Innovative insights into extrachromosomal circular DNAs in gynecologic tumors and reproduction

Originating but free from chromosomal DNA, extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are organized in circular form and have long been found in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Their biogenesis and function are poorly understood as they are characterized by sequence homology with linear DNA, for which few detection methods are available. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have revealed that eccDNAs play crucial roles in tumor formation, evolution, and drug resistance as well as aging, genomic diversity, and other biological processes, bringing it back to the research hotspot. Several mechanisms of eccDNA formation have been proposed, including the breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) and translocation-deletion-amplification models. Gynecologic tumors and disorders of embryonic and fetal development are major threats to human reproductive health. The roles of eccDNAs in these pathological processes have been partially elucidated since the first discovery of eccDNA in pig sperm and the double minutes in ovarian cancer ascites. The present review summarized the research history, biogenesis, and currently available detection and analytical methods for eccDNAs and clarified their functions in gynecologic tumors and reproduction. We also proposed the application of eccDNAs as drug targets and liquid biopsy markers for prenatal diagnosis and the early detection, prognosis, and treatment of gynecologic tumors. This review lays theoretical foundations for future investigations into the complex regulatory networks of eccDNAs in vital physiological and pathological processes.

Maturation and development of fetal pig intestinal tissue in immunodeficient mice

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the degree of maturation and development of fetal pig segmental intestinal tissue with that of spheroids created by in-vitro reaggregation of dissociated fetal intestinal cells after transplantation into immunodeficient mice. Methods: Fetal pig small intestines were transplanted as segmental grafts into the omentum and subrenal capsules of immunodeficient mice or enzymatically treated to generate single cells. Spheroids made by in-vitro reaggregation of these cells were transplanted into the subrenal capsules of immunodeficient mice. The segmental grafts and spheroids were harvested four and eight weeks after transplantation, and the structural maturity and in-vivo development of these specimens were histologically evaluated. Results: The spheroids were engrafted and supplied blood vessels from the host mice, but an intestinal layered structure was not clearly observed, and there was almost no change in size. On the other hand, the segmental grafts formed deep crypts in the mucus membrane, the inner circular layer, and outer longitudinal muscles. The crypts of the transplanted grafts harvested at eight weeks were much deeper, and the smooth muscle layer and the enteric nervous system were more mature than those of grafts harvested at the fourth week, although the intestinal peristaltic wave was not observed. Conclusions: Spheroids created from fetal small intestinal cells could not form layered structures or mature sufficiently. Conversely, segmental tissues structurally matured and developed after in-vivo transplantation and are therefore potential grafts for transplantation.

Incorporación a nivel nacional de tecnología no invasiva para valoración del dolor y/o disconfort neonatal / Incorporation of non-invasive technology for the assessment of neonatal pain and/or discomfort at national level / Incorporação a nível nacional de tecnologia não invasiva para avaliação da dor e/ou desconforto neonatal

Introducción: la exposición a estímulos dolorosos y estrés en la etapa neonatal, sin un correcto tratamiento, tiene consecuencias a corto y largo plazo. El diagnóstico adecuado es un desafío, ya que las escalas clínicas son subjetivas y se requieren herramientas de detección con mejor objetividad y capacidad de interpretación del disconfort/dolor neonatal. Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) es una tecnología no invasiva de monitorización continua del dolor en neonatos, desarrollada recientemente dada la dificultad de objetivar el dolor mediante los métodos convencionales en la práctica clínica. Esta tecnología se basa en el análisis de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), lo que permite aproximarse a la actividad del sistema parasimpático. Objetivos: el objetivo de esta investigación fue valorar el disconfort en un modelo de cerdo recién nacido (RN) y en humanos neonatos expuestos a maniobras nociceptivas con la utilización de tecnología no invasiva (NIPE), en la maternidad del Hospital Universitario. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal, en seis cerdos RN, anestesiados, monitorizados hemodinámicamente y sometidos a un procedimiento quirúrgico mayor (toracotomía lateral izquierda con abordaje cardíaco, pericardiostomía y acceso vascular pulmonar transventricular derecho) y 12 procedimientos mínimamente invasivos de la práctica clínica habitual, como vacunación BCG, hemoglucotest y pesquisa, que generan un estímulo nociceptivo en ocho RN de término sanos. Se incluyeron RN sanos de término (EG entre 37-41 semanas más seis días) internados en el alojamiento conjunto madre-hijo, se excluyeron de la muestra los RN que presentaron alguna patología y aquellos cuyos padres no aceptaron la participación en el estudio. Resultados: se comparó la variabilidad de la FC mediante detección automatizada (NIPE™) para estimación objetiva del dolor/disconfort. Se comparó en la clínica con una escala validada y ampliamente utilizada en neonatos: Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). Para valorar la asociación entre variables NIPE™ y FC se utilizaron correlación de Spearman, el test de Kruskall-Wallis o test de chi cuadrado con corrección de Fisher, según correspondiera. Se encontró una correlación negativa entre FC y NIPE™ tanto para el grupo de neonatos humanos (r=-1; p=0,008) como para el modelo animal (r=-0,6; p=0,0004). No se encontró asociación significativa entre NIPE™ y la escala PIPP. La variación entre valores de NIPE™ pre y posestímulo en RN humanos fue significativa (p=0,008). Conclusiones: determinamos que en ambos escenarios explorados los valores de NIPE™ descienden ante estímulos nociceptivos y los cambios en la FC se relacionan con sus valores, independientemente de la especie o la agresividad de la maniobra. Este trabajo es el primero a nivel nacional incorporando el uso de esta tecnología, creemos que tendrá impacto en la forma de evaluar y abordar el dolor por parte de los equipos asistenciales y de experimentación.

Introduction: exposure to painful stimuli and stress in the neonatal stage, without correct treatment, has short and long-term consequences. Proper diagnosis is a challenge since clinical scales are subjective, and we require more objective screening tools and a better ability to interpret neonatal discomfort/pain. Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) is a non-invasive technology for continuous pain monitoring in neonates, recently developed given the difficulty to objectify pain using conventional methods in clinical practice. This technology is based on the analysis of heart rate variability (HR), which allows us to approximate the activity of the parasympathetic system. Objectives: the objective of this research was to assess discomfort in a newborn pig model (NB) and in human neonates exposed to nociceptive maneuvers with the use of non-invasive technology (NIPE), in the maternity ward of the University Hospital. Material and methods: an observational, longitudinal study was carried out in 6 NB pigs, anesthetized, hemodynamically monitored and subjected to a major surgical procedure (left lateral thoracotomy with cardiac approach, pericardiostomy and right trans ventricular pulmonary vascular access) and 12 minimally invasive procedures, from clinical practice. routine such as BCG vaccination, hemoglucotest and screening, which generate a nociceptive stimulus in 8 healthy term newborns. Healthy term newborns (GA between 37-41 weeks plus 6 days) admitted to the mother-child joint accommodation were included, We excluded those NB patients who presented some pathology or whose parents did not accept participation in the study. Results: HR variability was compared using automated detection (NIPETM) for objective estimation of pain/discomfort. It was compared in the clinic with a validated and widely used scale in neonates: Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). We used the Spearman's correlation, the Kruskall-Wallis test or the Chi square test with Fisher's correction to assess the association between NIPE™ variables and HR, as needed. A negative correlation was found between HR and NIPETM for both the group of neonates. humans (r=-1; p=0.008) and for the animal model (r=-0.6; p=0.0004). No significant association was found between NIPETM and the PIPP scale. The variation between pre- and post-stimulus NIPE™ values in human NBs was significant (p=0.008). Conclusions: we conclude that in both scenarios explored, NIPE™ values decrease when faced with nociceptive stimuli and changes in HR are related to its values, regardless of the species or the aggressiveness of the maneuver. This paper is the first at a national level to incorporate the use of this technology, we believe it will have an impact on the way pain is assessed and addressed by healthcare and experimental teams.

Introdução: a exposição a estímulos dolorosos e ao estresse na fase neonatal, sem tratamento correto, traz consequências a curto e longo prazo. O diagnóstico adequado é um desafio, uma vez que as escalas clínicas são subjetivas e são necessárias ferramentas de triagem com melhor objetividade e capacidade de interpretar o desconforto/dor neonatal. A Avaliação Parassimpática do Recém-Nascido (NIPE™) é uma tecnologia não invasiva para monitoramento contínuo da dor em neonatos, desenvolvida recentemente devido à dificuldade de objetivar a dor usando métodos convencionais na prática clínica. Esta tecnologia baseia-se na análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (FC), o que nos permite aproximar a atividade do sistema parassimpático. Objetivos: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desconforto em recém-nascido modelo suíno (RN) e em neonatos humanos expostos a manobras nociceptivas com uso de tecnologia não invasiva (NIPE), na maternidade do Hospital Universitário. Material e métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, longitudinal, em 6 suínos RN, anestesiados, monitorados hemodinamicamente e submetidos a um procedimento cirúrgico de grande porte (toracotomia lateral esquerda com abordagem cardíaca, pericardiostomia e acesso vascular pulmonar transventricular direito) e 12 procedimentos minimamente invasivos, da prática clínica. rotina como vacinação BCG, hemoglicoteste e triagem, que geram estímulo nociceptivo em 8 recém-nascidos a termo saudáveis. Foram incluídos recém-nascidos a termo saudáveis (IG entre 37-41 semanas mais 6 dias) internados no alojamento conjunto mãe-filho, foram excluídos do A amostra incluiu RNs que apresentavam alguma patologia e aqueles cujos pais não aceitaram a participação no estudo. Resultados: a variabilidade da FC foi comparada por meio de detecção automatizada (NIPETM) para estimativa objetiva de dor/desconforto. Foi comparado na clínica com uma escala validada e amplamente utilizada em neonatos: Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). Para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis do NIPE™ e a FC, utilizou-se a correlação de Spearman, o teste de Kruskall-Wallis ou o teste Qui-quadrado com correção de Fisher, conforme apropriado. Foi encontrada correlação negativa entre a FC e o NIPETM para ambos os grupos de neonatos. (r=-1; p=0,008) e para o modelo animal (r=-0,6; p=0,0004). Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre o NIPETM e a escala PIPP. A variação entre os valores de NIPE™ pré e pós-estímulo em RN humanos foi significativa (p=0,008). Conclusões: concluímos que em ambos os cenários explorados, os valores do NIPE™ diminuem diante de estímulos nociceptivos e as alterações na FC estão relacionadas aos seus valores, independente da espécie ou da agressividade da manobra. Este trabalho é o primeiro a nível nacional a incorporar a utilização desta tecnologia, acreditamos que terá impacto na forma como a dor é avaliada e abordada pelas equipas de saúde e experimentais.

Reproduction technologies in pig farming: artificial insemination - literature review / Tecnologias de reprodução na suinocultura: inseminação artificial - revisão de literatura / Tecnologías de reproducción en la porcicultura: inseminación artificial - revisión de literatura

This summary addresses the use of reproduction technologies in swine farming, with an emphasis on artificial insemination (AI). Brazilian swine farming has been growing significantly and seeks new technologies to achieve high productive indices sustainably and competitively. Pigs present favorable characteristics such as high prolificacy, fertility, rapid growth, feed efficiency, and carcass yield, which has led to intensive development of the activity with advanced genetic selection. AI is widely employed to disseminate genetic material among different regions and farms. Several AI techniques are used in modern swine farming: intrauterine insemination (IUI) allows semen deposition in the uterine region, reducing costs; fixed-time insemination (FTAI) synchronizes estrus in various females, facilitating management and increasing efficiency; deep intrauterine insemination (DIUI) deposits semen in the uterine horns, obtaining better results; and cervical insemination (CI), a traditional technique widely used, although it may be more time-consuming and present higher reflux rates. The success of AI is related to knowledge of the reproductive cycle of sows, proper nutrition, and genetic and environmental factors. Semen quality is essential, requiring collection by trained professionals and evaluation of sperm motility and morphology. Although it is a consolidated technique, there are issues to be further explored to optimize its application, defining the exact moment for insemination, reducing reflux, and adopting effective protocols. AI is an essential tool for the growth of Brazilian swine farming, but it requires continuous studies to maximize its efficiency and results, considering the farm's production goal and the size of the enterprise to achieve high reproductive and productive indices.

Este resumo aborda o uso de tecnologias de reprodução na suinocultura, com ênfase na inseminação artificial (IA). A suinocultura brasileira vem crescendo significativamente e busca novas tecnologias para alcançar altos índices produtivos de maneira sustentável e competitiva. Os suínos apresentam características favoráveis, como alta prolificidade, fertilidade, rápido crescimento, eficiência alimentar e rendimento de carcaça, o que levou ao desenvolvimento intensivo da atividade com seleção genética avançada. A IA é amplamente empregada para disseminar material genético entre diferentes regiões e granjas. Diversas técnicas de IA são utilizadas na suinocultura moderna: a inseminação intrauterina (IAIU) permite a deposição do sêmen na região uterina, reduzindo custos; a inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF) sincroniza o estro em várias fêmeas, facilitando o manejo e aumentando a eficiência; a inseminação intrauterina profunda (IAUP) deposita o sêmen nos cornos uterinos, obtendo melhores resultados; e a inseminação cervical (IAC), técnica tradicional amplamente utilizada, embora possa ser mais demorada e apresentar maiores taxas de refluxo. O sucesso da IA estar relacionado ao conhecimento do ciclo reprodutivo das matrizes, à nutrição adequada e aos fatores genéticos e ambientais. A qualidade do sêmen é essencial, exigindo coleta por profissionais treinados e avaliação da motilidade e morfologia dos espermatozoides. Apesar de ser uma técnica consolidada, há questões a serem aprofundadas para otimizar sua aplicação, definindo o momento exato para a realização da inseminação, a redução do refluxo e adoção de protocolos eficazes. A IA é uma ferramenta essencial para o crescimento da suinocultura brasileira, mas requer estudos contínuos para maximizar sua eficiência e resultados, considerando o objetivo produtivo da granja e o tamanho do empreendimento para alcançar altos índices reprodutivos e produtivos.

Este resumen aborda el uso de tecnologías de reproducción en la producción porcina, con énfasis en la inseminación artificial (IA). La producción porcina brasileña ha crecido significativamente y busca nuevas tecnologías para alcanzar altos índices de productividad de manera sostenible y competitiva. Los cerdos presentan características favorables, como alta prolificidad, fertilidad, rápido crecimiento, eficiencia alimentaria y rendimiento de la canal, lo que ha llevado al desarrollo intensivo de la actividad con selección genética avanzada. La IA se utiliza ampliamente para difundir material genético entre diferentes regiones y granjas. Diversas técnicas de IA son utilizadas en la producción porcina moderna: la inseminación intrauterina (IAIU) permite la deposición del semen en la región uterina, reduciendo costos; la inseminación a tiempo fijo (IATF) sincroniza el estro en varias hembras, facilitando el manejo y aumentando la eficiencia; la inseminación intrauterina profunda (IAUP) deposita el semen en los cuernos uterinos, obteniendo mejores resultados; y la inseminación cervical (IAC), técnica tradicional ampliamente utilizada, aunque puede ser más demorada y presentar mayores tasas de reflujo. El éxito de la IA está relacionado con el conocimiento del ciclo reproductivo de las hembras, la nutrición adecuada y los factores genéticos y ambientales. La calidad del semen es esencial, requiriendo la recolección por profesionales capacitados y la evaluación de la motilidad y morfología de los espermatozoides. A pesar de ser una técnica consolidada, hay aspectos que deben ser profundizados para optimizar su aplicación, como la definición precisa del momento de la inseminación, la reducción del reflujo y la adopción de protocolos eficaces. La IA es una herramienta esencial para el crecimiento de la producción porcina brasileña, pero requiere estudios continuos para maximizar su eficiencia y resultados, considerando el objetivo productivo de la granja y el tamaño del emprendimiento para alcanzar altos índices reproductivos y productivos.

Aminoácidos essenciais em suínos: explorando as demandas nutricionais para um crescimento saudável / Amino acids essenciais em suínos: exploring nutritional demands for healthy growth / Aminoácidos esenciales en cerdos: explorando las demandas nutricionales para un crecimiento saludable

O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é elucidar os principais avanços relacionados à utilização de aminoácidos na nutrição de suínos e sua relação com o desempenho animal. Essa revisão foi realizada a partir de uma busca bibliográfica embasada em diferentes publicações encontradas em banco de dados. A busca por artigos foi realizada nas seguintes bases de pesquisa literária eletrônica: Web of Science e Google Scholar, utilizando termos de busca associados ou não, no plural ou singular, em inglês e em português, como: "aminoacids" and "swine" and "needs". Foram selecionados 45 arquivos, após o teste de relevância para uso no estudo, os mesmos foram tabulados em planilha do Excel® com as informações relevantes, para exploração na revisão. As exigências de aminoácidos devem ser atendidas em todas as fases desde o nascimento, seguindo recomendações por idade e sexo e categoria produtiva, visando a expressão máxima do seu potencial de produção, atendendo as exigências de aminoácidos para garantir a sanidade, potencial produtivo, reprodutivo e índices zootécnicos de interesse.

The objective of this literature review is to elucidate the main advances related to the use of amino acids in swine nutrition and its relationship with animal performance. This review was carried out from a bibliographic search based on different publications found in the database. The search for articles was carried out in the following electronic literary research bases: Web of Science and Google Scholar, using search terms associated or not, in the plural or singular, in English and Portuguese, such as: "aminoacids" and "swine" and "needs". 45 files were selected, after the relevance test for use in the study, they were tabulated in an Excel® spreadsheet with the information that is relevant, for exploration in the review. Amino acid requirements must be met at all stages of life following recommendations by age and sex and productive category, aiming at the maximum expression of its production potential, meeting the amino acid requirements guarantees health, productive and reproductive potential and zootechnical indices of interest.

El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es dilucidar los principales avances relacionados con el uso de aminoácidos en la nutrición porcina y su relación con el rendimiento animal. Esta revisión se realizó a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica a partir de diferentes publicaciones encontradas en la base de datos. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos de búsqueda literaria electrónica: Web of Science y Google Scholar, utilizando términos de búsqueda asociados o no, en plural o singular, en inglés y portugués, tales como: "aminoácidos" y "swine" y "necesidades". Se seleccionaron 45 archivos, luego de la prueba de pertinencia para su uso en el estudio, se tabularon en una planilla de Excel® con la información que sea relevante, para exploración en la revisión de recomendaciones por edad y sexo y categoría productiva, visando al máximo expresión de su potencial productivo, el cumplimiento de los requerimientos de aminoácidos garantiza sanidad, potencial productivo y reproductivo e índices zootécnicos de interés.

Triquinosis: el impacto sanitario de una patología emergente / Trichinosis: the health impact of an emerging pathology

La triquinosis es una zoonosis que afecta a los animales y al hombre, y es ocasionada por la ingestión de la larva Trichinella spiralis que habita en el músculo de los animales hospedadores y, tras ser ingerida por el hombre, pasa a la pared intestinal de éste donde se multiplica y sus embriones emigran a los músculos. De 1990 a 1999 se reportaron 5.217 casos y en otro posterior de 2014 a 2018 fueron 5.211 casos. Con un promedio anual de 579 casos y de 1302 casos. Como resultado del cambio climático, la triquinosis se traslada de climas fríos a templados, lo que la torna una enfermedad emergente. El cuadro clínico puede presentarse en forma benigna o aguda, y su evolución abarca un período de un año; en ocasiones provoca la muerte por complicaciones. El hombre es responsable de la crianza, la alimentación y el control sanitario del cerdo y de sus productos para consumo. Consideramos a esta zoonosis, un indicador del desarrollo de los pueblos. Con educación, cambios de conducta y cumplimiento de las normas sanitarias, se actuará en beneficio de la salud y el bienestar de la población. (AU)

Trichinosis is a zoonosis that affects animals and humans. It is caused by the ingestion of a larva called Trichinella spiralis which lives in the muscle of host animals. After being ingested by humans, the larva passes to the intestinal wall where it multiplies, and its embryos migrate to the muscles. From 1990 to 1999, 5.217 cases were reported, and in a later period from 2014 to 2018, there were 5.211 cases. With an annual average of 579 cases and 1.302 cases, respectively. As a result of climate change, trichinosis moves from cold to temperate climates making it an emerging disease. The clinical presentation can range from benign to acute, with an evolution period of 1 year; and sometimes it causes death due to complications. Humans are responsible for raising, feeding, and ensuring sanitary control of pigs and their products for consumption. We consider this zoonosis an indicator of the development of communities. Through education, behavioral changes, and compliance with sanitary regulations, actions can be taken to promote the health and welfare of the population. (AU)

Analysis of the Mechanical Behavior of Porcine Graft Fixation in a Polyurethane Block Using a 3D-printed PLA Interference Screw / Análise do comportamento mecânico da fixação do enxerto suíno em um bloco de poliuretano usando um parafuso de interferência PLA impresso em 3D

Abstract Objective The interest in using 3D printing in the healthcare field has grown over the years, given its advantages and potential in the rapid manufacturing of personalized devices and implants with complex geometries. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the mechanical fixation behavior of a 3D-printed interference screw, produced by fused deposition modeling of polylactic acid (PLA) filament, with that of a titanium interference screw. Methods Eight deep flexor porcine tendons, approximately 8 mm wide and 9 cm long, were used as graft and fixed to a 40 pounds-per-cubic-foot (PCF) polyurethane block at each of its extremities. One group was fixed only with titanium interference screws (group 1) and the other only with 3D-printed PLA screws (BR 20 2021 018283-6 U2) (group 2). The tests were conducted using an EMIC DL 10000 electromechanical universal testing machine in axial traction mode. Results Group 1 (titanium) obtained peak force of 200 ± 7 N, with mean graft deformation of 8 ± 2 mm, and group 2 (PLA) obtained peak force of 300 ± 30 N, and mean graft deformation of 7 ± 3 mm. Both the titanium and PLA screws provided good graft fixation in the polyurethane block, with no slippage or apparent deformation. In all the samples, the test culminated in graft rupture, with around 20 mm of deformation in relation to the initial length. Conclusion The 3D-printed PLA screw provided good fixation, similar to that of its titanium counterpart, producing satisfactory and promising results.

Resumo Objetivo O interesse em utilizar a impressão 3D na área da saúde tem crescido ao longo dos anos, dadas as suas vantagens e o seu potencial na rápida fabricação de dispositivos e implantes personalizados com geometrias complexas. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o comportamento de fixação mecânica de um parafuso de interferência impresso em 3D, produzido pela modelagem fundida de deposição do filamento de ácido polilático (PLA), com o de um parafuso de interferência de titânio. Métodos Oito tendões suínos flexores profundos, de aproximadamente 8 mm de largura e 9 cm de comprimento, foram utilizados como enxerto e fixados em um bloco de poliuretano de 40 PCF em cada uma de suas extremidades. Um grupo foi fixado apenas com parafusos de interferência de titânio (grupo 1) e o outro apenas com parafusos PLA impressos em 3D (BR 20 2021 018283-6 U2) (grupo 2). Os testes foram realizados utilizando uma máquina de teste universal eletromecânica EMIC DL 10.000 no modo de tração axial. Resultados O grupo 1 (titânio) obteve força máxima de 200 ± 7 N com deformação média do enxerto de 8 ± 2 mm, e a força máxima do grupo 2 (PLA) foi de 300 ± 30 N e deformação média do enxerto de 7 ± 3 mm. Ambos os parafusos de titânio e PLA forneceram boa fixação de enxerto no bloco de poliuretano, sem deslizamento ou deformação aparente. Em todas as amostras o teste culminou na ruptura do enxerto, com cerca de 20 mm de deformação em relação ao comprimento inicial. Conclusão O parafuso PLA impresso em 3D proporcionou boa fixação, semelhante à de sua contraparte de titânio, produzindo resultados satisfatórios e promissores.

The efficacy of porcine dermal collagen to treat complex anal fistulae: results of a multicenter cohort

Introduction: The management of complex anal fistulae remains a topical surgical problem. The choice and success of surgical management are based on the balance between healing and continence. Although porcine dermal collagen (Permacol Collagen Paste [PCP]- Covidien plc, Gosport, Hampshire, UK) represents a new generation of non-solid biomaterials, its results in anal fistulae are mixed. Methods: A multicenter observational retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with cryptoglandular anal fistula treated in four colorectal surgery units was performed between 2015 and 2020. Clinical cure of the fistula was the main outcome measure. Adverse events and alterations in anal continence were secondary outcomes. Results: The study included 119 patients (87 males, 71.1%), with a mean age of 53 years (IR 44-65). Most patients had complex (80.6%) and recurrent (91.6%) fistulae. With the first PCP treatment, the overall cure rate was 41.2% (49 patients) and 45.4% with the second treatment (5 out of 17 patients). The mean follow-up period was 17 months (IR 5-25). Healing was not affected by the location and type of fistula, the existence or not of a cavity, the number of tracts, or the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. After the PCP treatment, no patient in the series had worsening of continence. Morbidity affected 22.7% of the patients (27), with postoperative abscesses being the most frequent adverse event. There were no statistical differences between the four hospitals studied. Conclusions: Permacol collagen paste is a safe and easily reproducible therapy for complicated anal fistulae that has moderate efficacy. The overall success rate is slightly over 40%, with no detriment to fecal continence. (AU)

Comparative morphological and computed tomographical measurements of the orbit in cattle and pig eyes / Mediciones morfológicas y tomográficas computarizadas comparativas de la órbita en ojos de bovinos y porcinos

SUMMARY: Understanding species intraocular parameters using computed tomography (CT) scanning is initial and crucial step in ophthalmology. There is a lack of studies that have specialized in estimating the cattle and pig eyes using CT scans. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the anatomical and computed tomography features of cattle and pig eyes and its internal structures. Animal heads that not suffer from any diseases related to the eye were disarticulated. CT scan was performed. Moreover, 10 % fixed buffered formalin Specimens were used for the anatomical description of the eye and the optic nerve in particular. The values of length, width of the lens and globe, radio density of the optic nerve, lens, the anterior chamber, the vitreous chamber, and orbital dimensions were measured. Statistically, all parameters of cattle optic nerve increased significantly than that of the pig except for radiodensity, and angle of the optic nerve. Furthermore, all intraocular parameters of cattle increased significantly than that of the pig except the radiodensity of aqueous and vitreous humor. There was no significant difference between species in the opening angle of the orbit. This study's findings represent a first step toward developing CT reference values for cattle and pigs intraocular structural assessments.

Comprender los parámetros intraoculares de especies mediante la tomografía computarizada es un paso inicial y crítico en oftalmología. Faltan estudios enfocados en la estimación de ojos de bovinos y porcinos mediante tomografías computarizadas. Por tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características anatómicas y de tomografía computarizada de los bulbos oculares de bovinos y porcinos y sus estructuras internas. Se desarticularon cabezas de animales que no padecieran alguna enfermedad relacionada con el ojo. Se realizó una tomografía computarizada. Se fijaron las muestras en formalina tamponada al 10 % para la descripción anatómica del bulbo ocular y del nervio óptico en particular. Se midieron los valores de longitud del bulbo ocular, ancho del lente y la radio densidad del nervio óptico, lente, cámara anterior, cámara vítrea y dimensiones orbitarias. Estadísticamente, todos los parámetros del nervio óptico del ganado aumentaron significativamente con respecto al del cerdo, excepto la radio densidad y el ángulo del nervio óptico. Además, todos los parámetros intraoculares del ganado bovino aumentaron significativamente respecto a los del cerdo, excepto la radio densidad del humor acuoso y cuerpo vítreo. No hubo diferencia significativa entre especies en el ángulo de apertura de la órbita. Los hallazgos de este estudio representan un primer paso hacia el desarrollo de valores de referencia de tomografía computarizada para evaluaciones estructurales intraoculares de ganado vacuno y porcino.

Condenações de carcaça suínas devido a doenças respiratórias revisão bibliográfica / Pork carcass condemnation due to respiratory diseases bibliographic review / Condena de canales de cerdo por enfermedades respiratorias revisión bibliográfica

As doenças respiratórias são um problema significativo na produção suína e podem levar à condenação de carcaças no abate. Entre os agentes causadores dessas doenças destacam-se o Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e a Pasteurella multocida. O Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é um patógeno altamente contagioso, que ocasiona hemorragia, pleuropneumonia purulenta e fibrosa. A Pleuropneumonia é amplamente distribuída e gera graves prejuízos para a suinocultura. O Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ocasionador da pneumonia por micoplasma, doença respiratória crônica. As infecções originadas podem regular negativamente o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro e aumentar a infecção e assim a replicação de outros patógenos. A Pasteurella multocida é o agente causador de uma ampla gama de infecções levando a alto impacto econômico. Patógeno comensal e oportunista da boca, nasofaringe e trato respiratório superior. A identificação precoce e o manejo adequado desses agentes causadores de doenças respiratórias são fundamentais para minimizar a incidência de carcaças suínas. A adoção de medidas preventivas, como a vacinação e práticas de manejo adequadas, pode ajudar a prevenir a propagação dessas doenças e garantir a produção de carne suína segura e de alta qualidade para o consumo humano.(AU)

Respiratory diseases are a significant problem in pork production and can lead to condemnation of carcasses at slaughter. Among the causative agents of these diseases are Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a highly contagious pathogen that causes hemorrhage, purulent and fibrous pleuropneumonia. Pleuropneumonia is widely distributed and causes serious damage to pig farming. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes mycoplasma pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease. Originating infections can down-regulate the host's immune system and increase infection and thus replication of other pathogens. Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a wide range of infections leading to high economic impact. Commensal and opportunistic pathogen of the mouth, nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract. Early identification and proper management of these agents that cause respiratory diseases are essential to minimize the incidence of swine carcasses. Adopting preventive measures, such as vaccination and proper management practices, can help prevent the spread of these diseases and ensure the production of safe, high-quality pork for human consumption.(AU)

Las enfermedades respiratorias son un problema importante en la producción porcina y pueden provocar el decomiso de las canales en el matadero. Entre los agentes causantes de estas enfermedades se encuentran Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae y Pasteurella multocida. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae es un patógeno altamente contagioso que causa hemorragia, pleuroneumonía purulenta y fibrosa. La pleuroneumonía está ampliamente distribuida y causa graves daños a la cría de cerdos. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causa neumonía por micoplasma, una enfermedad respiratoria crónica. Las infecciones que se originan pueden regular a la baja el sistema inmunitario del huésped y aumentar la infección y, por lo tanto, la replicación de otros patógenos. Pasteurella multocida es el agente causal de una amplia gama de infecciones que tienen un alto impacto económico. Patógeno comensal y oportunista de la boca, nasofaringe y tracto respiratorio superior. La identificación temprana y el manejo adecuado de estos agentes causantes de enfermedades respiratorias son fundamentales para minimizar la incidencia de las canales porcinas. La adopción de medidas preventivas, como la vacunación y prácticas de manejo adecuadas, puede ayudar a prevenir la propagación de estas enfermedades y garantizar la producción de carne de cerdo segura y de alta calidad para el consumo humano.(AU)

Impactos relacionados à qualidade da água na suinocultura: revisão de literatura / Impacts related to water quality in swine farming: literature review / Impactos relacionados con la calidad del agua en la cría porcina: revisión de la literatura

O emprego de água na suinocultura global é o principal insumo e, conse- quentemente, elevado. Mas, para que o produtor obtenha resultados positivos técnicos e econômicos, precisa controlar que a água tenha a qualidade correta e seja ministrada na quantidade certa, seguindo as indicações da Instrução Normativa nº 113/2020 do Minis- tério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento-MAPA, acerca da qualidade exigida deste elemento líquido, bem como a Instrução Normativa nº 357/2005 do CONAMA, relacio- nada ao uso e controle da água potável destinada ao consumo de humanos e animais. Uma forma de manter a qualidade da água potável na suinocultura é utilizando o dióxido de cloro (ClO2), eficaz numa ampla faixa de pH (4-10) na eliminação de vírus, bactérias e algas. Neste trabalho, objetiva-se apresentar índices zootécnicos da suinocultura parana- ense relacionados com a qualidade da água potável ­ pH, alcalinidade, dureza e cloração - e o reflexo dela na sanidade do animal evitando a poluição dos efluentes. O procedi- mento metodológico adotado é qualitativo com abordagem indutiva e técnica de pesquisa exploratória baseada em uma revisão de literatura. Da pesquisa bibliográfico-documental em sites de revistas científicas como a UNIPAR, a SCIELO, a Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), e sites do MAPA obteve-se um vasto material de consulta e apoio acerca do tema apresentado. Conclui-se que a qualidade da água na suinocultura deve ser monitorada por um profissional para que a produção seja lucrativa, zelando pelo bem- estar do rebanho, oferecendo-lhes água potável devidamente tratada, evitando a cloração indevida, dureza e alcalinidade fora do padrão exigido por lei.(AU)

The use of water in world pig farming is the main input and, consequently, high. In order for the producer to obtain positive technical and economic results, he will need to control that the water has the correct quality and that it is administered in the appropriate quantity, following the indications of Regulatory Instruction No. 113/2020 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply-MAPA, on the required quality of this liquid element, as well as CONAMA Normative Instruction No. 357/2005, relating to the use and control of drinking water for human and animal consumption. One way to maintain the quality of drinking water in pig farming is by using chlorine dioxide (ClO2), effective in a wide range of pH (4-10) to eliminate viruses, bacteria and algae. In this work, the objective is to present zootechnical indices of swine production in Paraná related to the quality of drinking water - pH, alkalinity, hardness and chlorination - and its reflection on animal health, avoiding effluent contamination. The methodological procedure adopted is qualitative with an inductive approach and an exploratory research technique based on a literature review. From the bibliographical-documentary research on websites of scientific journals such as UNIPAR, SCIELO, the Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) and MAPA websites, a large amount of reference and support material on the topic presented was obtained. It is concluded that the quality of water in pig farming must be monitored by a professional so that production is profitable, ensuring the well-being of the herd, offering them duly treated drinking water, avoiding undue chlorination, hardness and alkalinity of the appropriate standard required by law.(AU)

El uso de agua en la porcicultura mundial es el principal insumo y, en consecuencia, elevado. Para que el productor obtenga resultados técnicos y económicos positivos, necesitará controlar que el agua tenga la calidad correcta y se administre en la cantidad adecuada, siguiendo las indicaciones de la Instrucción Normativa nº 113/2020 del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pecuaria y Suministro-MAPA, sobre la calidad exigida de este elemento líquido, así como la Instrucción Normativa del CONAMA n° 357/2005, relativa al uso y control del agua potable destinada al consumo humano y animal. Una forma de mantener la calidad del agua potable en la porcicultura es utilizando el dióxido de cloro (ClO2), eficaz en una amplia faja de pH (4-10) para eliminar virus, bacterias y algas. En este trabajo, el objetivo es presentar índices zootécnicos de la producción porcina en Paraná relacionados con la calidad del agua de bebida - pH, alcalinidad, dureza y cloración - y su reflejo en la salud del animal, evitando la contaminación de los efluentes. El procedimiento metodológico adoptado es cualitativo con un enfoque inductivo y una técnica de investigación exploratoria basada en una revisión de la literatura. De la investigación bibliográfico-documental en sitios web de revistas científicas como UNIPAR, SCIELO, la Biblioteca Digital de Tesis y Disertaciones (BDTD) y sitios web del MAPA, se obtuvo una gran cantidad de material de consulta y apoyo sobre el tema presentado. Se concluye que la calidad del agua en la porcicultura debe ser monitoreada por un profesional para que la producción sea rentable, velando por el bienestar del hato, ofreciéndoles agua potable debidamente tratada, evitando cloraciones indebidas, durezas y alcalinidades del padrón adecuado exigido por ley.(AU)

Use of organic acids to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium excretion in swine / Uso de ácidos orgânicos para reduzir a excreção de Salmonella Typhimurium em suínos

The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters and disease prevention is being constantly reduced in several animal production systems, including in the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using acidifiers to control Salmonella Typhimurium in 65-day-old pigs by detecting the pathogen in organs at euthanasia. For this, 24 piglets were divided into two experimental groups consisting of 12 piglets each. An untreated control group (G1) and a treatment group (G2) received a liquid organic acidifier in the drinking water for 10 days (D-5 to D5). Five days after the start of treatment (D0), all piglets were challenged with 106 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and assessed for 12 days (D12). Every three days (D3, D6, D9, and D12), three animals from each experimental group were euthanized and then submitted for necropsy. Samples from the intestines (ileum, cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileocolic lymph nodes), liver, spleen, and lungs were collected to isolate Salmonella. The results show that, numerically, Salmonella isolation in the organs of G2 was lower than in G1 and that the number of positive cecum samples in G1 (66.7%; 8/12) was statistically different from the number of positive models in G2 (16.7%; 2/12), with a reduction of 28.6% of the total cecum positive samples in the treated group compared to the control. Therefore, it was observed that the liquid organic acidifier product could reduce the colonization of organs by Salmonella Typhimurium. (AU)

Genetic relationships of the Yucatan black hairless pig with Iberian breeds using single nucleotide polymorfisms / Relações genéticas de porcos pretos calvos de Yucatán com raças ibéricas usando Polimorfismo de nucleotídeos isolados

To conduct ex-situ creole pig conservation programs, it is essential to determine which breeding animals will be used, preferentially those with a more significant Iberian genetic component to preserve their origin. This study used a Yucatan black hairless pigs (YBHP) subpopulation to estimate its genetic diversity and population structure. One hundred four adult pigs were selected for the absence of hair, black skin (without spots), black hoof, and straight snout. The porcine-GGP-50K chip was used for SNP genotyping in YBHP, and information on Iberian and Yucatán hairless pigs from the United States (USYU) was taken from databases. All analysis was performed using PLINK v1.9 and v2.1 software. Inbreeding and fixation index values were lower in YBHP, with high observed heterozygosity and allogamy index values, which agree with those obtained in the populations of Canarias and Chato Murciano. According to the clusters generated by the "Genome-Wide Identity by State" analysis, four groups were identified, one of which included pigs from Guadyerbas, USYU, and YBHP. Between populations, YBHP was closely related to the hairless pigs from Guadyerbas, USYU, and Canarias. Principal component analysis showed the same result. According to the results obtained from the runs of homozygosity investigation, aimed to get pools consensus of regions of overlapping, 119 SNPs associated with genes and biological processes were identified. The BMP7 and NSUN2 genes were associated with epithelial cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and epithelial development. For nutrient metabolism: energy, the HADHA, PPARA, ADD1/SREBF1, and FAT 1genes were identified.(AU)

Para realizar programas de conservação ex-situ de suínos crioulos, é importante determinar quais animais serão criados, preferencialmente aqueles com maior componente de genética ibérica, para preservar sua origem. Uma subpopulação de porco preto calvo de Yucatán (YBHP) foi usada para estimar sua diversidade genética e estrutura populacional. Um total de 104 suínos adultos foram selecionados levando-se em consideração características como ausência de pelos, pele preta (sem manchas), casco preto e focinho reto. O painel GGP-50K foi utilizado para a genotipagem dos SNPs em animais YBHP, e informações de porcos sem pelos ibéricos e de Yucatán dos Estados Unidos (USYU) foram retiradas de bancos de dados. Todas as análises foram realizadas com o software PLINK v1.9 e v2.1. Os valores dos índices de endogamia e fixação foram menores em YBHP, com altos valores de índice de heterozigosidade e alogamia observados, que concordam com os obtidos nas populações de Canárias e Chato Murciano. De acordo com os clusters gerados pela análise "Genoma-Wide Identity By State", quatro grupos foram identificados, um dos quais incluiu porcos de Guadyerbas, USYU e YBHP. Entre as populações, YBHP estava intimamente relacionado com os porcos sem pelo de Guadyerbas, USYU e Canárias. A análise de componentes principais mostrou o mesmo resultado. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nas corridas de investigação de homozigose, visando obter consenso de pools de regiões de sobreposição, foram identificados 119 SNPs associados a genes e processos biológicos. Os genes BMP7 e NSUN2 foram associados à diferenciação de células epiteliais, morfogênese e desenvolvimento epitelial. Para metabolismo de nutrientes: energia, os genes HADHA, PPARA, ADD1/SREBF1 e FAT1 foram identificados.(AU)

Use of organic acids to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium excretion in swine / Uso de ácidos orgânicos para reduzir a excreção de Salmonella Typhimurium em suínos

The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters and disease prevention is being constantly reduced in several animal production systems, including in the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using acidifiers to control Salmonella Typhimurium in 65-day-old pigs by detecting the pathogen in organs at euthanasia. For this, 24 piglets were divided into two experimental groups consisting of 12 piglets each. An untreated control group (G1) and a treatment group (G2) received a liquid organic acidifier in the drinking water for 10 days (D-5 to D5). Five days after the start of treatment (D0), all piglets were challenged with 106 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and assessed for 12 days (D12). Every three days (D3, D6, D9, and D12), three animals from each experimental group were euthanized and then submitted for necropsy. Samples from the intestines (ileum, cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileocolic lymph nodes), liver, spleen, and lungs were collected to isolate Salmonella. The results show that, numerically, Salmonellaisolation in the organs of G2 was lower than in G1 and that the number of positive cecum samples in G1 (66.7%; 8/12) was statistically different from the number of positive models in G2 (16.7%; 2/12), with a reduction of 28.6% of the total cecum positive samples in the treated group compared to the control. Therefore, it was observed that the liquid organic acidifier product could reduce the colonization of organs by Salmonella Typhimurium.(AU)

O uso de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento e prevenção de doenças vem sendo constantemente reduzido em diversos sistemas de produção animal, inclusive na suinocultura. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do uso de acidificantes no controle de Salmonella Typhimurium em suínos de 65 dias de idade, detectando o patógeno em órgãos após a eutanásia. Para isso, 24 leitões foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais constituídos por 12 leitões cada. Um grupo controle não tratado (G1) e um grupo de tratamento (G2) que recebeu um acidificante orgânico líquido na água de beber por 10 dias (D-5 a D5). Cinco dias após o início do tratamento (D0), todos os animais foram inoculados oralmente com 106 UFC de Salmonella Typhimurium e avaliados por 12 dias (D12). A cada três dias (D3, D6, D9 e D12), três leitões de cada grupo experimental foram eutanasiados e posteriormente submetidos à necropsia. Amostras de intestino (íleo, ceco, linfonodos mesentéricos e linfonodos ileocólicos), fígado, baço e pulmões foram coletadas para o isolamento de Salmonella. Os resultados mostram que, numericamente, o isolamento de Salmonella nos órgãos do G2 foi inferior ao G1, e que o número de amostras positivas de ceco no G1 (66,7%; 8/12) foi estatisticamente diferente do número de amostras positivas no G2 (16,7%; 2/12), com redução de 28,6% do total de amostras positivas de ceco no grupo tratado em relação ao controle. Portanto, observou-se que o ácido orgânico líquido foi capaz de reduzir a colonização de órgãos por Salmonella Typhimurium.(AU)

Molecular detection and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in pigs in Anhui Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in pigs in Anhui Province.@*METHODS@#A total of 500 stool samples were collected from large-scale pig farms in Bozhou, Anqing, Chuzhou, Hefei, Fuyang, and Lu'an cities in Anhui Province from October to December 2015. Blastocystis was detected in pig stool samples using a PCR assay based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, and positive samples were subjected to sequencing and sequence analysis. Blastocystis subtypes were characterized in the online PubMLST database, and verified using phylogenetic tree created with the neighbor-joining algorithm in the Meta software.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 43.2% (216/500) in pigs in 6 cities of Anhui Province, and all pig farms were tested positive for Blastocystis. There was a region-specific prevalence rate of Blastocystis (17.2% to 50.0%) (χ2 = 26.084, P < 0.01), and there was a significant difference in the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. among nursery pigs (39.6%), preweaned pigs (19.1%), and growing pigs (62.3%) (χ2 = 74.951, P < 0.01). Both online inquiry and phylogenetic analysis revealed ST1, ST3, and ST5 subtypes in pigs, with ST5 as the predominant subtype.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of Blastocystis sp. is high in pigs in Anhui Province, with three zoonotic subtypes identified, including ST1, ST3, and ST5.

A study on repair method of type Ⅱc injury in lateral meniscus popliteal tendon area of porcine knee / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the repair method of type Ⅱc injury in the lateral meniscus popliteal tendon area based on the porcine knee joint.@*METHODS@#Eighteen commercially available fresh porcine knee joints were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n=6). After preparing a type Ⅱc injury in the lateral meniscus popliteal tendon area, and the anterior (group A), posterior (group B), or anterior and posterior (group C) of the popliteal hiatus (PH) was sutured by vertical mattress. The tension meter was used to apply gradient tensions of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 N along the tibial plateau horizontally, respectively, to pull the midpoint of the lateral meniscus popliteal tendon area. The displacement values before modeling, after modeling, and after suture were recorded. The reduction value of lateral meniscus displacement and reduction rate after suture were calculated and compared between groups.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference between groups ( P>0.05) in the displacement values before modeling, after modeling, and after suture under different tensions. There was no significant difference between groups A and C ( P>0.05) in the reduction value of lateral meniscus displacement and reduction rate after suture under different tensions. The reduction value of lateral meniscus displacement and reduction rate after suture in group B were lower than those in groups A and C. The reduction value of lateral meniscus displacement under tension of 2 N and the reduction rates under tensions of 2, 4, and 6 N between groups A and B showed significant differences ( P<0.05). The reduction value of lateral meniscus displacement and the reduction rate under tensions of 2, 4, and 6 N between groups B and C showed significant differences ( P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Suturing the anterior area of PH is the key to repairing type Ⅱc injury of lateral meniscus popliteal tendon area.

Antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of onion (Allium cepa L. ) peel and bulb extracts / Atividade antioxidante e potencial inibidor de glucosidase de extratos de casca e bulbo de cebola (Allium cepa) preparados por etanol e água

Abstract Allium cepa L. is a commonly consumed vegetable that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and contains nutrients and antioxidants in ample amounts. In spite of the valuable food applications of onion bulb, its peel and outer fleshy layers are generally regarded as waste and exploration of their nutritional and therapeutic potential is still in progress with a very slow progression rate. The present study was designed with the purpose of doing a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential of two parts of Allium cepa, i.g., bulb (edible part) and outer fleshy layers and dry peels (inedible part). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the onion bulb and peel extracts on rat intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase of porcine was also evaluated. The antioxidant potential of onion peel and bulb extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity. Total flavonoids and phenolic content of ethanolic extract of onion peel were significantly greater as compared to that of onion bulb. Ethanolic extract of onion peel also presented better antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity as compared to the ethanolic extract of bulb, while the aqueous extract of bulb presented weakest antioxidative potential. Onion peel extract's α-glucosidase inhibition potential was also correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The current findings presented onion peel as a possible source of antioxidative agents and phenolic compounds that might be beneficial against development of various common chronic diseases that might have an association with oxidative stress. Besides, outer dry layers and fleshy peels of onion exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities, compared to the inner bulb. The information obtained by the present study can be useful in promoting the use of vegetable parts other than the edible mesocarp for several future food applications, rather than these being wasted.

Resumo Allium cepa pertence à família Liliaceae e é rica em nutrientes e antioxidantes. Apesar das expressivas aplicações alimentares do bulbo da cebola, sua casca e outras camadas externas são geralmente consideradas resíduos, e seu potencial nutricional e terapêutico ainda é pouco explorado. O presente estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de investigar comparativamente o potencial antioxidante de duas partes de Allium cepa, por exemplo o bulbo (parte comestível) e camadas externas e cascas secas (parte não comestível). Além disso, o efeito inibitório dos extratos do bulbo de cebola e casca sobre a α-glucosidase intestinal de ratos e α-amilase pancreática suína também foi avaliado. O potencial antioxidante dos extratos da casca de cebola e bulbo foi avaliado utilizando-se 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), método de poder antioxidante de redução do ferro (FRAP), método 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico (ABTS) de eliminação de radicais, atividade de eliminação de radicais H2O2 e atividade quelante do Fe2+. Os flavonoides totais e os teores fenólicos do extrato de etanol da casca de cebola foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao do bulbo. O extrato de etanol da casca de cebola também apresentou melhor atividade antioxidante e eliminação de radicais livres quando comparado ao extrato de etanol do bulbo, enquanto o extrato aquoso de bulbo apresentou menor potencial antioxidante. O potencial de inibição da α-glicosidase dos extratos de casca de cebola correlacionou-se com seus teores fenólicos e de flavonoides. Os resultados encontrados identificaram que a casca de cebola é uma possível fonte de agentes antioxidantes e compostos fenólicos que podem ser benéficos contra o desenvolvimento de várias doenças crônicas que estão associadas ao estresse oxidativo. Além disso, as camadas externas secas e as cascas da cebola exibiram maior conteúdo fenólico e atividades antioxidantes, em comparação com o bulbo interno. As informações obtidas pelo presente estudo podem promover o uso de outras partes vegetais além do mesocarpo comestível para futuras aplicações em alimentos, ao invés de serem desperdiçadas.

Animal study on left bundle branch current of injury and anatomic location of leads in His-purkinje conduction system pacing / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: Explore the relationship between tip of the left bundle branch pacing lead and anatomic location of left bundle branch as well as the mechanism of left bundle branch current of injury. To clarify the clinical value of left bundle branch current of injury during operation. Methods: The pacing leads were implanted in the hearts of two living swines. Intraoperative electrophysiological study confirmed that the left bundle branch or only the deep left ventricular septum was captured at low output. Immediately after operation, the gross specimen of swine hearts was stained with iodine to observe the gross distribution of His-purkinje conduction system on the left ventricular endocardium and its relationship with the leads. Subsequently, the swine hearts were fixed with formalin solution, and the pacing leads were removed after the positions were marked. The swine hearts were then sectioned and stained with Masson and Goldner trichrome, and the relationship between the anatomic location of the conduction system and the tip of the lead was observed under a light microscope. Results: After iodine staining of the specimen, the His-purkinje conduction system was observed with the naked eye in a net-like distribution, and the lead tip was screwed deeply and fixed in the left bundle branch area of the left ventricular subendocardium in the ventricular septum. Masson and Goldner trichrome staining showed that left bundle branch pacing lead directly passed through the left bundle branch when there was left bundle branch potential with left bundle branch current of injury, while it was not directly contact the left bundle branch when there was left bundle branch potential without left bundle branch current of injury. Conclusion: The left bundle branch current of injury observed on intracardiac electrocardiogram during His-purkinje conduction system pacing suggests that the pacing lead directly contacted the conduction bundle or its branches, therefore, the captured threshold was relatively low. Left bundle branch current of injury can be used as an important anatomic and electrophysiological evidence of left bundle branch capture.

Genetic characteristics of the first human infection with the G4 genotype eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus in Shaanxi Province,China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the genetic characteristics of the first human infection with the G4 genotype of Eurasian avian H1N1 swine influenza virus (EA H1N1 SIV) in Shaanxi Province. Methods: The patient's throat swab samples were collected, and MDCK cells were inoculated for virus isolation to obtain the virus strain. The whole genome deep sequencing method was used to obtain the eight gene segments of the isolated strain. The nucleotide homology analysis was conducted through the Blast program in the GenBank database, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the genetic characteristics of the virus. Results: The throat swab specimens of the case were confirmed as EA H1N1 SIV in the laboratory, and the isolated strain was named A/Shaanxi-Weicheng/1351/2022(H1N1v). Homology analysis found that the PB2, NP, HA, NA, and M genes of this isolate had the highest nucleotide homology with A/swing/Beijing/0301/2018 (H1N1), about 98.29%, 98.73%, 97.41%, 97.52%, and 99.08%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree showed that the isolate belonged to G4 genotype EA H1N1 SIV, with PB2, PB1, PA, NP and M genes from pdm/09 H1N1, HA and NA genes from EA H1N1, and NS gene from Triple-reassortant H1N1. The cleavage site of the HA protein was IPSIQSR↓G, which was the molecular characteristic of the low pathogenic influenza virus. No amino acid mutations associated with neuraminidase inhibitors were found in the NA protein. PB2 protein 701N mutation, PA protein P224S mutation, NP protein Q357K mutation, M protein P41A mutation, and NS protein 92D all indicated its enhanced adaptability to mammals. Conclusion: The patient is the first human infection with G4 genotype EA H1N1 SIV in Shaanxi province. The virus is low pathogenic, but its adaptability to mammals is enhanced. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of such SIVs.

Animal study on left bundle branch current of injury and anatomic location of leads in His-purkinje conduction system pacing / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: Explore the relationship between tip of the left bundle branch pacing lead and anatomic location of left bundle branch as well as the mechanism of left bundle branch current of injury. To clarify the clinical value of left bundle branch current of injury during operation. Methods: The pacing leads were implanted in the hearts of two living swines. Intraoperative electrophysiological study confirmed that the left bundle branch or only the deep left ventricular septum was captured at low output. Immediately after operation, the gross specimen of swine hearts was stained with iodine to observe the gross distribution of His-purkinje conduction system on the left ventricular endocardium and its relationship with the leads. Subsequently, the swine hearts were fixed with formalin solution, and the pacing leads were removed after the positions were marked. The swine hearts were then sectioned and stained with Masson and Goldner trichrome, and the relationship between the anatomic location of the conduction system and the tip of the lead was observed under a light microscope. Results: After iodine staining of the specimen, the His-purkinje conduction system was observed with the naked eye in a net-like distribution, and the lead tip was screwed deeply and fixed in the left bundle branch area of the left ventricular subendocardium in the ventricular septum. Masson and Goldner trichrome staining showed that left bundle branch pacing lead directly passed through the left bundle branch when there was left bundle branch potential with left bundle branch current of injury, while it was not directly contact the left bundle branch when there was left bundle branch potential without left bundle branch current of injury. Conclusion: The left bundle branch current of injury observed on intracardiac electrocardiogram during His-purkinje conduction system pacing suggests that the pacing lead directly contacted the conduction bundle or its branches, therefore, the captured threshold was relatively low. Left bundle branch current of injury can be used as an important anatomic and electrophysiological evidence of left bundle branch capture.