Needs assessment for establishment of telepathology in the Philippines

Objective@#The Philippines has more than a hundred ten million population with a very limited number of general pathologists and subspecialist pathologists. Consultation of pathologists with other pathologists is important to ensure accurate results for difficult cases. However, pathologists are not always accessible to review slides. Telepathology can provide access to other pathologists by sending microscopic images through the internet. This study explores the needs of pathologists for consultation in their practice that may be aided by telepathology. The status of current pathology practice and subspecialty consultations across the different regions in the Philippines were determined and the readiness of pathologists for telepathology was identified.@*Methodology@# This is a cross-sectional descriptive study using an 18-item online survey questionnaire based on the World Health Organization guidelines on needs assessment for medical devices. The survey was distributed among anatomic pathologists practicing in the Philippines.@*Results@#One hundred forty (140) pathologists responded and were included in this study. 5-10% of cases of respondents required subspecialty referral. Diagnostically challenging cases and confirmation of malignancy are the most common reasons for consultation. Respondents practicing outside the National Capital Region (NCR) have fewer subspecialist pathologists available for referrals within their region. Turnaround times for signing out challenging cases are longer outside NCR (>7 days) compared to NCR (4-7 days). Most respondents have access to the basic equipment to perform telepathology, which includes, an internet link, a smartphone with high-resolution camera and a computer. Almost all respondents will use telepathology if it is available.@*Conclusion@#A hub-and-spoke telepathology network can provide access to subspecialty consultation to reduce the diagnostic turnaround time and to increase the accuracy of results for challenging cases. The availability of the minimum telepathology infrastructure and the positive attitude of the pathologists towards telepathology may be indicators of readiness for a local telepathology system in the Philippines.

A telecitologia na rotina do rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino / The telecithology in the routine of cervical cancer screening

Introdução: A telecitologia ou citologia digital é a interpretação de amostras citológicas à distância. Depende principalmente da conversão da informação óptica obtida da ocular de um microscópio em uma imagem digital, que posteriormente será transmitida remotamente. Possui aplicações em diversas áreas, como as consultas intraoperatórias, propósitos educacionais e para amenizar o problema da indisponibilidade de profissionais citopatologistas. Objetivo: Descrever sobre o uso da telecitologia na rotina do laboratório de citopatologia, seus métodos, aplicações, vantagens e desvantagens. Método: Tratase de um estudo de revisão de literatura. Resultados: O uso da telecitologia no auxílio ao diagnóstico das lesões cérvico-vaginais mostra-se vantajoso, uma vez que a geração das imagens a partir do screening das lâminas possibilita maior discussão de casos duvidosos, mesmo à distância. Além disso, essa tecnologia fornece garantia e segurança dos resultados, possibilidade de revisão de lâminas por outros profissionais e o armazenamento permanente dos resultados. Considerações finais: A citologia digital traz novas possibilidades, pois permite que imagens de espécimes citológicos estejam disponíveis para qualquer pessoa, em qualquer lugar, para uso em diversas áreas. Com o advento das novas tecnologias em saúde, a telecitologia é uma ferramenta extremamente útil que permite auxílio ao diagnóstico, especialmente a longas distâncias.

Introduction: Telecitology, or digital cytology is the interpretation of cytological samples at a distance. It mainly depends on the conversion of the optical information obtained from the eyepiece of a microscope into a digital image, which will subsequently be transmitted remotely. It has applications in several areas, such as intraoperative consultations, educational purposes and to alleviate the problem of the unavailability of cytopathologists. Objective: To describe the use of telecitology in routine laboratory cytopathology, its methods, applications, advantages and disadvantages. Method: This is a literature review. Results: The use of telecitology to aid in the diagnosis of cervicovaginal lesions is advantageous, since the generation of images from the screening of the slides allows a greater discussion of doubtful cases, even at a distance. In addition, this technology provides guarantee and safety of results, possibility of review of slides by other professionals, and the permanent storage of results. Final considerations: Digital cytology brings new possibilities, as it allows images of cytological specimens to be available to anyone, anywhere, for use in a variety of areas. With the advent of new health technologies, telecitology is an extremely useful tool that allows diagnostic assistance, especially at long distances.

Telepathology in the Philippines: A review and future prospects

BACKGROUND: Challenged with insufficient number and maldistribution of pathologists, the Philippines seemed poised to benefit from telemedicine. METHODS: The first modern Internet-based telepathology consultation was conducted between the University of the Philippines Manila and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in 1997. RESULTS: While the first remote telepathology consult was a success, more than a decade after this historic referral, telepathology remains in the fringes of mainstream pathology practice despite its huge potential to benefit the underserved population. Challenges with human, organizational, and technology factors hinder its progress. CONCLUSIONS: While the original consultation faced difficulties in human capacity, connectivity and infrastructure, rapid developments in governance and technology have the potential to eliminate these problems. Substantial improvements in recent years now provide a more conducive environment to deliver telepathology services to remote areas. This paper proposes a framework for the establishment of mature telepathology services to enable its use in areas of greatest need in the country

Teledermatology protocol for screening of Skin Cancer

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine refers to the use of technology as improvement of healthcare delivery to places where distance becomes an obstacle. Its use represents a great potential for dermatology, a specialty whose visual analysis phase is essential in diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the compatibility index of skin cancer diagnoses between primary care and teledermatology, and to validate a protocol for standardization of digital imaging to obtain the reports in teledermatology. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study developed through the census of 333 examination requests, received between January/2012 and July/2012, in the Center for Telemedicine and Telehealth of SES-SC. We used a protocol for photographic lesion standardization, consisting of three steps (panoramic photo, close-up with ruler and dermoscopy). After collection, the data were sent to a virtual site on the Internet, and recorded with the use of an electronic health record containing the images, the skin phototype and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The level of compatibility between the diagnosis of skin cancer in Santa Catarina's primary care and the diagnosis proposed by teledermatology was 19.02%. Proportionally, it was 21.21% for BCC, 44.44% for SCC and 6.98% for MM. The protocol was statistically significant (p <0.05), with an OR of 38.77. CONCLUSION: The rate of diagnostic compatibility of skin cancer was low and the use of the protocol optimized the chance of validating requests for examination. .

Los orígenes caribeños del Sistema Nacional de Salud Pública en los EEUU: una aproximación global a la historia de la medicina y de la salud pública en Latinoamérica / The Caribbean origins of the National Public Health System in the USA: a global approach to the history of medicine and public health in Latin America

Este artículo define la historia global en relación con historia de la medicina y la salud pública. Defiende que una aproximación global a la historia abre un espacio para reverberaciones transmitidas desde la periferia geográfica hacia regiones occidentales, las cuales, tradicionalmente, han dominado la historiografía moderna. Analiza dos intervenciones médicas, en el Caribe, a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, y señala que estos sucesos tuvieron profundas consecuencias en los EEUU. Los logros alcanzados en el Caribe, en lo relativo al control de la fiebre amarilla y del anquilostoma, además de servir de modelo para campañas sanitarias en el sur de los EEUU, impulsaron la centralización de la salud pública norteamericana bajo el control centralizador del gobierno federal.

This article defines global history in relation to the history of medicine and public health. It argues that a global approach to history opens up a space for examining the reverberations transmitted from the geographic periphery towards western regions, which have traditionally dominated modern historiography. It analyzes two medical interventions in the Caribbean in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, showing how these events had profound consequences in the USA. The successes achieved in the Caribbean in terms of yellow fever and ancylostoma control, as well as providing a model for health campaigns in the southern USA, inspired the centralization of public health in North America under the centralizing control of the federal government.

Improving diabetic retinopathy screening in Africa: patient satisfaction with teleophthalmology versus ophthalmologist-based screening

To assess patient preference for diabetic retinopathy [DR] screening with teleophthalmology or face-to-face ophthalmologist evaluation in Nairobi, Kenya. Fifty seven diabetic patients from a one-stop multidisciplinary diabetic clinic [consisting of a diabetologist, nurse educator, foot specialist, nutritionist, ophthalmologist, and neurologist] in Nairobi, Kenya were included if they had undergone both a teleophthalmology [stereoscopic digital retinal photographs graded by an ophthalmologist remotely] and a traditional clinical screening exam [face to face examination]. A structured questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale was developed in both English and Swahili. The questionnaire was administered over the telephone. Ten questions were used to compare patient experience and preferences between teleophthalmology and a traditional clinical examination for DR. A mean score >3.25 on the Likert scale was considered favourable. Successfully telephone contact was possible for 26 [58% male, 42% females] of the 57 patients. The mean ages of the male and female patients were 52.4 and 46.5 years respectively. Patients were satisfied with their teleophthalmology examination [mean 4.15 +/- 0.97]. Patients preferred the teleophthalmology option for future screenings [mean 3.42 +/- 1.52]. This preference was driven primarily by convenience, reduced examination time, and being able to visualize their own retina. In this study, diabetic patients preferred a teleophthalmology based screening over a traditional ophthalmologist-based screening. The use of teleophthalmology in Africa warrants further study and has the potential to become the screening model of choice. Cost effectiveness in comparison to an ophthalmologist-based screening also requires evaluation

Cytotechnologists and On-Site Evaluation of Adequacy

While fine needle aspiration (FNA) is certainly not a new biopsy technique, recent developments in advanced imaging techniques, molecular testing, and targeted therapies have coincided with a rapid increase in the number of FNA procedures being performed. Concurrently, the demand for on-site evaluation of adequacy (OSEA) has also increased, outstripping the capacity of available cytopathologists at some institutions. Among the several alternatives to cytopathologist-performed OSEA, cytotechnologist-attended OSEA stands out because it preserves the representation of the pathology service at the time of the procedure. Herein, we review the current literature about OSEA and the necessity of cytotechnologists to expand access of this useful pathology service to a broader patient population. We also examine how cytotechnologists are likely to fit into the emerging practice of telecytology.

Reprodutibilidade do diagnóstico histopatológico de dermatoses por fotomicrografias digitais versus microscopia óptica convencional / Reproducibility of histopathologic diagnosis of skin diseases by digital photomicrographs versus conventional optical microscopy

FUNDAMENTOS: A telepatologia é considerada boa alternativa para consultas de segunda opinião. Sua implementação é desejável, mas estudos que confirmem sua aplicação prática são necessários. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a concordância entre os diagnósticos histopatológicos de dermatoses feitos com base em microfotografias digitais em comparação com a microscopia convencional. MÉTODOS: As lâminas de 135 pacientes foram avaliadas por dois consultores por meio de microscópio. Após quatro semanas, os mesmos consultores avaliaram 1.738 microfotografias digitais obtidas dessas lâminas. Estimou-se a taxa geral de concordância intraobservadores e interobservadores e obteve-se o índice Kappa com a categorização das dermatoses: dermatoses neoplásicas, dermatoses infectocontagiosas e não infectocontagiosas. RESULTADOS: A concordância do Consultor 1, que analisou lâminas ao microscópio versus imagens, foi de 88,1 por cento (IC 95 por cento = 81,5 por cento - 93,1 por cento). O Consultor 2 obteve concordância de 80,7 por cento (IC 95 por cento = 73,1 por cento - 87 por cento). A concordância interconsultores ao microscópio foi de 81,5 por cento (IC 95 por cento = 73,9 por cento - 87,6 por cento). A mesma análise por meio de microfotografias mostrou concordância de 85,9 por cento (IC 95 por cento = 78,9 por cento - 91,3 por cento). O índice Kappa, que avalia as dermatoses categorizadas, foi de 98,6 por cento para o Consultor 1, de 93,1 por cento para o Consultor 2, de 95,8 por cento para interconsulta por imagens e de 95,9 por cento para interconsultas ao microscópio óptico. Todos esses valores são considerados ótimos. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação das microfotografias apresentou ótimo nível de reprodutibilidade quando comparada à microscopia tradicional, sendo uma opção viável para consultas de segunda opinião em dermatopatologia.

BACKGROUND: Telepathology is considered a good alternative for a second opinion consultation. Its implementation is desirable, but studies to confirm its practical application are required. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the reproducibility of histopathologic diagnoses of skin diseases obtained through digital photomicrographs compared with conventional microscopy. METHODS: We evaluated the surgical specimens of 135 patients using an optical microscope. After 4 weeks, the same consultants independently evaluated a total of 1,738 digital photomicrographs obtained from the histopathological slides. We estimated the overall rate of intra and interobserver agreement, and the Kappa coefficient was obtained with the categorization of the skin diseases: neoplastic skin diseases, infectious-contagious skin diseases and non-infectious-contagious skin diseases. RESULTS: Consultant 1 obtained an agreement of 88.1 percent (95 percent CI = 81.5 percent - 93.1 percent) between conventional microscopy and images. Consultant 2 obtained an agreement of 80.7 percent (95 percent CI = 73.1 percent - 87 percent). The interobserver agreement for the microscopy analysis was 81.5 percent (95 percent CI = 73.9 percent - 87.6 percent). The same analysis using microphotography showed an agreement of 85.9 percent (95 percent CI = 78.9 percent - 91.3 percent). The Kappa coefficient, which evaluated the categorized skin diseases, was 98.6 percent for Consultant 1, 93.1 percent for Consultant 2, 95.8 percent for interconsultant analyses of images and 95.9 percent for interconsultant analyses using conventional optical microscopy. All of these values are considered optimal. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of microphotographs shows a good level of reproducibility when compared to traditional microscopy and, therefore, is a viable option for a second opinion consultation in dermatopathology.

Concordância entre diagnósticos dermatológicos obtidos por consulta presencial e por análise de imagens digitais / Agreement between dermatological diagnoses made by live examination compared to analysis of digital images

FUNDAMENTOS: A teledermatologia, pouco utilizada no Brasil e com iniciativas incipientes no Amazonas, necessita de estudos para demonstrar sua factibilidade e eficácia. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a eficácia de um método assíncrono de teledermatologia, utilizando recursos tecnológicos simples e de baixo custo. MÉTODOS: Cento e setenta e quatro pacientes foram examinados por quatro dermatologistas; dois efetuaram diagnóstico presencial (A1 e A2) e dois por meio de imagens das lesões e história clínica (B1 e B2). Foi investigada a concordância entre as avaliações presenciais e por imagens. RESULTADOS: A concordância do diagnóstico principal entre os examinadores presenciais (A1 e A2) foi de 83,3 por cento e entre os de imagens (B1 e B2), de 81 por cento. A concordância entre o diagnóstico principal estabelecido pelo método presencial e o obtido por meio de imagens variou de 78,2 por cento a 83,9 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico de doenças dermatológicas realizado por imagens digitais demonstrou concordância ótima quando comparado àquele realizado com a presença física do paciente.

BACKGROUND: Teledermatology is seldom used in Brazil, although some incipient initiatives have been implemented in the state of Amazonas. Further studies are still required to confirm the feasibility and efficacy of this diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of an asynchronous method of teledermatology using simple, inexpensive technological resources. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-four patients were examined by four dermatologists, two clinic-based dermatologists, who diagnosed the patients following live examination (A1 and A2), and two consultant specialists in image dermatology, who reached diagnoses by examining images of the lesions and the patients' clinical histories (B1 and B2). The agreement between live examination and examination of images was evaluated. RESULTS: Agreement between the two live examiners (A1 and A2) with respect to the principal diagnosis was 83.3 percent compared to 81.0 percent between the physicians who diagnosed by examining images (B1 and B2). Agreement between the principal diagnosis established by live examination and that obtained from examining images ranged from 78.2 percent to 83.9 percent, CONCLUSION: Agreement between diagnoses of dermatological diseases reached following examination of digital images and those reached following live examination of the patient was excellent.

Analysis of deferrals on static telepathology consultation service.

The objective of this study is to analyze the deferrals in static telepathology consultation service. A store and forward approach is used to transmit cases from two remotely located rural centers to Tata Memorial Hospital. A total of 346 tele-surgical pathology cases were accessioned for second opinion and were reported from January 2002 to August 2005. The glass slides and paraffin blocks were reviewed at a later date and the telepathology diagnosis was compared with the final diagnosis rendered on light microscopy. Of all 251 teleconsults referred from one of the referring centers, a telepathology diagnosis was rendered in 205 cases and 46 cases were deferred. The reasons for deferral were as follows: the requirement for ancillary studies (40 cases), clinical details (5 cases) and poor quality sections and images (1 case). In all these deferred cases, a probable diagnosis was rendered by the telepathologist and was compared with the final diagnosis after paraffin block evaluation. In 47% of the cases, the "probable" diagnosis on telepathology matched the final diagnosis.

The practice of telepathology in India.

Telepathology in India is still in the evolving stages. Although, much progress has been made around the world specially in the field of digital imaging and virtual slides, the practice of telepathology in India still revolves around static telepathology, be it in telelearning or distance learning, or in remote diagnosis. Websites such as telepathology.org.in have been very successful in popularizing telepathology through quizzes of interesting and rare cases. The only study of teleconsultation from India, has shown that a good concordance with glass slide and static telepathology images. The reasons for the relative delay in acceptance of telepathology in India are manifold.

Teleoftalmologia como auxílio diagnóstico nas doenças infecciosas e inflamatórias oculares / Teleophthalmology as an auxiliary approach for the diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory ocular diseases: evaluation of an asynchronous method of consultation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a eficácia da teleoftalmologia como auxílio diagnóstico nas doenças infecciosas e inflamatórias oculares, assim como avaliar os principais fatores limitantes para a realização e conclusão de consultoria em oftalmologia. MÉTODOS: Duzentas e trinta e três fotos (retinografias e/ou exames de biomicroscopia), em diapositivos 35-mm de 87 pacientes, foram digitalizadas e armazenadas em CD-ROM, para posterior análise, em monitor de computador, por dois consultores especialistas em uveítes, que responderam formulário e questionário indicando o diagnóstico provável, tratamento e/ou conduta e as dificuldades encontradas para a conclusão da consultoria. Teste estatístico Kappa foi utilizado para avaliação da concordância entre os observadores. Valores de Kappa acima de 0,7 indicam concordância excelente; valores entre 0,4 e 0,7 indicam concordância moderada/boa e valores menores que 0,4 indicam concordância ruim. RESULTADOS: A concordância diagnóstica observada na consultoria, em relação ao padrão ouro, foi de 73,5 por cento para ambos os consultores. Sugestão de tratamento e/ou conduta não foi possível em 8 por cento dos casos para o consultor A, e em 10,4 por cento para o consultor B. A falta de dados clínicos (Kappa: 0,8) e a má qualidade das imagens (Kappa: 0,74) foram os motivos com maior concordância em relação às dificuldades para conclusão da consultoria. CONCLUSÃO: A teleoftalmologia por meio de consultoria por método assíncrono foi eficaz para o diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas e inflamatórias oculares. A falta de dados clínicos detalhados e a má qualidade das imagens foram os principais fatores limitantes para a conclusão da consultoria.

Telepatologia: nova ferramenta diagnóstica para lesões do aparelho respiratório e importante elo tecnológico entre as áreas da patologia, clínica cirúrgica e pneumologia / Telepathology: a new diagnostic tool for respiratory lesions and important technological link between pathology, surgery and pneumology

Telepatologia é a prática da Patologia à distância, utilizando computadores, videomicroscopia remota e redes digitais integradas (intra-hospitalar ou internet). Os autores têm por objetivo demonstrar a importância daTelepatologia nos procedimentos diagnósticos derotina para lesões do aparelho respiratório, principalmente as pulmonares, além de ressaltar as vantagens do uso de estações de trabalho telepatológicas relatadas na literatura internacional.

Static telepathology consultation service between Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai and Nargis Dutt Memorial Charitable Hospital, Barshi, Solapur, Maharashtra: an analysis of the first 100 cases.

Telepathology is the practice of pathology at a distance. Static telepathology is employed to achieve teleconsultation between a tertiary cancer referral centre, Tata Memorial Centre and a sister concern in rural area viz. Nargis Dutt Memorial Cancer Hospital, Barshi, Solapur. This is an analysis of the first 102 cases. Two transcontinental consultations have not been included in statistical analysis. A diagnosis was offered in 99 (99%) cases; whereas it was deferred in only I (1%) case. Clinically important or relevant diagnosis were achieved in 93/ 99 (93.93%) of cases. Major discrepancies were encountered in 6/99 (6.06%) of cases. A total of 79% of cases were reported within 3 days, of which 32% were reported within 8 hours (a single working day) and 47% within 1-3 days. Telemedicine can be used effectively to bridge the gap between medically underprivileged, geographically distant rural areas and advanced centers with technical expertise using cheaper static store and forward methodology.

Experience with telepathology at a tertiary cancer centre and a rural cancer hospital.

BACKGROUND: Telepathology allows quick and timely access to an expert opinion, no matter where the patient is located. We analysed the experience with the use of telepathology between a tertiary cancer centre and a rural cancer hospital. METHODS: Ninety-three cases were analysed in which static telepathology was used to obtain a consultation between Tata Memorial Centre and Nargis Dutt Memorial Cancer Hospital at Barshi, a rural area. RESULTS: Successful teleconsultation was achieved in all cases. A diagnosis was offered in 92 cases (98.9%) and was deferred in 1 case (1.1%). Complete concordance, clinically unimportant minor discrepancy and hedged diagnosis were obtained in 83 cases (90.2%). Major discrepancies were encountered in 9 cases (9.7%). The number of images per case ranged from 3 to 27 (average: 7 images). Images were of diagnosable quality in 89.2% of cases. Most of the cases (77.4%) were reported within 3 days; 32.2% were reported within 8 hours (a single working day) and 45.1% within 1-3 days. CONCLUSION: Telemedicine can be effectively used to bridge the gap between medically underprivileged, geographically distant rural areas and advanced centres using the static store and forward methodology.

Digital photography in anatomical pathology.

Digital imaging has made major inroads into the routine practice of anatomical pathology and replaces photographic prints and Kodachromes for reporting and conference purposes. More advanced systems coupled to computers allow greater versatility and speed of turnaround as well as lower costs of incorporating macroscopic and microscopic pictures into pathology reports and publications. Digital images allow transmission to remote sites via the Internet for consultation, quality assurance and educational purposes, and can be stored on and disseminated by CD-ROM. Total slide digitisation is now a reality and will replace glass slides to a large extent. Three-dimensional images of gross specimens can be assembled and posted on websites for interactive educational programmes. There are also applications in research, allowing more objective and automated quantitation of a variety of morphological and immunohistological parameters. Early reports indicate that medical vision systems are a reality and can provide for automated computer-generated histopathological diagnosis and quality assurance.

Performance evaluation for screening laboratories of the Asia-Pacific region.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a long history of involvement in quality assurance (QA) activities for support of newborn screening laboratories. Since 1978, CDC's Newborn Screening Quality Assurance Program (NSQAP), has distributed dried-blood spot (DBS) materials for external QA and has maintained related projects to serve newborn screening laboratories. The first DBS materials were distributed for congenital hypothyroidism screening in 1978 and by 2001, NSQAP had expanded to over 30 disorders and performance monitoring for all filter paper production lots from approved commercial sources. In 2001, there were 250 active NSQAP participants, 167 laboratories from 45 countries and 83 laboratories in the United States. Of these laboratories, 31 are from the Asia Pacific Region representing nine countries primarily for two disorders. In 1999, US laboratories had more errors for Performance Evaluation (PE) specimens than other laboratories; but in 2000, US laboratories had fewer errors. International laboratories reported 0.3% false-negative PE clinical assessments for congenital hypothyroidism and 0.5% for phenylketonuria (0.5%) in 2000. Paperless PE data-reporting operation using an Internet website has recently been implemented.

Comparison of Two Internet Based Telepathology Systems: CORBA and ActiveX System / 대한의료정보학회지

Telepathology systems will be common systems in hospitals. The two systems were designed and implemented in web environments for test. One was implemented with the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) technique. The other system was implemented in the form of ActiveX. The histopathological materials were stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin. By the Donpisha CCD camera attached to an Olympus BX-51 optical microscope 180 color images come to be acquired. For evaluation of the systems, transmission times and telediagnosis concordance rates were measured. Image processing ability was tested using two telepathology systems. For the local area test, system I using CORBA had measured image transmission times of 0.1 s, 0.2 s, and 0.4 s at the file sizes of 100 K byte, 900 K byte and 3.6 M byte respectively. Transmission times for system II using Component Object Model (COM) were slightly slower, ranging from 0.02 s to 0.05 s. In the long distance area test, system II transmission times were 0.5 s, 0.8 s, and 2.0 s. The overall concordance rate of telediagnosis for the 180 images was 78.3%. In this study, we compared our systems about image transmission, and processing for the further development of system configurations.