ABSTRACT
Introdução: o uso do tabaco em suas diferentes formas continua a ser uma das principais causas de morte evitáveis no Brasil. Com uma história de sucesso notável, o Brasil alcançou uma das maiores reduções significativas na prevalência do tabagismo desde 1990. No entanto, é preocupante que a taxa de declínio do consumo de tabaco tenha diminuído nos últimos anos, conforme sugerem as pesquisas. Objetivos: o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os resultados de três pesquisas domiciliares realizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Métodos: foi realizada a comparação da prevalência do uso de tabaco entre entrevistados com 18 anos ou mais, assim como foi avaliada a porcentagem de mudanças na prevalência entre 2008, 2013 e 2019, usando dados de três pesquisas: The Global Tobacco Adult Survey, do ano de 2008, e a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Brasil, dos anos de 2013 e 2019. Além disso, analisamos a prevalência no Brasil e seus estados de acordo com idade, gênero, nível educacional e raça. Resultados: a prevalência do tabagismo ativo diminuiu 19% entre 2008 e 2013, passando de 18,2% (IC 95%: 17,7;18,7%), em 2008, para 14,7% (IC 95%: 14,2;15,2%), em 2013. No entanto, em 2019, a prevalência foi de 12,6% (IC 95%: 12,2;13,0%), revelando uma redução de 14,3%. O tabagismo foi maior entre a população com baixo nível de escolaridade, status de renda mais baixo e raça/cor da pele preta e parda. Conclusão: a prevalência do tabagismo diminuiu no Brasil nas últimas três décadas. No entanto, recentemente, houve uma redução na intensidade da queda, exigindo atenção e análise cuidadosa das estratégias de prevenção e abandono do tabagismo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Health Strategies , Smokers/statistics & numerical data , Health Policy , Brazil , Residence Characteristics , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data , Smoking PreventionABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the prevalence and influencing factors of tobacco dependence among the population aged 15-69 in Tianjin to provide the basis for formulating targeted smoking control intervention policies and carrying out scientific smoking cessation intervention services. Methods: The data of this study comes from the 2018 Tianjin residents' health literacy monitoring survey. Probability-proportional-to-size sampling is adopted for sampling. SPSS 26.0 software was used for data cleaning and statistical analysis, and χ2 test and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors. Results: A total of 14 641 subjects aged 15-69 were included in this study. After standardized, with a smoking rate of 25.5%, including 45.5% for men and 5.2% for women. Among the population aged 15-69, the prevalence of tobacco dependence was 10.7%; among current smokers, the prevalence rate of tobacco dependence is 40.1%, of which the prevalence rate of male tobacco dependence is 40.0%, and the prevalence rate of female tobacco dependence is 40.6%. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, people who live in rural areas, have an education level of primary school or below, smoke every day, smoke the first cigarette ≤15 years old, smoke ≥21 cigarettes per day, and smoke for more than 20 packet years, people who report poor physical health are more likely to suffer from tobacco dependence (all P<0.05); age and smoking age did not affect the possibility of tobacco dependence (all P>0.05). Among current smokers, there was no significant difference in their willingness to quit smoking whether they had tobacco dependence (P>0.05). The proportion of people with tobacco dependence who have tried to quit smoking and failed is higher (P<0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco dependence among smokers aged 15-69 in Tianjin is high, and the demand for quitting smoking is great. Therefore, smoking cessation publicity should be carried out for key groups, and smoking cessation intervention work in Tianjin should be continuously promoted.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Smokers , Smoking/epidemiology , Tobacco Smoking , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiologySubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Tobacco Use Disorder , Smoke-Free Environments , Smokers/statistics & numerical data , Tobacco ControlABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#No consensus exists on the relative risk ( RR) of lung cancer (LC) attributable to active smoking in China. This study aimed to evaluate the unified RR of LC attributable to active smoking among the Chinese population.@*METHODS@#A systematic literature search of seven databases was conducted to identify studies reporting active smoking among smokers versus nonsmokers in China. Primary articles on LC providing risk estimates with their 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) for "ever" "former" or "current" smokers from China were selected. Meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled RR of active smoking.@*RESULTS@#Forty-four unique studies were included. Compared with that of nonsmokers, the pooled RR (95% CI) for "ever" "former" and "current" smokers were 3.26 (2.79-3.82), 2.95 (1.71-5.08), and 5.16 (2.58-10.34) among men, 3.18 (2.78-3.63), 2.70 (2.08-3.51), and 4.27 (3.61-5.06) among women, and 2.71 (2.12-3.46), 2.66 (2.45-2.88), and 4.21 (3.25-5.45) in both sexes combined, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The RR of LC has remained relatively stable (range, 2-6) over the past four decades in China. Early quitting of smoking could reduce the RR to some extent; however, completely refraining from smoking is the best way to avoid its adverse effects.
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Female , Smoking/epidemiology , Smoking Cessation , Smokers , Risk , Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
O cigarro eletrônico surgiu como uma tentativa para minimizar a dependência ao uso de tabaco, entretanto, engloba controvérsias e dúvidas acerca das reais implicações para o organismo humano. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura a fim de relacionar o uso de cigarro eletrônico com suas consequências para os humanos. Os estudos analisados relatam experimentos in vitro e in vivo em camundongos, demonstrando menor concentração de poluentes e nocividades no cigarro eletrônico comparado ao convencional, porém, seu potencial efeito maléfico está relacionado à composição do e-líquido, à maneira do uso e à variedade de aromas presentes nos produtos. Além disso, foram verificadas lesões celulares, hiperreatividade das vias aéreas, liberação de citocinas IL-8, IL-10 e TNF, redução da ação antimicrobiana de queratinócitos e potencial apoptose nas células alveolares. Foi observado também um aumento em até cinco vezes da concentração de carboxihemoglobina em comparação ao cigarro comum e um aumento na auto renovação de células de adenocarcinoma pulmonar de células não pequenas, devido à expressão de SOX2. Observa-se também que em casos de DPOC, o cigarro eletrônico não apresenta agravamentos na fisiologia respiratória, contrapondo outras ocorrências como asma, pneumonia, câncer de pulmão e doenças infecciosas que podem ser ocasionadas ou exacerbadas pelo seu uso. Contudo, pelo curto prazo de observação de seus efeitos, não é possível determinar com precisão a segurança dos cigarros eletrônicos, dessa forma, faz-se necessário que mais pesquisas longitudinais sejam desenvolvidas, auxiliando, assim, na construção de evidências sobre a segurança dos cigarros eletrônicos e na regulamentação futura do produto.
Electronic cigarettes emerged as an attempt to minimize tobacco dependence. However, its use is surrounded by controversies and doubts about the real implications for the human organism. Therefore, this study aims at performing a review of the most recent literature to corelate the use of e-cigarettes with their consequences for the human body. The analyzed studies relate in vitro and in vivo experiments on mice, demonstrating lower concentration of pollutants and harmfulness in the electronic cigarette than in conventional cigarettes. However, its potential harmful effect is related to the composition of the e-liquid, in its use and in the variety of aromas in the products. In addition, cellular lesions, airway hyperreactivity, release of IL-8, IL-10 and TNF cytokines could be observed, as well as reduced keratinocyte antimicrobial action and potential apoptosis in alveolar cells. An increase of up to five-fold the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in comparison to ordinary cigarettes and an increase in self-renewal of non-small pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells due to the expression of SOX2 have also been related. It could also be observed that in COPD cases, e-cigarettes do not present worsening in respiratory physiology, which contrasts with other occurrences such as asthma, pneumonia, lung cancer, and infectious diseases that can be caused or exacerbated by its use. However, due to the short term of observation of the effects, the safety of e-cigarettes could not be accurately determined, thus, the need for further longitudinal research is necessary, which could be used to help build evidence about the safety of e-cigarettes and also to create future regulation of the product.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Rats , Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems/instrumentation , Lung Diseases , Pneumonia/complications , Asthma/complications , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Smoking , Disease , Lung Injury , Tobacco Use , Vaping , Smokers , E-Cigarette Vapor/adverse effects , Lung NeoplasmsABSTRACT
To verify the presence of periodontitis, its severity, and their association with associated factors based on medical records of patients who attended the Dental Clinic of the Faculty of Southern Brazil over 4 years. This is a cross-sectional study, which included 422 medical records of patients aged ≥ 18 years. The clinically analyzed data were: plaque index (PI),bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Sociodemographic data, dental hygiene, harmful habits and chronic systemic diseases were described. Statistical analysis of binary logistic regression was used to verify the relationship between the severity of periodontitis and the exposure variables. The older adults [odds ratio (OR) = 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-4.54 41 to 55 years and OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.49-6.09 56 to 87 years], and men (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.18-3.14) showed higher chances of periodontitis severity. Smokers (OR = 3.54; 95% CI: 2.05-6.12), those with hypertension (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.23-3.63) and with diabetes (OR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.08-4.12) showed higher chances of developing advanced periodontitis. Advanced or severe periodontitis occurred in one-third of the patients. The findings showed that men, older adults, with systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smokers are more susceptible to severe periodontitis.
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Patients , Periodontitis/complications , Periodontitis/diagnosis , Universities , Periodontal Diseases/diagnosis , Thyroid Gland , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Periodontal Index , Medical Records/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Smokers , Hypertension/complicationsABSTRACT
We aimed to evaluate concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco among hospitalized patients as well as to compare the use of both substances among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and those with other diagnoses. A cross-sectional study took place in a hospital in Minas Gerais (Brazil). Structured surveys were used to evaluate tobacco and alcohol use. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. We interviewed 972 patients, in which 20.3% were hazardous drinkers and 14.9% tobacco users. Almost half of the smokers (47.6%) were hazardous drinkers, while 15.5% of nonsmokers engaged in harmful consumption of alcohol (p < 0.001). Tobacco use was higher among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus when compared with patients that did not have an Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome diagnosis (32.1% vs 14.4%, p = 0.009). Our findings showed the association of tobacco use and hazardous drinking among hospitalized patients in Brazil and a higher prevalence of tobacco use among patients living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. These findings can be used to develop smoking cessation interventions that address the comorbidities associated with substance use.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação do uso de álcool e tabaco entre pacientes internados em um hospital geral e comparar o uso das duas substâncias entre pacientes que vivem com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida e outros diagnósticos. Realizou-se um estudo observacional em um hospital público para avaliação do uso de tais substâncias. Entre 972 pacientes, 20,3% fizeram uso prejudicial de álcool e 14,9% de tabaco. Quase metade dos tabagistas (47,6%) fizeram uso prejudicial do álcool, enquanto 15,5% dos não tabagistas relataram uso excessivo da substância (p < 0,001). A porcentagem de fumantes foi significativamente mais alta no grupo de pacientes que vivem com o Virus da Imunodeficiência Humana do que nos demais diagnósticos (32,1% vs 14,4%, p = 0,009). Percebe-se a associação do uso de tabaco e uso prejudicial de álcool entre pacientes hospitalizados e alta prevalência do uso de tabaco entre pacientes que vivem com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida. Esses dados podem direcionar o planejamento de intervenções para cessação do consumo de tabaco que consigam direcionar as comorbidades relacionadas ao uso da substância
Subject(s)
HIV , Alcoholism , Tobacco Use , Smokers , InpatientsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The present study estimate the prevalence of negative self-rated health and to analyze its association with simultaneous risk behaviors (insufficient levels of physical activity, greater exposure to sedentary time and inappropriate sleep time) in students at a public university in the state from Minas Gerais, Brazil. It consists of cross-sectional study, with data collected through a questionnaire. The outcome variable was negative self-rated health. The independent variables were estimated by the questions related to the time spent on physical activity, sitting and sleep time, and these three behaviors were considered according to the risk criteria (none, one, two and three risk behaviors). The association was estimated by the Prevalence Ratios (PR), via Poisson regression. 1,110 students participated in the study. The prevalence of negative self-rated health among university students was 47.3%, and the prevalence of two risk behaviors and three risk behaviors were 41.3% and 11.3%, respectively. The simultaneous occurrence of three risk behaviors was associated with negative self-rated health in university students. The information in this study makes it possible to characterize the need for actions to promote health in the university environment.
RESUMO O presente estudo estimou a prevalência da autoavaliação de saúde negativa e analisou a sua associação com comportamentos de risco simultâneos (níveis insuficientes de atividade física, maior exposição ao tempo sedentário e tempo de sono não apropriado) em estudantes de uma universidade pública do ensino superior do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Consiste de um estudo transversal, com informações mensuradas via questionário e a variável desfecho foi a autoavaliação de saúde negativa. As variáveis independentes foram estimadas pelas perguntas referentes ao tempo despendido em: atividade física, tempo sentado e tempo de sono, e esses três comportamentos foram somados conforme os critérios de risco (nenhum, um, dois e três fatores de risco). A associação foi estimada pelas Razões de Prevalências (RP), via regressão de Poisson. Participaram do estudo 1.110 estudantes. A prevalência da autoavaliação de saúde negativa entre os universitários foi de 47,3%, e as prevalências de dois fatores de risco e de três fatores de risco foram de 41,3% e 11,3%, respectivamente. A ocorrência de forma simultânea de três fatores de risco mostrou-se associada com a autoavaliação de saúde negativa em universitários. As informações deste estudo possibilitam caracterizar a necessidade de ações na promoção de saúde no ambiente universitário.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Risk-Taking , Students , Health Status , Risk Factors , Self-Testing , Physical Education and Training , Sleep , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Universities/organization & administration , Exercise , Body Mass Index , Cholesterol , Public Health/education , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Sedentary Behavior , Smokers/statistics & numerical data , Sitting Position , Health Promotion , Life StyleABSTRACT
Objective: Smoking is among the most destructive habits which have numerous effects on the body.The chemical components of cigarettes destroy the anti-oxidant content of the saliva.In this study, the concentration of albumin and uric acid of healthy non-smokers and smokers was measured based on the frequency of smoking. Material and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 26 heavy smokers, 27 normal smokers, and 29 non-smokers between the ages of 25 to 40 were selected.The subjects did not suffer from any systemic or periodontal conditions.Unstimulated saliva was collected by spitting. The level of salivary albumin was measured by Bromocresol Green, and the level of salivary uric acid was measured by the uricase method.The selected method of analysis, using SPSS software, was One-Way ANOVA. Results: Mean albumin content of saliva was 33.52 ± 1.52 mg/dl in non-smokers and 23.88 ± 8.93 mg/dl in heavy smokers.The mean uric acid concentration in non-smokers was 2.98 ± 0.79 µmol/L and in heavy smokers was 2.32 ± 0.77 mg/dL.The differences between levels of both salivary uric acid and salivary albumin were significant in heavy smokers and non-smokers(P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, saliva concentrations of both Albumin and Uric Acid change based on the frequency of smoking.Decreased level of salivary albumin and decreased level of salivary uric acid can be considered as markers of the harmful effects of smoking on oral health. (AU)
Objetivo: Tabagismo está entre os hábitos mais deletérios, que causam inúmeros efeitos no organismo. Os componentes químicos do cigarro destroem os compostos anti-oxidantes da saliva. Neste estudo, a concentração de albumina e ácido úrico em pacientes saudáveis fumantes e não-fumantes foi mensurada e correlacionada coma frequência de fumo. Material e Métodos: Neste estudo transversal, 26 fumantes pesados, 27 fumantes moderados, e 29 não fumantes entre 25 e 40 anos foram incluídos. Os participantes não apresentavam nenhuma condição sistêmica ou periodontal. Saliva não estimulada foi coletada. Os níveis salivares de albumina foram avaliados por Verde de bromocresol, e o nível de ácido úrico foi mensurado pelo método de uricase. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se One-way ANOVA no software SPSS. Resultados: A albumina salivar foi de 33.52 ±1.52 mg/dl nos não-fumantes e 23.88 ± 8.93 mg/dl nos fumantes pesados. A concentração média de ácido úrico em não-fumantes foi de 2.98 ± 0.79 µmol/L e em pacientes fumantes pesados de 2.32 ± 0.77 mg/dL. As diferenças entre os níveis de ambos, ácido úrico e albumina, foi significante entre fumantes pesados e não-fumantes (p=0.001). Conclusão: Baseados nos achados deste estudo, concentrações salivares de albumina e ácido úrico baseados na frequência de fumo. A diminuição dos níveis salivares de albumina e ácido úrico podem ser considerados marcadores dos efeitos nocivos do cigarro na saúde oral(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Saliva , Uric Acid , Oxidative Stress , Albumins , SmokersABSTRACT
Introdução:O carcinoma de células escamosas de cavidade oral e orofaringe é uma neoplasia epitelial maligna comum, respondendo pela maioria dos casos de tumores de cabeça e pescoço. Ele está relacionado a hábitos comportamentais, como tabagismo e etilismo de longa duração, e à infecção pelo Papilomavírus humano. Objetivos:Esse estudo objetivou descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes diagnosticados com essa neoplasia na Liga Mossoroense de Estudos e Combate ao Câncer. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional com delineamento transversal a partir de dados presentes nos prontuários clínicos e laudos anatomopatológicos e no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade no período entre 2006 a 2018. Os dados foram analisados a partir do Software R, utilizandoo teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para as análises inferenciais e o método de Kaplan-Meier para análise da sobrevida. Resultados:225 prontuários foram analisados, sendo 70,22% de homens, 65,33% na faixa etária entre 46-70 anos e cor branca (51,57%). Destes, 25,78% eram tabagistas e 39,11% tabagistas e etilistas. O principal tratamento identificado foi a associação de cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Observou-se que 49,10% dos óbitos foram em decorrência dessa neoplasia. O principal estádio patológico encontrado foi o quatro A (34,22%). Foi identificada maior sobrevida nos pacientes acima de 70 anos, cujo tratamento foi exclusivamente cirúrgico. Menor sobrevida foi identificada em indivíduos que tinham associação de hábitos (etilismo e tabagismo). Conclusões:Nossos resultados sugerem que a evolução à óbito foi o principal desfecho clínico e, isso pode estar relacionado aos hábitos comportamentais que influenciam diretamente o curso e prognóstico da doença. Ademais, destaca-se a importância do diagnóstico precoce a fim de reduzir óbitos e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos, assim como a necessidade de implementar políticas educativas sobre os principais fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento dessa neoplasia (AU).
Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx is a common malignant epithelial neoplasm, accounting for most cases of head and neck tumors. It is related to behavioral habits, such as long-standing smoking and alcoholism, as well as to the human Papillomavirus infection. Objectives: This study aimed at describing the epidemiological profile of the patients diagnosed with this neoplasm in the Mossoró League for Studying and Combating Cancer. Methodology:An observational study with a cross-sectional design was carried out based on data present in the medical records and anatomopathological reports and in the Mortality Information System during the 2006-2018 period. The data were analyzed using the R Software, resorting to the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitneytest for the inferential analyses and to the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis. Results: 225 medical records were analyzed: 70.22% belonging to men, 65.33% aged between 46 and 70 years old and white-skinned (51.57%). Of these, 25.78% were smokers and 39.11% were smokers and alcoholics. The main treatment identified was the association of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It was observed that 49.10% of the deaths were due to this neoplasm. The main pathological stage found wasfour A(34.22%).Longer survival was identified in patients over 70 years of age, whose treatment was exclusively surgical. Shorter survival was identified in individuals who had associated habits (alcoholism and smoking). Conclusions:Our results suggest that evolution to death was the main clinical outcome; this can be related to the behavioral habits that exert a direct influence on the course and prognosis of the disease. Furthermore, the importance of early diagnosis is highlighted in order to reduce the number of deaths and improve the individuals' quality of life, as well as the need to implement educational policies on the main risk factors associated with the development of this neoplasm (AU).
Introducción: El carcinoma de células escamosas de la cavidad oral y la orofaringe es una neoplasia epitelial maligna común, que representa la mayoría de los casos de tumores de cabeza y cuello. Se relaciona con hábitos de comportamiento, como el tabaquismo y el alcoholismo, y la infección por el virus papiloma humano. Objetivos:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes diagnosticados con esta neoplasiaen la Liga Mossoroense de Estudios y Combate al Cáncer. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal a partir de los datos presentes en las historias clínicas e informes patológicos y en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad en el período 2006-2018. Los datos se analizaron mediante el Software R, con utilización de la Prueba de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para análisis inferencial y el método de Kaplan-Meier para análisis de supervivencia. Resultados:Se analizaron 225 historias clínicas, 70,22% en hombres, 65,33% con edades entre 46-70 años y blancos (51,57%). De estos, 25,78% eran fumadores y 39,11% eran fumadores y alcohólicos. El principal tratamiento identificado fue la asociación de cirugía, quimioterapia y radioterapia. 49,10% de las muertes se debieron a esta neoplasia. El principal estadio patológico encontrado fue cuatro A (34,22%). Se identificó mayor sobrevida en pacientes mayores de 70 años, cuyo tratamiento fue exclusivamente quirúrgico. Se identificó una menor sobrevida en personas que tenían hábitos asociados. Conclusiones:Nuestros resultados sugieren que la evolución hacia la muerte fue el principal resultado clínico y esto puede estar relacionado con hábitos de comportamiento que influyen directamente en el curso y pronóstico de la enfermedad. Además, se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico precoz para reducir las muertes y mejorar la calidad de vida, así como la necesidad de implementar políticas educativas sobre los principales factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de esta neoplasia (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Profile , Brazil/epidemiology , Mouth Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , Tobacco Use Disorder , Survival Analysis , Epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Papillomavirus Infections , Research Report , SmokersABSTRACT
Abstract The present study aims to investigate the impacts of cigarette smoking (CS) and water-pipe smoking (WPS) on the visceral adiposity index (VAI), hematological characteristics, and glycemic tolerance in Iraqi healthy smokers. A total of 528 healthy males from different locations of Baghdad city were allocated to three groups; nonsmokers (176), cigarette smokers (178), and WP smokers (174). Baseline characteristics, anthropometric and hematological markers and were reported. Glycemic control was evaluated using the glucose tolerance test. The evidence of elevated VAI, disrupted hematological markers, and impaired glucose tolerance was significantly (P<0.001) different compared with non-smokers and related to the duration of smoking. The impacts of WPS seem to be significantly greater than CS in certain parameters (hemoglobin, hematocrit, methemoglobin, and 2-hour glucose tolerance values). In conclusion, CS and WPS negatively impacted body fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and hematological markers. There is a positive association between the rate of smoking and obesity, glycemic intolerance in both groups
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Association , Tobacco Use Disorder/complications , Body Fat Distribution , Adiposity , Water Pipe Smoking/adverse effects , Glycemic Control/instrumentation , Hemoglobins/analysis , Smokers , Glucose Tolerance Test/instrumentation , Iraq/ethnologyABSTRACT
Objetivo: Avaliar a severidade da periodontite apical (PA) em ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro, por meio da análise histológica do perfil inflamatório e imunomarcação macrofágica. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizados trinta e dois ratos machos Wistar distribuídos em quatro grupos (n=8): PA (ratos com PA induzida); F (ratos expostos à fumaça do cigarro); FPA (ratos com PA induzida expostos à fumaça do cigarro); C (ratos sem PA e sem exposição ao cigarro). Para inalação da fumaça do cigarro, os animais permaneceram em câmara de tabagismo por oito minutos, três vezes ao dia por vinte dias antes da indução da PA. Em seguida, os animais tiveram as polpas coronárias expostas ao meio oral por 30 dias para a indução da PA e continuaram inalando fumaça até completarem 50 dias. No momento da eutanásia, as hemi-maxilas do lado direito foram removidas para avaliar o perfil inflamatório por coloração em hematoxilina e eosina e imuno-histoquímica para marcação macrofágica F4/80 (macrófago), CD206 (M2) e iNOS (M1). Dados não paramétricos foram analisados por Kruskal-Wallis, seguido de post-hoc Dunn e Mann- Whitney (P<.05). Resultados: O infiltrado inflamatório foi moderado no grupo PA e intenso no grupo FPA (P>.05). Na imunomarcação de macrófagos M1, os grupos C e F apresentaram diferenças significantes quando comparado aos grupos PA e FPA (P<0,05). No anticorpo F4/80 não houve diferença entre os grupos (P>.05). Conclusão: A inalação da fumaça do cigarro em ratos contribuiu para uma reação inflamatória periapical mais intensa, com presença predominante de macrófagos pró-inflamatórios M1, agravando a severidade da periodontite apical(AU)
Objective: To evaluate the severity of apical periodontitis (AP) in rats exposed to cigarette smoke, through histological analysis of the inflammatory profile and macrophage immunostaining. Material and Methods: thirty-two male Wistar rats were used, distributed into four groups (n=8): PA (rats with induced AP); F (rats exposed to cigarette smoke); FPA (AP-induced rats exposed to cigarette smoke); C (rats without AP and without exposure to cigarettes). For cigarette smoke inhalation, animals remained in a smoking chamber for eight minutes, three times daily for twenty days before AP induction. Then, animals had the coronary pulp exposed to oral environment for 30 days to induce AP while continued inhaling smoke until completing 50 days of experimental period. During euthanasia process, the right hemimaxillas were removed to assess inflammatory profile by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for macrophage immulabeling: F4/80 (macrophage), CD206 (M2) and iNOS (M1). Nonparametric data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, followed by post-hoc Dunn and Mann-Whitney (P<.05). Results: The inflammatory infiltrate was moderate in the PA group and intense in the FPA group (P<.05). Histomorphometric analysis of M2 macrophages revealed statistical differences between groups C and PA, and F and FPA (P>.05). In the immunostaining of M1 macrophages, groups C and F showed significant differences when compared to groups PA and FPA (P<0.05). While the PA and FPA groups presented a large amount of immunoreactive cells, being higher for the FPA group (P<0.05). In the F4/80 antibody there was no difference between the groups (P>.05)Conclusion: Inhalation of cigarette smoke in rats contributed to a more intense periapical inflammatory reaction, with a predominant presence of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, aggravating the severity of apical periodontitis(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Smokers , Smoking , Smoking/adverse effects , Inflammation , MacrophagesABSTRACT
Introducción: el estrés es el resultado del desequilibrio entre las exigencias y presiones a las que se enfrenta el individuo. El estrés pone a prueba la capacidad del individuo para afrontar su actividad y esto supone un problema de salud para el trabajador. Objetivo: explorar la asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina en una población de trabajadores de la salud de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 92 del IMSS. Material y métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó a 180 trabajadores fumadores activos, el estrés laboral fue evaluado con el cuestionario de Problemas Psicosomáticos para Estrés Ocupacional adaptado por el IMSS y la dependencia a la nicotina con el cuestionario de Fagerström. Se utilizaron pruebas de t de Student y prueba exacta de Fisher, el análisis estadístico fue realizado con el programa Stata 15. Resultados: la prevalencia de estrés laboral fue de 72.2% (leve, 42.8%; moderada, 20.6%, y severa, 8.9%). Las mujeres presentaron mayor estrés laboral en comparación con los hombres (76.1% frente a 56.0%; p = 0.008). La dependencia a la nicotina fue leve, 49.4%; moderada, 35.6%, y severa, 15.0%. El promedio de la prueba de Fagerström fue mayor en mujeres en comparación con hombres (3.75 frente a 2.83; p = 0.025), además se encontró una asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina (p = 0.011). Conclusiones: el 72% de los trabajadores presentaron estrés laboral, de igual modo se encontró la asociación entre el estrés laboral y la dependencia a la nicotina. Identificar las principales causas de estrés laboral junto con el apoyo de programas para dejar de fumar, ayudarían en el bienestar del personal de salud en las UMF.
Background: Stress is the result of the imbalance between the demands and pressures that the individual faces. Stress tests the individual's ability to cope with her activity, and this is a health problem for the worker. Objective: To explore the association between occupational stress and nicotine dependence in healthcare workers from the Family Medicine Unit No. 92 of the IMSS. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study that included 180 active smoking workers, occupational stress was evaluated with the Psychosomatic Problems for Occupational Stress questionnaire adapted by IMSS and nicotine dependence with the Fagerström questionnaire. Student's t tests and Fisher's Exact test were used. The statistical analysis was performed with the Stata 15 program. Results: The prevalence of occupational stress was 72.2% (42.8% mild, 20.6% moderate and 8.9% severe). Women presented greater work stress compared to men (76.1% vs. 56.0%; p = 0.008). Nicotine dependence was 49.4% mild, 35.6% moderate and 15.0% severe, the average of the Fagerström test was higher in women compared to men (3.75 vs. 2.83; p = 0.025), in addition an association was found between the work stress and nicotine dependence (p = 0.011). Conclusions: 72% of the workers presented work stress, in the same way the association between work stress and nicotine dependence was found. Identifying the main causes of work stress, together with the support of smoking cessation programs, would help in the well-being of health personnel in FMUs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Tobacco Use Disorder , Cross-Sectional Studies , Smoking Cessation , Health Personnel , Mexico , Occupational Stress , SmokersABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivos: Describir las características demográficas, histopatológicas, biología molecular tumoral y estadificación de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón de célula no pequeña atendidos entre diciembre de 2013 y diciembre de 2018 en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Resultados: Se incluyeron 392 pacientes con cáncer de pulmón de célula no pequeña, la mediana de edad fue 65.9 años (rango, 28,9 a 88,9 años). 198 (50,5%) pacientes fueron mujeres, obteniendo una relación hombre mujer 1:1. El 90.6% de los casos eran mayores de 50 años. Antecedente de tabaquismo se presentó en 211 (53,8%) pacientes, 75.8% de la población masculina y 32,3% de la población femenina eran fumadores. El adenocarcinoma se encontró en 293 (74,7%) pacientes y el carcinoma escamocelular en 73 (18,6%) pacientes. La estadificación patológica fue: estadio I en 22 (5,6%) pacientes, estadio II en 18 (4,6%), estadio III en 40 (10,2%) pacientes, estadio IV en 311 (79,3%) pacientes y no hubo dato en un solo paciente. Se detectó la mutación del EGFR en 21,2% de los pacientes. Los reordenamientos de ALK se identificaron en 4,6% de los pacientes y el PDL 1 solo se midió en el 9% de la población. Conclusiones: este estudio nos muestra el panorama general del cáncer de pulmón de célula no pequeña en la población colombiana, en donde la mayoría de los pacientes se diagnostican en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad y nos expone la necesidad de nuevas estrategias para la detección temprana y el acceso oportuno de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón.
Abstract Objectives: to describe the demographic and histopathologic characteristics, tumor molecular biology and staging of patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated between December 2013 and December 2018 at the National Cancer Institute of Colombia. Methods: a retrospective cohort study based on data from medical records. Results: 392 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were included. The median age was 65.9 years (range: 28.9 to 88.9 years); 198 (50.5%) patients were women, obtaining a 1:1 male-female ratio. 90.6% of the cases were older than 50 years. History of smoking occurred in 211 patients (53.8%), 75.8% of the male population and 32.3% of the female population were smokers. Adenocarcinoma was found in 293 (74.7%) patients, while squamous cell carcinoma was present in 73 (18.6%) patients. The pathological staging was: 22 (5.6%) patients were in stage I, 18 (4.6%) had stage II, 40 (10.2%) patients were in stage III, stage IV was found in 311 (79.3%) patients, and there was no data in one patient. EGFR mutation was detected in 21.2% of patients. ALK rearrangements were identified in 4.6% of patients and PDL-1 was only found in 9% of the population. Conclusions: this study presents a general panorama of non-small cell lung cancer in the Colombian population, where most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease, and highlights the need for new strategies for early detection and better access for patients with lung cancer.
Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Tobacco Use Disorder , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Smokers , Lung Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Medical Records , Health StrategiesABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To evaluate the relationship between tobacco use and viral load and CD4+ T cell count in HIV patients. Results: The research conducted was a descriptive study of 317 patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 18 years old and above, who attended the "Unidad de Atención Integral" (UAI) at the Hospital Regional Universitario José María Cabral y Báez, in Santiago, Dominican Republic. Of those 317 patients, 172 were included in the data analysis. It was found that a 77.3% of smokers had a CD4+ T cell count equal to or below 250 cells/mm3. 75% of smokers had a viral load equal to or greater than 400 copies/ml. In addition, 82.9% of nonsmokers presented with a viral load below 400 copies/ml. The smokers were more likely to have a viral load equal to or greater than 400 copies/ml (OR = 6.285, P < 0.001), in comparison with nonsmokers. Patients younger than 45 years old were more likely to have a viral load equal to or above 400 copies/ml compared to older patients (OR = 3.313, P = 0.024).
Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el consumo de tabaco, la carga viral y el recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ en pacientes con VIH. Resultados: La investigación fue realizada mediante un estudio descriptivo a 317 pacientes en terapia antirretroviral de alta actividad (TARGA), de 18 años o ma yores, que asistían a la Unidad de Atención Integral (UAI) del Hospital Regional Universitario José María Cabral y Báez, en Santiago, República Dominicana. De esos 317 pacientes, 172 se incluyeron en el análisis de datos. Se encontró que un 77,3% de los fumadores tenían un recuento de células T CD4 + igual o inferior a 250 células / mm3. El 75% de los fumadores tenían una carga viral igual o superior a 400 copias / ml. Además, el 82,9% de los no fumadores presentaba una carga viral inferior a 400 copias / ml. Los fumadores tenían más probabilidades de tener una carga viral igual o superior a 400 copias / ml (OR = 6.285, P <0.001), en comparación con los no fumadores. Los pacientes menores de 45 años tenían más probabilidades de tener una carga viral igual o superior a 400 copias / ml en comparación con los pacientes mayores (OR = 3,313, P = 0,024).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Tobacco Use Disorder , CD4 Antigens , HIV , Viral Load , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Dominican Republic , Tobacco Use , SmokersABSTRACT
Introducción: La recesión gingival es uno de los defectos estético-funcionales más comunes en la cavidad oral. Se caracteriza por la exposición de la superficie de la raíz debido a un desplazamiento del margen gingival apical a la unión amelocementaria. La literatura reporta un porcentaje de recubrimiento de la raíz favorable en recesiones gingivales clases I y II de Miller; sin embargo, varios estudios no lograron el recubrimiento total, lo que ha sido asociado a varios factores. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados al recubrimiento total de recesiones gingivales clases I y II de Miller en dientes tratados con colgajo de reposición coronal. Métodos: Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed SciELO, Redalyc, Lilacs y Scopus. De 105 investigaciones, se analizaron 7 que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Análisis e integración de las informaciones: El metaanálisis dio resultados no concluyentes, debido a la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios. Sin embargo, se detectaron los siguientes factores: el uso de ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (p < 0,0001), la presencia de tejido queratinizado adjunto ≥ 2 mm (p = 0,019), una profundidad de recesión gingival inicial > 3 mm (p = 0,020) y pacientes que fumaban más de 10 cigarrillos diarios (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Se identificaron el uso de ácido etilendiaminotetracético, la presencia de tejido queratinizado, la profundidad de la recesión y pacientes fumadores como posibles factores que intervienen el recubrimiento total de recesiones gingivales clases I y II de Miller en dientes tratados con colgajo de reposición coronal(AU)
Introduction: Gingival recession is one of the most common esthetic-functional defects of the oral cavity. It is characterized by exposure of the root surface due to displacement of the apical gingival margin to the cementoenamel junction. The literature about the topic reports a percentage of favorable root coverage of Miller class I and II gingival recessions. However, several studies do not report complete coverage, which has been associated to a number of factors. Objective: Identify the factors associated to complete coverage of Miller class I and II gingival recessions in teeth treated with coronally repositioned flap. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc, Lilacs and Scopus. Of a total 105 studies retrieved, seven met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis and integration: The meta-analysis did not achieve conclusive results, due to the high heterogeneity of the studies. However, the following factors were identified: use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (p < 0.0001), presence of adjacent keratinized tissue ≥ 2 mm (p = 0.019), initial gingival recession depth > 3 mm (p = 0.020) and patients who smoked more than 10 cigarettes a day (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, presence of keratinized tissue, recession depth and smoker patients were identified as possible factors involved in the complete coverage Miller class I and II gingival recessions in teeth treated with coronally repositioned flap(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Risk Factors , Smokers , Gingival Recession/epidemiology , Databases, BibliographicABSTRACT
Introducción: La histoplasmosis es una micosis causada por Histoplasma capsulatum. Este hongo se encuentra en las excretas de algunos animales (murciélagos y aves) y su reservorio es el suelo. Es una enfermedad endémica en el continente americano. La inhalación de esporas causa infección pulmonar primaria que puede diseminarse. Objetivo: Describir un caso de histoplasmosis bucal en un paciente seronegativo al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Caso clínico: Paciente diabético, fumador y alcohólico con cuadro febril de varios meses acompañado de manifestaciones respiratorias. Además, se constataron úlceras en encías y lengua, lesiones nodulares en mucosas del carrillo, fondo del surco vestibular y reborde alveolar. Se informó anemia, leucopenia y aumento de la velocidad de sedimentación globular. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante citología e histopatología. La terapéutica empleada fue itraconazol 200 mg tres veces al día, luego 200 mg dos veces al día por dos meses y una tableta diaria hasta seis meses después del segundo mes. El paciente se encuentra asintomático y las lesiones bucales desaparecieron. Conclusiones: La histoplasmosis se diagnostica fundamentalmente por la epidemiología, la clínica y el cultivo. Los estudios citopatológicos e histopatológicos de la úlcera confirman el diagnóstico. Este caso representa una forma no habitual de presentación de la enfermedad, que aunque no se sospecha usualmente, puede ocurrir. Este trabajo es una alerta a los estomatólogos, maxilofaciales y a todo aquel personal de la salud que asiste a pacientes con manifestaciones sistémicas(AU)
Introduction: Histoplasmosis is a mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungus is found in the feces of some animals (bats and birds) and its reservoir is the soil. Histoplasmosis is an endemic disease in the American continent. Inhalation of spores causes primary pulmonary infection, which may in turn be disseminated. Objective: Describe a case of oral histoplasmosis in a patient seronegative to the human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical case: A case is presented of a diabetic, smoker and alcoholic patient with fever of several months' evolution and respiratory manifestations. Examination revealed ulcers in the patient's gums and tongue, as well as nodular lesions in the mouth mucosa, the bottom of the vestibular sulcus and the alveolar ridge. Laboratory testing found anemia, leucopenia and an increased globular sedimentation rate. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytology and histopathology. The treatment indicated was 200 mg itraconazole three times a day and then 200 mg twice a day for two months, and a daily tablet for six months after the second month. The patient is now asymptomatic and the oral lesions have disappeared. Conclusions: Histoplasmosis is mainly diagnosed by epidemiological testing, clinical examination and culture. Cytopathologic and histopathological analysis of the ulcer confirm the diagnosis. The case illustrates an infrequent form of presentation of the disease, not usually suspected but possible. The study is a warning to dentists, maxillofacial specialists and all the health personnel caring for patients with systemic manifestations(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Ulcer , Itraconazole , Alcoholics , Smokers , Histoplasmosis , Leukopenia , Mouth MucosaABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC) responds to autonomic activity through exercise. However, there is a gap in the literature on how NMC responds to resistance exercise. Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of resistance tube exercise on NMC and the autonomic nervous system in smokers. Methods: Clinical trial was performed with 18 individuals. Personal, anthropometric, and smoking history data were collected, and a pulmonary function test was performed by spirometry. The fatigue resistance test was performed in order to obtain the number of repetitions for the prescription of exercise. Heart rate variability was captured using a monitor. Subsequently, the exhaled carbon monoxide (exCO) was measured and a saccharin transit test (STT) was performed for NMC. Results: The non-smoking group presented a significant decrease of 4.0±3.2 minutes in STT after P1 (p=0.021). Regarding HRV, the smoking group presented a significant decrease of mean RR (−90.3±53.0; p=0.011), SDNN (−560.0±1333.2; p=0.008), RMSSD (−13.6±10.5; p=0.011), LFms² (−567.3±836.1; p=0.008), HFms² (−223.8±231.8; p=0.008), SD1 (−9.7±7.4; p=0.011) and SD2 (−20.7±17.0; p=0.008), and an increase of mean HR (10.2±5.9; p=0.011) after P2. In the non-smoking group, a significant decrease was observed in the mean RR (−67.1±70.7; p=0.038), SDNN (−16.8±15.0; p=0.015), RMSSD (−12.3±14.7; p=0.011), LFms² (−831.2±1347.5; p=0.015), SD1 (−8.7±10.4; p=0.011), and SD2 (−22.0±19.1; p=0.015), while an increase in HR (7.1±7.3; p=0.028) was found after P1. Conclusions: The intensity of the resistance exercise applied to the patient was not enough to promote changes in smokers. By contrast, in non-smokers, the same intensity of exercise was effective in promoting alterations in the NMC and autonomic activity. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2021; 34(2):223-230)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Mucociliary Clearance , Smokers , Endurance Training/methods , Respiratory Function Tests , Exercise , Smoking/adverse effectsABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo: Discutir los efectos sobre la salud causados por el uso de cigarrillos electrónicos. Material y métodos: Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed/Medline de artículos completos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Se utilizaron un total de 21 artículos, según los criterios de inclusión establecidos, con mayor prevalencia de estudios transversales. Resultados: Se encontró que los cigarrillos electrónicos pueden incluso ayudar en el cese del tabaquismo convencional, sin embargo, sus usuarios no están exentos de sufrir complicaciones de salud sistémicas. Estos contienen sustancias tóxicas y no deben considerarse completamente seguros e inofensivos. Conclusiones: se necesitan más estudios para determinar las implicaciones para la salud a largo plazo del uso de este deben considerarse completamente seguros e inofensivos.
SUMMARY Objective: to discuss the health effects caused by the use of electronic cigarettes. Material and Methods : A search was performed in the PubMed/Medline database of complete articles published in the last 10 years. A total of 21 articles were used, according to the established inclusion criteria, with a higher prevalence of cross-sectional studies. Results: It was verified that electronic cigarettes may even help in the cessation of conventional smoking, however, their users are not exempt from suffering systemic health complications. They present toxic substances and should not be considered totally safe and harmless. Conclusions : Further studies are still needed to determine the implications of the use of this electronic device on the health of its users in the long term.