, the Tityus gender, especially the Tityus serrulatus species, is currently responsible for the largest number of cases of scorpion stings in the country. The purpose of the present work was to report and compare two clinical cases of scorpion envenomation occurred in March of 20/2, in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Both accidents were classified as severe cases. However, the differences in approach and management between the two clinical cases were considered determinant in their evolution and prognosis. Therefore, make the diagnosis and initiate the administration of properly specific antivenom serotherapy as early as possible are core in cases of poisoning by scorpions sting, and the Centers for Toxicological Information and Assistance (CIATs) are fundamental tools...