Effects of acid stimulation on saliva flow rate and compositions of human parotid and submandibular glands / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of acid stimulation on salivary flow rate and compositions of human parotid and submandibular glands, so as to provide basis for comprehensive evaluation of salivary gland function in both health and disease status.@*METHODS@#In the study, 210 healthy participants' whole saliva samples were collected under passive drooling, and their parotid gland and submandibular gland secretions were collected by negative pressure suction. 2% citric acid was dropped on the tip of tongue every 1 min for acid stimulation for a total of 5 times to collect stimulated whole saliva, parotid and submandibular gland saliva. The collected saliva was weighed and saliva flow rate was calculated. The K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, total protein, total phosphorus and α-amylase in saliva samples were detected by biochemical analyzer, and the changing features of flow rate and compositions of different kinds of saliva were compared and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#After acid stimulation, saliva flow rate significantly increased. The increase proportion of parotid gland saliva (10.7 folds) was much higher than that of submandibular gland saliva (2.9 folds). The concentrations of Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, total protein and α-amylase in parotid gland saliva increased significantly (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in total phosphorus and K+ (P=0.89, P=0.34). The concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ in saliva of submandibular gland increased significantly(P < 0.05), the concentration of total phosphorus decreased significantly(P < 0.05), and the concentration of Cl- increased, but the difference was not significant(P=0.068). There was no significant difference in total protein, K+ and α-amylase (P=0.85, P=0.07, P=0.95). The compound secretion rate of total phosphorus in saliva of submandibular gland remained unchanged(P=0.066), while the secretion rate of K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, total protein and α-amylase significantly increased(P < 0.01). The compound secretion rate of K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, total protein and total phosphorus and α-amylase in parotid gland saliva increased(P < 0.01). The concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, total phosphorus, total protein and α-amylase in parotid were higher than those in submandibular gland (P < 0.01), and the concentration of Ca2+ in submandibular gland saliva was significantly higher than that in parotid (P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#The response of parotid to acid stimulation is stronger, and the secretion of submandibular gland is more stable. Acid stimulation significantly influences the concentrations of electrolytes in saliva, and the composited secretion rate is an evaluation index to reflect both flow rate and composition concentration of saliva. The parotid gland plays an important role in the secretion of total protein, total phosphorus and α-amylase in saliva, and the submandibular gland is the main source of Ca2+ in saliva.

Salivary rheumatoid factor in primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome / Factor reumatoide salival en síndrome de Sjögren primario y secundario

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by the presence of hyposalivation and xerophthalmia, which in addition to other factors is diagnosed by the presence of rheumatoid factor in blood. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the presence of rheumatoid factor (IgG-IgM) in the saliva of patients with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Materials and methods: Forty samples from patients with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome previously diagnosed by the Arthritis and Rheumatism Specialist Center of the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon were analyzed. Samples were taken from the saliva using the Carlson-Crittenden device to evaluate the IgG-IgM immunocomplex using the ELISA method. Results: No significant difference was found between the presence of IgM in primary (0.099±0.016) and secondary Sjögren syndrome (0.098±0.017), however, a high presence of IgG was found in the group of patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome (0.134±0.054). Conclusion: The search for diagnostic tools using salivary biomarkers has come with economic and clinical advantages, however, in the present study no significant changes were found in salivary rheumatoid factor between both groups.

El síndrome de Sjögren es una enfermedad autoinmune crónica, caracterizada por la presencia de hiposalivación y xeroftalmia, la cual además de otros factores es diagnosticada por la presencia del factor reumatoide en sangre. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la presencia del factor reumatoide (IgG-IgM) en saliva parotídea de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren primario y secundario. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 40 muestras de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren primario y secundario previamente diagnosticados por el Centro de Especialistas en Artritis y Reumatismo de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, a los cuales se les tomó una muestra de saliva parotídea mediante el dispositivo Carlson-Crittenden para evaluar mediante el método ELISA el inmunocomplejo IgG-IgM. Resultados: No se encontró diferencia significativa entre la presencia de IgM en el síndrome de Sjögren primario (0.099±0.016) y secundario (0,098±0,017), sin embargo en cuanto a la presencia de la IgG se encontró elevada en el grupo de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren secundario (0,134±0,054). Conclusión: La búsqueda de herramientas diagnósticas mediante biomarcadores salivales ha traído consigo ventajas económicas y clínicas, sin embargo en el presente estudio no se encontró un cambio significativo en el factor reumatoide salival entre ambos grupos.

Effects of diabetes and hypertension on oral mucosa and tgfß1 salivary levels

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate salivary levels of TGFβ1 and proliferation/ maturation of epithelial mucosa cells in diabetic and hypertensive patients. Design: in this cross-sectional study, whole stimulated saliva and oral mucosa exfoliative cytology specimens were collected from 39 patients that were healthy (control, n=10) or presented history of arterial hypertension (HAS, n=9), diabetes mellitus (DM, n=10) or both (DM+HAS, n=10). Salivary flow rate (SFR), TGFβ1 level in saliva, AgNORs and the epithelial maturation were evaluated. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison post-test and the Spearman test correlation analysis were used. SFR showed a significant decreased in DM and DM+HAS (0.47±0.11 and 0.64±0.43 mL/min) when compared to control (1.4±0.38 mL/min). DM+HAS presented the highest value of TGFβ1 concentration (24.72±5.89 pg/mL). It was observed a positive correlation between TGFβ1 and glycaemia (R=0.6371; p<0.001) and a negative correlation between TGFβ1 and saliva (R=-0.6162; p<0.001) and glycaemia and SFR (R=-0.5654; P=0.001). AgNORs number and status of maturation of mucosa cells were similar for all conditions. DM and DM+HAS presented the lowest SFR, which correlated with increased TGFβ1 levels. Despite the higher TGFβ1 secretion it was not observed changes in the morphology or proliferation of epithelial cells when diabetes or hypertension was present.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os níveis de TGFβ1 na saliva e a proliferação/maturação das células epiteliais da mucosa em paciente diabéticos e hipertensos. Neste estudo transversal, saliva estimulada e amostras de citologia exfoliativa de mucosa oral foram coletadas de um total de 39 pacientes que se apresentavam saudáveis (controle, n=10) ou com história de hipertensão arterial (HAS, n=9), diabetes mellitus (DM, n=10) ou ambos (DM+HAS, n=10). Taxa de fluxo salivar (SFR), níveis de TGFβ1 na saliva, AgNORs e maturação epitelial foram avaliados. Teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido de comparação múltipla de Dunn e correlação de Spearman foram utilizados para as análises. SFR diminuiu significantemente em DM e DM+HAS (0,47±0,11 e 0,64±0,43 mL/min) quando comparado ao controle (1,4±0,38 mL/min). DM+HAS apresentou os maiores valores de concentração de TGFβ1 (24,72±5,89 pg/mL). Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre TGFβ1 e glicemia (R=0,6371; p<0,001) e uma correlação negativa entre TGFβ1 e saliva (R=-0,6162; p<0,001) e glicemia e SFR (R=-0,5654; p=0,001). Número de AgNORs e o padrão da maturação das células epiteliais foram similares entre os todos grupos. DM e DM+HAS apresentaram os menores valores de SFR, os quais foram correlacionados com o aumento nos níveis de TGFβ1. Apesar da maior secreção de TGFβ1, não foram observadas mudanças na morfologia ou proliferação das células epiteliais quando o paciente apresentava diabetes ou hipertensão.

Autonomic reinnervation and functional regeneration in autologous transplanted submandibular glands in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Autologous submandibular gland (SMG) transplantation has been proved to ameliorate the discomforts in patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The transplanted glands underwent a hypofunctional period and then restored secretion spontaneously. This study aims to investigate whether autonomic nerves reinnervate the grafts and contribute to the functional recovery, and further determine the origin of these nerves. Parts of the transplanted SMGs were collected from the epiphora patients, and a rabbit SMG transplantation model was established to fulfill the serial observation on the transplanted glands with time. The results showed that autonomic nerves distributed in the transplanted SMGs and parasympathetic ganglionic cells were observed in the stroma of the glands. Low-dense and unevenly distributed cholinergic axons, severe acinar atrophy and fibrosis were visible in the patients' glands 4-6 months post-transplantation, whereas the cholinergic axon density and acinar area were increased with time. The acinar area or the secretory flow rate of the transplanted glands was statistically correlated with the cholinergic axon density in the rabbit model, respectively. Meanwhile, large cholinergic nerve trunks were found to locate in the temporal fascia lower to the gland, and sympathetic plexus concomitant with the arteries was observed both in the adjacent fascia and in the stroma of the glands. In summary, the transplanted SMGs are reinnervated by autonomic nerves and the cholinergic nerves play a role in the morphological and functional restoration of the glands. Moreover, these autonomic nerves might originate from the auriculotemporal nerve and the sympathetic plexus around the supplying arteries.

Dental caries and bacterial load in saliva and dental biofilm of type 1 diabetics on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

Abstract Objectives Since most of the studies evaluates diabetics on multiple daily injections therapy and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion may help gain better metabolic control and prevent complications, the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries, the unstimulated salivary flow rate and the total bacteria load, Streptococcus spp. levels and Lactobacillus spp. levels in saliva and supragingival dental biofilm of type 1 diabetics on insulin pump. Material and Methods Sixty patients with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump and 60 nondiabetic individuals were included. The dental caries evaluation was performed using ICDAS and the oral hygiene was assessed according to Greene and Vermillion Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. Unstimulated saliva and supragingival dental biofilm were collected. Total bacteria, Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was quantified by qPCR. Results Patients with type 1 diabetes had a higher prevalence of dental caries and filled and missing teeth when compared with the control group. These patients were associated with more risk factors for the development of dental caries, namely a lower unstimulated salivary flow rate and a higher bacterial load in saliva and dental biofilm. Conclusion Some risk factors related to dental caries were associated with type 1 diabetics. An early diagnosis combined with the evaluation of the risk profile of the diabetic patient is imperative, allowing the dental caries to be analyzed through a perspective of prevention and the patient to be integrated into an individualized oral health program.

Impact of inhalation therapy on the incidence of carious lesions in patients with asthma and COPD

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of carious lesions, the amount of salivary flow rate and pH value in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), using inhalation therapy. The obtained results were compared with the results of adult healthy subjects, forming a control group. Material and Methods: The study included 80 participants aging between 18 and 65 years. The experimental group (EG) was comprised of 40 participants, previously diagnosed with asthma or COPD undergoing inhalation therapy for more than five years. The control group (CG), comprised of 40 participants, mirrored the same age and gender status of the EG. Dental status was determined by decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT index). Quantity and pH value of saliva were determined in the laboratory. Results: In the EG, the mean value of the salivary flow rate and pH value were statistically significantly lower than in the CG (p<0.001). Patients in the EG had a higher value of DMFT index when compared with the CG, although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.199). Mean number of decayed teeth, as well as missing teeth, in the EG was statistically significantly higher than in the CG (p<0.001). Mean number of filled teeth in the EG was statistically significantly lower than in the CG (p<0.001). Conclusion: It was found that patients undergoing inhalation therapy face increasing risk of dental caries due to the lower salivary flow rate and pH value along with the inhalation therapy. They should receive intensive preventive care, including oral hygiene instruction and dietary advice.

Características salivales y estado sistémico de sujetos con xerostomía / Salivary characteristics and systemic status of subjects with xerostomia

RESUMEN: Xerostomía o sensación de boca es una afección que afecta severamente la calidad de vida de quienes la padecen. Si bien se relaciona con la reducción del flujo salival (hiposalivación), existe evidencia contradictoria y se sugiere evaluar características cualitativas salivales y estado sistémico de los afectados para comprender su etiología y mejorar terapias asociadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar pH y concentración de proteínas en saliva y estado sistémico entre sujetos xerostómicos con y sin hiposialia. Se midió pH, concentración de proteínas salivales y se consignaron antecedentes sistémicos y uso de fármacos en 27 individuos xerostómicos, que fueron divididos en hiposiálicos y no hiposiálicos. Se compararon las variables mencionadas usando test no paramétrico de Mann-Whitney y test Chi-Cuadrado. Se aceptaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con error alfa igual o menor a 5 %. Sujetos xerostómicos con hiposialia presentaron mayor prevalencia de Artritis Reumatoide y Síndrome de Sjögren en comparación con xerostómicos sin hiposialia. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación a pH, concentración de proteínas y uso de medicamentos, variables que no influirían en el padecimiento de xerostomía, independiente de la existencia de hiposialia. Sujetos con xerostomía e hiposialia presentan mayor frecuencia de Artritis Reumatoide y Síndrome de Sjögren.

ABSTRACT: Xerostomia or mouth feeling is a condition that severely affects the quality of life of thosewho suffer from it. Although it is related to the reduction of salivary flow (hyposalivation),there is contradictory evidence and it is suggested to evaluate qualitative salivarycharacteristics and systemic state of those affected in order to understand its etiology and improve associated terapies. The objective of this study was to compare saliva, pH and protein concentration and systemic status among xerostomic subjects with and without hyposialia. Were measured PH and protein concentration and were recorded systemic antecedents and drug use in 27 xerostomic individuals, who were divided into hyposalic and nonhyposalic individuals. The mentioned variables were compared using non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and Chi-Square test. Statistically significant differences were accepted with alpha error equal to or less than 0.05%. Xerostomic subjects with hyposialia presented higher prevalence of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sjögren's Syndrome compared to xerostomics without hyposialia. No statistically significant differences were found in relation to pH, protein concentration and drug use, variables that would not influence xerostomia, independent of hyposialia. Subjects with xerostomia with hyposialia present a higher frequency of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sjögren's Syndrome.

Oral health assessment for users of marijuana and cocaine/crack substances

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status of users of illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine/crack and compare it with individuals not using these chemical substances. Questionnaires were applied to 35 illicit drugs users to gather information on demographic status, general health, and use of drugs. Then, a clinical assessment of the oral health condition was performed to collect data on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, salivary flow rate (SFR), and mucosal lesions. The control group was composed of 35 non-illicit drug users. In the experimental group, 91.43% were males, 80% were smokers, and 42.85% were alcoholics. Cocaine was the most common drug used (77.15%), followed by marijuana (68.6%), and crack (51.4%). The average DMFT index was 9.8 and the SFR was reduced in 60% of subjects. Mucosal alterations were detected, but no potentially malignant disorders or oral cancer were diagnosed. Compared to control group, significantly higher values for gender (40%, p = 0.0001), smoking (22.86%) and heavy drinking (5.7%) habits (p = 0.0001), SFR (31.4%; p = 0.0308), and oral lesions (p = 0.0488) were found for the experimental group, although significantly higher values were found in the control group for DMFT index (p = 0.0148). It can be concluded that the use of illicit drugs contributed to an increased prevalence of oral mucosa lesions. In addition, a decline on SFR and a reduced DMFT index was observed for illicit drug users.

Risk factors, hyposalivation and impact of xerostomia on oral health-related quality of life

Abstract To determine xerostomia-related frequency, factors, salivary flow rates and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of patients attending the Universidad Andrés Bello Dental School Clinic, in the city of Viña del Mar, Chile. The study involved 566 patients assessed with xerostomia, based on a single standardized questionnaire. The severity and impact of xerostomia on OHRQoL was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the short version of the Oral Health Impact Profile Questionnaire (OHIP-14sp), respectively. Stimulated and non-stimulated salivary flow rates were obtained from a sample of patients. Xerostomia was reported in 61 patients (10.8%), comprising 50 women (83.3%) and 11 men (16.7%) (p < 0.013). The prevalence was 13% among the women and 6.1% among the men. Gender, age and medication were found to be independent risk factors for the development of xerostomia. Hyposalivation was found in 10 of the 35 patients with xerostomia (28.6%) and in 2 patients without it (p < 0.011). Patients with xerostomia had a reduced OHRQoL, compared with patients without xerostomia, as shown by the total OHIP-14sp score (p < 0.001). Xerostomia was a common, potentially debilitating condition with a major impact on the OHRQoL of a patient population attending a university-based dental clinic. Hyposalivation was present in almost 30% of the patients who complained of xerostomia. It is important that general dentists be aware of this condition, so that they can provide patients with a good diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.

Effects of periodontal treatment on primary sjogren's syndrome symptoms

Abstract The aim of this longitudinal prospective study was to evaluate the effects of periodontal treatment on the clinical, microbiological and immunological periodontal parameters, and on the systemic activity (ESSDAI) and subjective (ESSPRI) indexes in patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS). Twenty-eight female patients were divided into four groups: pSS patients with or without chronic periodontitis (SCP, SC, respectively), and systemically healthy patients with or without chronic periodontitis (CP, C, respectively). Periodontal clinical examination and immunological and microbiological sample collection were performed at baseline, 30 and 90 days after nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Levels of interleukin IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were evaluated by ELISA, as well as the expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, (Aa) Tannerella forsythia (Tf), and Treponema denticola (Td), by qPCR. Systemic activity and pSS symptoms were evaluated by ESSDAI and ESSPRI. NSPT resulted in improved periodontal clinical parameters in both SCP and CP groups (p>0.05). Pg, Aa, and Tf levels decreased after NSPT only in CP patients (p<0.05). Significantly greater levels of IL-10 in GCF were verified in both SCP and CP groups (p<0.05). SCP patients showed increased salivary flow rates and decreased ESSPRI scores after NSPT. In conclusion, NSPT in pSS patients resulted in improved clinical and immunological parameters, with no significant effects on microbiological status. pSS patients also showed increased salivary flow and lower ESSPRI scores after therapy. Therefore, it can be suggested that NSPT may improve the quality of life of pSS patients.

Association between crack cocaine use and reduced salivary flow

Abstract Crack cocaine use appears to have an impact on oral conditions. However, changes in the salivary flow among crack users have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to compare stimulated salivary flow and the occurrence of hyposalivation between crack users and non-users. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 40 crack users and 40 controls matched for sex, age, and smoking habits. Interviews were conducted to acquire data on the perception of dry mouth (xerostomia) and drug use. Stimulated salivary flow was determined using the spitting method. A significant reduction in stimulated salivary flow was found among crack users in comparison to non-users (1.02 vs. 1.59 ml/min). A total of 42.5% and 15% of crack users had very low and low stimulated salivary flow, respectively. Moreover, 65% of users reported xerostomia in comparison to 37.5% non-users (p < 0.012). No significant association was found between xerostomia and hyposalivation (p = 0.384). A multivariate analysis revealed that individuals older than 26 years of age, those with a low household income, and crack users (prevalence ratio: 2.59) had a significant association with the occurrence of hyposalivation. A significant association was found between the use of crack and reduced salivary flow. The use of crack was associated with the occurrence of hyposalivation in the multivariate analysis.

Caries experience and salivary aspects in individuals with fragile X syndrome

Abstract Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common cause of hereditary mental retardation, but studies on the oral health condition of these patients are rare. The aim of this study was to determine the experience of dental caries in individuals with FXS, by examining the saliva profile, oral hygiene, socioeconomic characteristics and use of controlled drugs in these patients. Dental health was estimated using the decayed, missing and filled teeth index (DMF-T) and sialometry, and the pH value and buffering capacity of the saliva, colony forming units of S. mutans (CFU/mL), visible biofilm index, and socioeconomic status were all examined. The sample, comprising 23 individuals, had an average age of 17.3 ± 5.6 years, a DMF-T index of 5.5, a diminished salivary flow (78.3%), and a low (73.9%) saliva buffering capacity. Most (52.2%) individuals presented with a high abundance (CFU/mL) of S. mutans. The experience of caries was correlated with salivary parameters, poor oral hygiene, lower socioeconomic status and an increased count of S. mutans in saliva.

Drugs or disease: evaluating salivary function in RA patients

Abstract Oral complications of RA may include temporomandibular joint disorders, mucosa alterations and symptoms of dry mouth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary gland function of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comparing it to healthy controls. Subjects with other systemic conditions known to affect salivary functions were excluded. A questionnaire was applied for the evaluation of xerostomia. Resting and chewing-stimulated salivary flow rates (SFR) were obtained under standard conditions. There were 145 subjects included of the study (104 RA and 38 controls). About 66.7% of the RA subjects and 2.4% in control group presented xerostomia. The median resting SFR were 0.24 ml/min for RA subjects and 0.40 mL/min for controls (p = 0.04). The median stimulated SFR were 1.31 mL/min for RA subjects and 1.52 ml/min for controls (p = 0.33). No significant differences were found between resting and stimulated SFR of RA subjects not using xerogenic medications and controls. There was significantly higher number of subjects presenting hyposalivation in the RA group than among controls, even when subjects using xerogenic medications were eliminated from the analysis. In conclusion, hyposalivation and xerostomia were more frequent among RA subjects not using xerogenic medication than among controls, although there were no significant differences in the median SFR between groups.

Comparison of salivary levels of mucin and amylase and their relation with clinical parameters obtained from patients with aggressive and chronic periodontal disease

Objective Salivary mucin and amylase levels are increased in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Due to the fact that aggressive periodontitis (AgP) not only differs from chronic periodontitis in terms of its clinical manifestation, the aim of this study was to compare salivary mucin and amylase levels and their relation to the clinical parameters of patients with aggressive periodontitis with that of patients with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods Eighty subjects were divided into two groups: 20 patients with AgP and their 20 matched controls and 20 patients with CP and their 20 matched controls, based on clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Whole unstimulated saliva was obtained and mucin, amylase and protein were determined by colorimetric methods. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between salivary mucin, amylase and protein levels and the clinical parameters. Results Salivary mucin, amylase and protein levels were increased in patients with AgP and CP but there were no differences between them or between control groups. Pearson's correlation analysis, determined in the entire subjects studied, showed a positive and significant correlation of mucin, amylase and proteins with CAL and PPD and a negative correlation with the flow rate. When Pearson's correlation analysis was carried out in each group separately, Fisher's z transformation showed no significant difference between both groups. Conclusion Comparison of the salivary levels of mucin, amylase and protein and their relationship with clinical parameters of AgP patients with that of CP patients revealed no differences between both groups. .

Efecto inmediato de infusiones de consumo habitual en las propiedades salivales / Immediate effect of commonly consumed infusions in the salivary properties

Gran cantidad de población consume cotidianamente infusiones, como el Té, Manzanilla y Yerba Mate. Diferentes estudios han determinado sus efectos benéficos en los seres humanos, razón por la cual, para este estudio se han seleccionado aquellas infusiones de uso habitual con el fin de caracterizar sus efectos inmediatos sobre las propiedades de la saliva. Con grupos de 37 sujetos sanos, entre 18-23 años, de bajo riesgo cariogénico se obtuvieron 3 muestras de saliva no estimulada: Basal; Post-ingesta de Agua Destilada (Placebo) y Post-ingesta Infusión (Té Negro, Té Verde, Mate, Manzanilla y Manzanilla con Endulzante), respectivamente. Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas bajo condiciones estándar. Se determinó el flujo salival (ml/min), pH mediante pH-metro (PL-600, GOnDO Electronics Co, TW) y capacidad buffer mediante método de Ericsson. Todos los datos se procesaron mediante la prueba ANOVA con el programa Origin 6.0. El promedio de Flujo Salival Basal (0,51 ml/min) tiende a aumentar destacando el efecto de la Manzanilla con Endulzante (0,63 ml/min); el pH basal (7,25) se mantuvo relativamente constante, y la Capacidad Buffer (4,38) también tiende a aumentar destacando la Manzanilla (5,01). El efecto de algunas infusiones es positivo sobre las propiedades salivales, destacando la Infusión de Manzanilla, Manzanilla con Endulzante y Yerba Mate las cuales aumentan significativamente el flujo y la capacidad buffer salival, lo cual sugiere un efecto benéfico en la prevención de caries.

A great number of the population consumes daily a variety of infusions such as Tea, Chamomile and Mate Herb. Different studies have determined their favorable effects in human beings, for this reason those infusions habitually used have been selected for this study, in order to characterize their immediate effects on the saliva properties. We studied groups of 37 healthy subjects, between 18-23 years of age, with low caries risk, and obtained 3 samples of non-stimulated saliva: Basal; Post-ingestion of Distilled Water (Placebo); Post-ingestion of Infusion (Black Tea, Green Tea, Mate Herb, Chamomile and Chamomile with Sucralose). All the tests were realized under standard conditions. We measured, salivary flow (ml/min); pH with pH-meter (PL-600, GOnDO Electronics Co, TW) and buffer capacity with Ericsson's method. All the information was processed with Anova Test in Origin 6.0. Our results showed the average of Salivary Basal Flow (0.51 ml/min) tends to increase standing out the effect of Chamomile with Sucralose (0.63 ml/min), the basal pH (7.25) was maintained relatively constant, and finally the Buffer Capacity (4.38) also tends to increase, emphasizing Chamomile (5.01). The effect of some infusions is positive on the salivary properties, emphasizing the Infusion of Chamomile, Chamomile with Sucralose and Mate Herb, which increase significantly the flow and the salivary buffer capacity. This suggests a favorable effect in the prevention of caries.

Estudio de confiabilidad de la prueba de sialometría para flujo no estimulado en sujetos adultos clínicamente sanos / Study of reliability of the sialometry test for non-stimulated flow in clinically healthy adult individuals

Introducción: En personas sanas, la velocidad de flujo salival o sialometría (VFS) puede afectarse por la edad, género y ritmo circadiano. No existe evidencia de la reproducibilidad de VFS no estimulada determinada en 5 minutos, en distintos momentos del día en un mismo individuo. Objetivos: Determinar confiabilidad de VFS no estimulada medida en 5 minutos, reproducibilidad en el tiempo y relación con rango etario y género. Metodología: Se determinó VFS durante 15 minutos en 42 individuos clínicamente sanos, con una mediana de 45.5 (30-65) años, entre 9 y 11 AM durante dos mañanas y entre 3 y 5 PM durante la tarde del segundo día de medición. La saliva se colectó en tubos separados durante 5 minutos y durante los 10 minutos restantes. El peso de las muestras fue expresado en ml/min. Los valores entre los grupos de estudio, se compararon mediante test t de Student, ANOVA y coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: VFS promedio fue de 0.623 +/- 0.329 y de 0.551 +/- 0.289 a los 5 y 15 minutos respectivamente (p=0.001). VFS fue mayor en hombres a los 5 y 15 minutos (p=0.001). VFS en mujeres, disminuyó al aumentar la edad. No hubo diferencias en VFS a los 5 minutos (p=0.375) y a los 15 minutos (p=0.825), en distintos días y momentos del día, en un mismo individuo. Conclusión: VFS colectada durante 5 minutos, en un mismo individuo, presenta valores constantes en distintos días y momentos del día.

Introduction: In healthy persons, the salivary flow rate (VFS) or sialometry can be affected by the age, the gender and the circadian rhythm. There is no evidence of the reproducibility of the non-stimulated VFS determined in 5 minutes, in different moments of the day in the same individual. Aim: To determine the reliability of the non-stimulated VFS measured in 5 minutes, its reproducibility over time and its relation with the age range and the gender. Methodology: VFS was determined for 15 minutes in 42 clinically healthy individuals, with a median age of 45.5 (30-65), between 9 and 11 AM in two mornings and between 3 and 5 PM in the evening of the second day of measurement. The saliva was collected in 2 separated pipes, one for the first 5 minutes and one for the 10 remaining minutes. The weight of the samples was expressed in ml/min. The values between the groups of study were compared by means of the Student’s t-test, ANOVA and the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results: The average VFS was of 0.623 +/- 0.329 and of 0.551 +/- 0.289 after 5 and 15 minutes respectively (p=0.001). VFS was higher in men after 5 and 15 minutes (p=0.001). VFS in women diminished as the age increased. There were no differences in VFS after 5 minutes (p=0.375) and after 15 minutes (p=0.825), in different days and moments of the day, in the same individual. Conclusion: VFS collected for 5 minutes in the same individual presents constant values in the different days and moments of the day.

Alteration of the oral environment in patients undergoing esophagectomy during the perioperative period

Objective: During the perioperative period, oral ingestion is changed considerably in esophagectomy patients. The aim of this study was to investigate oral environment modifications in patients undergoing esophageal cancer treatments due to changes in dietary intake and swallowing functions. Material and Methods: Thirty patients who underwent operation for removal of esophageal cancer in Tokushima University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Results: It was found that 1) the flow rate of resting saliva decreased significantly at postoperative period by deprived feeding for one week, although it did not recover several days after oral ingestion began, 2) the accumulation of dental plaque and the number of mutans streptococci in saliva decreased significantly after operation, while both increased relatively quick when oral ingestion began, and 3) the swallowing function decreased significantly in the postoperative period. Conclusions: These results suggest that dental professionals should emphasize the importance of oral health care and provide instructions on plaque control to patients during the perioperative period of esophageal cancer treatment.

Botulinum toxin A inhibits salivary secretion of rabbit submandibular gland / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Botulinum toxin A (BTXA) has been used in several clinical trials to treat excessive glandular secretion; however, the precise mechanism of its action on the secretory function of salivary gland has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BTXA on secretion of submandibular gland in rabbits and to identify its mechanism of action on the secretory function of salivary gland. At 12 weeks after injection with 5 units of BTXA, we found a significant decrease in the saliva flow from submandibular glands, while the salivary amylase concentration increased. Morphological analysis revealed reduction in the size of acinar cells with intracellular accumulation of secretory granules that coalesced to form a large ovoid structure. Expression of M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 receptor) and aquaporin-5 (AQP5) mRNA decreased after BTXA treatment, and distribution of AQP5 in the apical membrane was reduced at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after BTXA injection. Furthermore, BTXA injection was found to induce apoptosis of acini. These results indicate that BTXA decreases the fluid secretion of submandibular glands and increases the concentration of amylase in saliva. Decreased expression of M3 receptor and AQP5, inhibition of AQP5 translocation, and cell apoptosis might involve in BTXA-reduced fluid secretion of submandibular glands.

Perfil lipídico de ratos com hipertireoidismo induzido: efeitos do exercício físico agudo / Lipid profile of rats with induced hyperthyroidism: effects of acute exercise

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil lipídico de ratos Wistar com hipertireoidismo induzido em repouso e após exercício físico agudo. Foram utilizados 28 ratos machos Wistar, divididos em hipertireoidismo (H; induzido com tiroxina) e controle (C). Metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada em repouso. A outra metade foi submetida, imediatamente antes do sacrifício, à sessão única de exercício de natação, por 20 minutos (carga de 5% em relação ao peso corporal). Para as comparações entre os grupos utilizou-se Teste T de Student’s e ANOVA Two-Way, seguida de post-hoc de Newman-Keuls. O grupo H apresentou menor peso do tecido adiposo nas regiões mesentérica, retroperitoneal e subcutânea, comparado com o grupo C, o que reflete a perda de peso corporal neste grupo. Menores valores de colesterol total, LDL e HDL, na condição em repouso, foram observados no grupo H. Após o exercício agudo houve um incremento estatisticamente significativo de glicose em ambos os grupos, bem como, redução dos níveis de triglicerídeos no grupo C (p<0,05). As concentrações de lipídios totais nocoração foram menores em repouso para o grupo H quando comparado com o grupo C. Após sessão aguda de exercício físico essas concentrações se elevaram no grupo H (p<0,05). A droga utilizada induziu características de hipertireoidismo, associadas ao perfil lipídico, em ratos Wistar. O exercício físico agudo não alterou o perfil lipídico dos animais com hipertireoidismo experimental, exceto os lipídios totais do coração. A partir dos achados do presente estudo, trabalhos futuros poderão utilizar intensidade de exercício físico similar (5% do peso corporal) e analisar outros parâmetros metabólicos relacionados a essa patologia em ratos.

The aim of this study was to analyze the lipid profile of rats Wistar with hyperthyroidism at rest and after an acute exercise session. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into hyperthyroidism (H; induced with tiroxin), and control (C). Half of the animals of each group were sacrificed at rest. The other half was submitted, immediately before the sacrifice, to an a session of swimming exercise for 20 minutes. For the comparisons among the groups Student's t test and ANOVA Two-way test were used, following by post-hoc of Newman-Keuls. The H group presented lower adipose tissue weight of the mesenteric, retroperitoneal and subcutaneous areas compared with the group C, which reflects the loss of corporal weight observed in this group. Lower values of the total cholesterol, LDL and HDL were observed in the H group at rest condition. After exercise there was a glucose increment in both groups, and reduction of the triglycerides levels in the C group (p<0.05). The concentrations of total lipids in the heart were lower at rest for the H group compared with the C group. After the acute session of physical exercise those concentrations enhanced in the H group (p<0.05). The drug used was efficient in inducing characteristics of hyperthyroidism, associated to the lipid profile, in Wistar rats and that the acute session of exercise did not changed the lipid profile of the animals with experimental hyperthyroidism. This is important, because future studies may use similar intensity of physical exercise (5% body weight) and analyze other metabolic parameters associated with this pathology in rats.

Effect of xylitol chewing gum on dental plaque, saliva flow and saliva buffer capacity in Chilean youngsters / Efecto de chicles con xilitol sobre placa bacteriana, flujo salival y capacidad buffer de la saliva en adolescentes chilenos

Prevention is the area of dentistry that should be given more emphasis to reduce further consequences on the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to assess the use of xylitol chewing gum on dental plaque, saliva flow and saliva buffer capacity in youngster. Fifteen dental students were randomly assigned to a study and control group, the first received a xylitol chewing gum while the second a placebo chewing gum, provided 4 times per day for 21 days. Dental plaque, saliva flow and saliva ph were measures at day 0, 7, 14 and 21st. Dental plaque concentration decreased in both groups (p >0,05), saliva flow increased (p>0,05) and saliva ph was incremented but no significant differences were found among groups (p>0,05). The use of xylitol chewing gum helps to reduce dental plaque, increase saliva flow and ph, like the placebo chewing gum, but a larger study is needed to properly assess if xylitol has an additional benefit on the studied variables.

La prevención es el área de la odontología a la que se le debe dar más énfasis para disminuir posteriores consecuencias sobre la cavidad oral. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del uso de chicles con xilitol sobre placa bacteriana, flujo salival y capacidad buffer de la saliva en jóvenes. Participaron 15 alumnos de quinto año, se asignaron al azar en un grupo de estudio y un grupo control, consumiendo chicles con xilitol y un placebo respectivamente, 4 veces al día por 21 días. Se midió placa bacteriana, flujo salival y capacidad buffer de la saliva al día 0, 7, 14 y 21. La placa bacteriana se redujo en ambos grupos tras 21 días de tratamiento sin obtener valores significativos (p>0,05). Asimismo el flujo salival aumentó tanto en el grupo de estudio como en el grupo de control, pero sin encontrar resultados significativos (p>0,05). El pH salival aumentó en ambos grupos, sin obtener valores significativos (p>0,05). Los resultados sugieren quemasticar chicles con xilitol disminuye la placa bacteriana, aumenta el flujo salival y la capacidad buffer de la saliva, pero estudios con un mayor número de pacientes deberían realizarse para obtener valores significativos.