ABSTRACT
O artigo busca explorar os condicionantes e características distintivas da inserção socioeconômica de sírios e libaneses no interior paulista, entre as décadas de 1880 e 1950. Do início difícil como mascates, portadores de uma cultura distante, os sírios e libaneses lograram se firmar como comerciantes, aproveitando as oportunidades que suas redes (de parentes e conterrâneos) e a economia cafeeira em expansão ofereciam, estabelecendo-se sobretudo nos ramos de roupas, tecidos e armarinhos de secos e molhados e de gado e cereais. Tomando como fonte principal uma série de obras - acadêmicas e memorialísticas -, nas quais o imigrante sírio e libanês é retratado no interior, o artigo indica ainda as principais regiões do oeste paulista nas quais o grupo se concentrou, discute trajetórias que ilustram algumas das possibilidades de mobilidade, a formação de lideranças, o modo como as práticas religiosas se transformaram e a mobilidade acentuada - como doutores e políticos - conquistada por estratos da primeira geração nascida no Brasil.
The article seeks to explore the conditions and distinctive characteristics of the socioeconomic insertion of Syrians and Lebanese in the interior of São Paulo between the 1880s and 1950s. From the difficult beginning as peddlers with a distant culture, Syrians and Lebanese managed to establish themselves as merchants, seizing the opportunities that their networks (of relatives and of countrymen) and the expanding coffee economy offered, establishing themselves mainly in the sectors of clothing, linen and fabrics, cattle and cereals. Taking as main source a series of works in which the Syrian and Lebanese immigrants are portrayed in the interior, the article also indicates the main regions of west of São Paulo where the group mainly concentrated, and discusses trajectories which illustrate some of the possibilities of mobility, formation of leadership, the way religious practices have been transformed and the marked mobility - as doctors and politicians - achieved by strata of the first generation born in Brazil.
El artículo busca explorar los condicionantes y las características distintivas de la inserción socioeconómica de sirios y libaneses en el interior paulista entre la década del ochenta del siglo XIX y la del cincuenta del siglo XX. Del inicio difícil como vendedores ambulantes, portadores de una cultura distante, los sirios y libaneses lograron establecerse como comerciantes, aprovechando las oportunidades que sus redes;de parientes y de compatriotas; y que la economía cafetalera en expansión ofrecía se establecieron sobre todo en las ramas de ropa y tejidos, de mercería, y de ganado y cereales. Tomando como fuente principal una serie de obras en las que el inmigrante sirio y libanés es retratado en el interior, el artículo indica además las principales regiones del oeste paulista en las que el grupo se concentró, discute trayectorias que ilustran algunas de las posibilidades de movilidad, la formación de los líderes, el modo en que las prácticas religiosas se transformaron y la movilidad acentuada;como doctores y como políticos; conquistada por estratos de la primera generación nacida en Brasil.
Subject(s)
Humans , Social Class , Syria/ethnology , Review , Commerce , Emigration and Immigration , Lebanon , Religion , Social Mobility , Transients and Migrants , Economic Development , Arabs , Cultural Characteristics , Job MarketABSTRACT
Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to analyze and compare obstetric and neonatal outcomes between Syrian refugees and ethnic Turkish women. Methods Retrospective, observational study. A total of 576 Syrian refugees and 576 ethnic Turkish women were included in this study, which was conducted between January 2015 and December 2015 at a tertiary maternity training hospital in Ankara, Turkey. The demographic characteristics, obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared. The primary outcomes were pregnancy outcomes and cesarean rates between the groups Results The mean age was significantly lower in the refugee group (p< 0.001). Mean gravidity, proportion of adolescent pregnancies, proportion of pregnant women aged 12 to 19 years, and number of pregnancies at < 18 years were significantly higher among the refugee women (p< 0.001). Rates of antenatal follow-up, double testing, triple testing, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening, and iron replacement therapy were significantly lower in the refugee group (p< 0.001). The primary Cesarean section rate was significantly lower in the refugee group (p= 0.034). Pregnancies in the refugee group were more complicated, with higher rates of preterm delivery (< 37 weeks), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and low birth weight (< 2,500 g) when compared with the control group (4.2% versus 0.7%, p< 0.001; 1.6% versus 0.2%, p= 0.011; and 12% versus 5.8%, p< 0.001, respectively). Low education level (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5-0.1), and weight gain during pregnancy (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.5-0.1) were found to be significant indicators for preterm birth/PPROM and low birthweight. Conclusion Syrian refugees had increased risks of certain adverse obstetric outcomes, including preterm delivery, PPROM, lower birth weight, and anemia. Several factors may influence these findings; thus, refugee women would benefit from more targeted care during pregnancy and childbirth.