Experiencia de ocho años en tiroidectomías en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Enrique Cabrera Cossío" / Experience of Eight Years Performing Thyroidectomies at Dr. Enrique Cabrera Cossío General Teaching Hospital

Introducción: Las enfermedades tiroideas son relativamente frecuentes que puede tener carácter benigno o maligno. El algoritmo para el diagnóstico de los nódulos tiroideos se dirige principalmente a definir la presencia o no de un carcinoma de la glándula. El tratamiento quirúrgico puede incluir técnicas convencionales, parciales y totales, y mínimamente invasivas. Objetivo: Describir los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de las enfermedades tiroideas en el Hospital General Docente "Enrique Cabrera" entre enero 2013 y diciembre de 2020. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo ambispectivo, en el mencionado centro, entre el 1ro de enero de 2013 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2020. El universo se conformó por todos los pacientes con enfermedades de tiroides que fueron tratados quirúrgicamente. La muestra quedó constituida por 96 pacientes. Resultados: La edad media fue 48,1 años. Predominó el sexo femenino (83,3 por ciento). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el bocio con síntomas compresivos (39,6 por ciento), seguido del carcinoma tiroideo (25 por ciento), en este último el más observado fue el carcinoma papilar (66,6 por ciento). Se realizó tiroidectomía total en 40,6 por ciento, con pocas complicaciones posoperatorias (7,3 por ciento), siendo la parálisis recurrencial la más frecuente de ellas. Conclusiones: El tratamiento quirúrgico de las enfermedades tiroideas en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Enrique Cabrera" tuvo buenos resultados, tanto en enfermedades benignas como en el cáncer tiroideo(AU)

Introduction: Thyroid diseases are relatively frequent and can be benign or malignant. The algorithm for the diagnosis of thyroid nodules is mainly aimed at defining the presence or absence of a carcinoma in the gland. Surgical treatment can include conventional, partial or total, as well as minimally invasive, techniques. Objective: To describe the outcomes of surgical treatment for thyroid diseases at Enrique Cabrera General Teaching Hospital between 2013 and 2020. Methods: An ambispective and descriptive study was carried out, between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2020, in the aforementioned center. The universe was made up of all patients with thyroid diseases treated surgically. The sample consisted of 96 patients. Results: The mean age was 48.1 years. The female sex predominated (83.3 percent). The most frequent diagnosis was goiter with compressive symptoms (39.6 percent), followed by thyroid carcinoma (25 percent); among the latter, the most observed was papillary carcinoma (66.6 percent). Total thyroidectomy was performed in 40.6 percent, with few postoperative complications (7.3 percent), recurrent paralysis being the most frequent of them. Conclusions: The surgical treatment for thyroid diseases at Dr. Enrique Cabrera General Teaching Hospital had good outcomes, both in benign diseases and in thyroid cancer(AU)

Comportamiento de la enfermedad nodular tiroidea en la provincia de Cienfuegos / Characterization of Nodular Thyroid Disease in Cienfuegos Province

Introducción: La enfermedad nodular tiroidea es frecuente motivo de consulta médica, para lo que se emplea como pilar de tratamiento la intervención quirúrgica. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento de los pacientes con afecciones quirúrgicas del tiroides, en la provincia de Cienfuegos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de 193 pacientes con afecciones quirúrgicas del tiroides en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital General Universitario "Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima", durante un periodo de 3 años, comprendidos desde el 1 de enero del 2018 al 31 de diciembre del 2020. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, afecciones tiroideas, procedimiento quirúrgico empleado y complicaciones posquirúrgicas. Se empleó modelo recolector de datos con las variables de interés y se presentaron en tablas de frecuencia, números y porciento. Resultados: Predominaron las féminas (83,9 por ciento) y el grupo etario 41 - 50 años (31,1 por ciento). Prevaleció el carcinoma papilar (13,0 por ciento) y globalmente de las afecciones benignas (74,6 por ciento). La hemitiroidectomía fue el procedimiento quirúrgico más empleado (50,8 por ciento) y la disfonía transitoria (6,2 por ciento) como complicación más frecuente. Conclusiones: Las afecciones tiroideas predominaron en las féminas entre 41 y 50 años, fueron diagnosticadas mediante estudios histológicos. Predominó el carcinoma papilar y de forma global las afecciones benignas, se recurrió a la hemitiroidectomía y la disfonía transitoria fue la complicación más frecuente(AU)

Introduction: Nodular thyroid disease is a frequent reason for medical consultation. In such cases, surgical intervention is used as mainstay of treatment. Objective: To characterize patients with thyroid surgical conditions in Cienfuegos Province. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in the surgery service of Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima General University Hospital with 193 patients who presented thyroid surgical conditions over a period of three years (from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020). The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, thyroid conditions, surgical procedure used and postoperative complications. A data collector model including the variables of interest was used. They data were presented in tables of frequency, numbers and percentage. Results: The was a predominance of females (83.9 percent) and the age group 41-50 years (31.1 percent). There was a prevalence of papillary carcinoma (13.0 percent) and, globally, of benign conditions (74.6 percent). Hemithyroidectomy was the most used surgical procedure (50.8 percent) and transient dysphonia (6.2 percent) was the most frequent complication. Conclusions: Thyroid affections predominated among females between 41 and 50 years old, diagnosed by histological studies. Papillary carcinoma predominated, as well as benign conditions globally. Hemithyroidectomy was used and transient dysphonia was the most frequent complication(AU)

Preoperative vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for postoperative hypocalcemia in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy: retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The relationship between preoperative vitamin D deficiency and postoperative hypocalcemia in cases of total thyroidectomy (TT) is a matter of controversy and may vary according to geographical scenarios and populations. OBJECTIVE: The objective here was to evaluate whether preoperative vitamin D deficiency was associated with postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia in a population in South America. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort study on data from all patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, with or without central compartment lymph node dissection, from January 2014 to December 2017, at the A. C. Camargo Cancer Center. METHODS: Patients with benign thyroid disease (Graves' disease, multinodular goiter or hyperthyroidism) or thyroid cancer who underwent primary total thyroidectomy with or without central compartment lymph node dissection were included. The exclusion criteria were simultaneous parathyroidectomy and conditions that could affect serum calcium levels. The data collected included patient demographics, thyroid pathology, extent of the surgical procedure and complications. Information on preoperative and postoperative calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D levels were retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS: 1,347 patients were assessed and postoperative hypocalcemia was diagnosed in 284 patients (21%). The vitamin D levels were considered deficient in 243 patients (18%). Postoperative hypocalcemia was diagnosed in 357 patients (31.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that central compartment dissection and preoperative total calcium and deficient vitamin D levels were significant risk factors for postoperative hypocalcemia. CONCLUSION: Deficient preoperative vitamin D levels were a significant risk factor for postoperative hypocalcemia. Preoperative oral supplementation should be considered, to minimize this risk.

O tubérculo de Zuckerkandl pode auxiliar na localização do nervo laríngeo inferior durante tireoidectomias? / Can the Zuckerkandl tubercle assist in the location of the inferior laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomies?

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar se a projeção lateral da glândula tireoide, chamada tubérculo de Zuckerkandl (TZ), pode auxiliar o cirurgião na identificação do nervo laríngeo inferior durante a tireoidectomia convencional aberta. Métodos: estudo prospectivo de 51 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia, com um total de 100 lobos tireoidianos ressecados, e observação da presença ou não do TZ em dimensões suficientes para ser identificado sem magnificação de imagem, suas dimensões de base e altura, sua localização na glândula e sua relação anatômica com o nervo laríngeo inferior. Resultados: o TZ estava presente em 68 dos 100 lobos de tireoide analisados (68%). A dimensão média da base foi 6,7mm no lado direito e 7,1mm no lado esquerdo, e a altura média foi 5,7mm no lado direito e 6,1mm no lado esquerdo. Na maioria dos lobos estudados, o tubérculo tinha altura mínima de 5mm (55,9%) sem diferença significativa entre o lobo direito e esquerdo da glândula tireoide. Durante a cirurgia, 100% dos TZ identificados estavam anteriores ao nervo laríngeo inferior, imediatamente abaixo da entrada do nervo na laringe. Conclusão: o TZ é bastante frequente e em dimensões suficientes para ser usado como referência anatômica na localização intraoperatória do nervo laríngeo inferior, próximo à sua entrada na laringe, junto com as demais referências anatômicas.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate whether the lateral projection of the thyroid gland, called Zuckerkandl's tubercle (ZT), can assist the surgeon in identifying the inferior laryngeal nerve during conventional open thyroidectomy. Methods: we conducted a prospective study with 51 patients submitted to thyroidectomy, with a total of 100 resected thyroid lobes, and observed the presence or absence of ZT in sufficient dimensions to be identified without image magnification, its base and height, its location in the gland, and its anatomical relationship with the inferior laryngeal nerve. Results: ZT was present in 68 of the 100 thyroid lobes analyzed (68%). The mean base was 6.7mm on the right side and 7.1mm on the left side, and the average height was 5.7mm on the right side and 6.1mm on the left side. In most of the lobes studied, the tubercle had a minimum height of 5mm (55.9%), with no significant difference between the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland. During surgery, 100% of the identified ZTs were anterior to the inferior laryngeal nerve, just below the nerve entry in the larynx. Conclusion: the ZT is a quite frequent entity and large enough to serve as an intraoperative anatomical reference for the inferior laryngeal nerve, next to its entry in the larynx, along with other anatomical references.

Efficacy of Drainless Total Thyroidectomy in Intrathyroidal Lesions of Thyroid

Abstract Introduction There is difference of opinion about the placement of the drain in thyroid surgeries, and, to the best of our knowledge, the efficacy of drainless total thyroidectomy regarding various parameters of thyroid lesions has not been well-established. Objective To report our experience with drainless total thyroidectomy, and to define an appropriate patient population for its performance. Methods This is a retrospective case analysis of the patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for intrathyroidal lesions with or without central neck dissection in a tertiary referral hospital (number = 74). The patients, who had undergone total thyroidectomy without any drain insertion, were analyzed, and the relationships among various parameters of thyroid lesions were noted in relation to seroma and hematoma formation. Results Seroma formation was noted only in 5 out of 74 patents (6.75%). All of the seromas that occurred were observed in patients with thyroid lesions < 4 cm, and 4 out of 5 seromas were observed in patients with a malignant pathology. There was no statistically significant difference in seroma formation between patients younger or older than 50 years of age. The nature of the lesion, whether benign or malignant, did not affect the formation of seroma. Of interest is the fact that none of the 10 patients who had central neck dissection performed as part of their treatment developed seroma. Conclusions Drainless total thyroidectomy is safe across all age groups for patients harboring either benign or malignant thyroid pathologies. However, caution is to be observed in opting for drainless total thyroidectomy in patients with large lesions (> 5 cm)

Use of prophylactic oral calcium after total thyroidectomy: a prospective study

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of prophylactic oral calcium after total thyroidectomy in the prevention of symptomatic hypocalcemia, and to develop a rational strategy of oral calcium supplementation following this type of surgery. Subjects and methods Prospective study including 47 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy from January 2007 to February 2012. The patients were allocated to one of the following groups: I (no postoperative calcium) or II (oral calcium 3 g per day). Oral calcium was started at the first postoperative day and administered until the sixth postoperative day. The patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months and evaluated with a minimum of five measurements of ionized calcium: preoperative, 16 hours after surgery, seventh postoperative day, and at postoperative days 90 (PO90) and 180 (PO180). The cohort included three men and 44 women, of whom 24 (51.9%) had benign thyroid disease, and 23 had suspected or confirmed malignant disease. Results When compared with Group II, Group I had significantly higher rates of postoperative biochemical hypocalcemia at PO1 and PO180, and of symptomatic hypocalcemia at PO1, PO7, and PO90. Other data were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion We conclude that postoperative calcium supplementation effectively prevents symptomatic and biochemical hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy, and can be safely used after this procedure. The presented strategy of oral calcium supplementation may be implemented in a viable manner.

Tiroidectomía transoral endoscópica por abordaje vestibular (TOETVA): reporte del primer caso en humanos realizado en Latinoamérica / Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA): report of the first human case in Latin America

Introducción: Desde hace aproximadamente 20 años se han venido realizando varias técnicas de tiroidectomía por mínimo acceso, apoyadas en la videoendoscopia en pro de reemplazar la incisión clásica descrita por Kocher. Se han diseñado múltiples abordajes, sin embargo, ninguno ha conseguido evitar totalmente las cicatrices. En el año 2008 Witzel introdujo la técnica transoral y en el 2015, Anuwong publicó la primera serie realizada en humanos. Presentación del caso: Se trata de una paciente de 47 años a quien se ha diagnosticado por PAAF una lesión folicular en el lóbulo izquierdo de la tiroides. Discusión: La paciente fue sometida a hemitiroidectomía izquierda más estudio de congelación transoperatoria que resultó negativo. Se realizó un abordaje transoral endoscópico, con un tiempo de 280 min y sangrado de 40 ml. No se registraron complicaciones en el transoperatorio ni en el postoperatorio. Conclusión: La tiroidectomía transoral endoscópica por abordaje vestibular (TOETVA) representa, entre las cirugías de mínimo acceso, la única que potencialmente está totalmente libre de cicatrices, ofreciendo seguridad y resultados comparables con otras técnicas.

Introduction: For about 20 years we has been conducting several techniques of minimal access thyroidectomy, supported by videoendoscopy towards replacing the classic Kocher incision. Multiple approaches have been described, however none has achieved completely avoid scarring. Witzel in 2008 introduced the transoral technique and in 2015 Anuwong published the first series performed in humans. Case presentation: This is a 47 years old patient who have been diagnosed by FNAB follicular lesion in the left lobe of her thyroid. Discussion: The patient underwent a left hemithyroidectomy + intraoperative frozen study that was negative, transoral endoscopic approach was performed with a time of 280 min and 40 ml bleeding. No complications occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively. Conclusion: Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) represents between the minimum access surgeries the only one that is potentially totally free of scars, offering safety and comparable results with other techniques.

Experiencia clínica en tiroidectomía total del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente / Clinical experience in total thyroidectomy of the Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital

Introducción: La tiroidectomía es una de las cirugías más frecuentes realizadas en cabeza y cuello. Existen escasos reportes de experiencia en tiroidectomías en servicios de otorrinolaringología en Chile. Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia clínica con las tiroidectomías totales realizadas en el Servicio de ORL y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello de nuestro hospital. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomías totales (TT) entre los años 2010 y 2014 en nuestro servicio. Resultados: Se realizaron 271 tiroidectomías totales. La indicación más frecuente fue por tamaño (51%). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron carcinomas papilares (46%) e hiperplasia folicularcoloidea (37%). Se presentaron lesiones transitorias del nervio laríngeo recurrente en 2,9%, y lesiones persistentes en 2,5%. Hipocalcemia transitoria se presentó en el 25% de los pacientes. Discusión: Nuestra serie presenta resultados concordantes con la literatura, presenta una baja tasa de complicaciones, las cuales se observan principalmente en pacientes con vaciamiento cervical y/o en que se observaron 2 o menos paratiroides. Conclusiones: La tiroidectomía total es una técnica quirúrgica segura y nuestra experiencia presenta resultados concordantes a los publicados en la literatura internacional.

Introduction: Thyroidectomy is one of the most common surgeries performed in head and neck. There are few reports of experience in thyroidectomy in otolaryngology services in Chile. Aim: To analyze the clinical experience with total thyroidectomy performed in the service of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery of our hospital. Material and method: Retrospective descriptive study. Review of medical records of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy (TT) between 2010 and 2014 in our service records. Results: A total of 271 thyroidectomy were performed. The most frequent indication was size (51%). The most frequent diagnoses were papillary carcinomas (46%) and follicular colloid hyperplasia (37%). We found 2.5% of transient recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and 2.9% had persistent lesions. Transient hypocalcemia occurred in 25% of patients. Discussion: Our series shows good agreement with literature, it has a low rate of complications, which are mainly seen in patients with neck dissection and/or observed 2 or less parathyroid during surgery. Conclusions: Total thyroidectomy is a safe surgical technique, and our experience shows consistent results to those reported in international literature.

Current status of robotic surgery in Japan

The da Vinci S surgical system (Intuitive Surgical) was approved as a medical device in 2009 by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Robotic surgery has since been used in gastrointestinal, thoracic, gynecological, and urological surgeries. In April 2012, robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) was first approved for insurance coverage. Since then, RALP has been increasingly used, with more than 3,000 RALP procedures performed by March 2013. By July 2014, 183 institutions in Japan had installed the da Vinci surgical system. Other types of robotic surgeries are not widespread because they are not covered by public health insurance. Clinical trials using robotic partial nephrectomy and robotic gastrectomy for renal and gastric cancers, respectively, have recently begun as advanced medical treatments to evaluate health insurance coverage. These procedures must be evaluated for efficacy and safety before being covered by public health insurance. Other types of robotic surgery are being evaluated in clinical studies. There are several challenges in robotic surgery, including accreditation, training, efficacy, and cost. The largest issue is the cost-benefit balance. In this review, the current situation and a prospective view of robotic surgery in Japan are discussed.

Fatores que influenciam nas complicações das tireoidectomias / Factors influencing thyroidectomy complications

O resultado pós-operatório das tireoidectomias é imputado a fatores relativos ao paciente, à tireopatia e ao cirurgião. OBJETIVO: Analisar a experiência de um serviço quanto a complicações com a tireoidectomia. Desenho do estudo: coorte histórica com corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram avaliados os prontuários de 228 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia, entre 1991 e 2004. Foram estudadas as complicações transitórias, definitivas e totais, persistência e recidiva da tireopatia de base, em relação a fatores clínico-laboratoriais. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 34,65% de complicações totais, 18,86% de complicações transitórias (9,21% hipocalcemia, 0,44% paralisia de cordas vocais, 4,82% outras), associadas aos primeiros anos de cirurgia no serviço e queixas compressivas, e 17,98% de complicações definitivas (8,77% hipoparatireoidismo, 1,75% paralisia de cordas vocais, 0,44% rouquidão), associadas à malignidade e cirurgias mais radicais. Houve persistência da doença de base em 17,98% dos casos, associada à idade, e recidiva em 10,96%, associada aos primeiros anos de cirurgia, benignidade e cirurgias menos radicais. CONCLUSÃO: Complicações pós-operatórias se associaram a queixas compressivas, história curta, malignidade e cirurgias mais radicais. A recidiva se associou aos primeiros anos de cirurgia no serviço, tireopatias benignas e cirurgias menos radicais. A persistência da doença se associou à maior idade.

The postoperative outcome of thyroidectomies is related to factors concerning the patient, the thyroid disease, and the surgeon. OBJECTIVES: To analyze a clinic's experience with thyroidectomy complications. Study design: historical cross-sectional cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the charts from 228 patients submitted to thyroidectomy, between 1991 and 2004. Transient, permanent and total complications as well as persistence and recurrence of the basal disease were studied in relation to clinical and laboratory factors. RESULTS: Total complications occurred in 34.65%, transient complications in 18.86% (9.21% had hypocalcemia, 0.44% had vocal cord paralysis), associated with the first postoperative years and pressure complaints, and permanent complications in 17.98% (8.77%: hypoparathyroidism; 1.75%: vocal cord paralysis), associated with malignancy and more radical surgeries. The thyroid disease persisted in 17.98% of the cases, associated with age and recurrence in 10.96%, associated with the first operative years, benign diseases and less radical surgeries. CONCLUSION: The complications were associated with pressure complaints, shorter complaining period, malignancy and more radical surgeries. The recurrence was associated with the first operative years, non-neoplastic thyroid diseases and less radical surgeries. The persistence of disease was associated with older age.

Fatores de risco de paratireoidectomia acidental em tireoidectomia / Risk factors for incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroidectomy

A paratireoidectomia acidental é um acontecimento frequente nas tireoidectomias. A literatura demonstra um achado de glândulas paratireoides, variando entre 6,4 por cento a 31 por cento em espécimes de exame anatomopatológico de glândula tireoide. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a quantidade de glândulas paratireoides encontradas em espécimes cirúrgicos de tireoidectomia e correlacionar com as variáveis demográficas e histopatológicas. MÉTODOS: Trabalho retrospectivo baseado nos laudos anatomopatológicos de tireoidectomias realizadas entre janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2008. RESULTADOS: O total de pacientes tireoidectomizados foi de 442, sendo o achado de glândulas paratireoides de 2,93 por cento, o que corresponde a 13 deste total. A presença de carcinoma papilífero de tireoide associado à paratireoidectomia acidental foi de 10,11 por cento contra a presença de patologia benigna de 1,4 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: O carcinoma papilífero de tireoide foi a variável associada ao maior número de paratireoidectomias acidentais.

Incidental parathyroidectomy is a common event in thyroid surgery. The literature shows a finding of parathyroid glands ranging from 6.4 percent to 31 percent in pathological specimens of the thyroid gland. OBJECTIVE: To collect the amount of parathyroid glands found in surgical specimens of thyroidectomy and correlate with the histopathological and demographic variables. METHODS: Retrospective study based on pathological reports of thyroidectomy from January 2007 to December 2008. RESULTS: 442 patients were submitted to total thyroidectomy, and 2.93 percent had parathyroid glands, which corresponded to 13 of this total. The presence of papillary thyroid carcinoma associated with incidental parathyroidectomy was 10.11 percent, compared to the benign lesion: 1.4 percent. CONCLUSION: Papillary thyroid carcinoma was the variable associated with increased number of incidental parathyroidectomy.

Tireoidectomia total nas doenças benignas da tireóide / Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid diseases

OBJETIVO: discutir as indicações da tireoidectomia total como opção preferencial em determinadas doenças benignas da tireóide, com a finalidade de evitar recidivas ou futuras reoperações. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo de pacientes portadores de doenças benignas da tireóide, realizado no período de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2009, analisando os dados relativos à idade, tratamento cirúrgico, evolução pós operatória. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 51,8 anos (21/77), sendo a maior incidência na quinta e sexta décadas de vida, com 34 (51,5 por cento) pacientes. O diagnóstico mais comum no pré operatório foi de bócio multinodular atóxico, onde sete tinham características de mergulhantes, seguido da tireoidite autoimune; os bócios recidivados foram 11. O bócio multinodular foi encontrado em 37 (56,1 por cento)pacientes, a tireoidite autoimune em 22 (33,3 por cento), o adenoma folicular isolado em cinco (7,6 por cento), o adenoma de células de Hürthle em dois (3,0 por cento). Dezesseis pacientes (24,2 por cento) tiveram mais de um diagnóstico histopatológico. A lesão permanente de nervo recorrente foi observada em um paciente (1,5 por cento). Não foi registrado nenhum caso de hipoparatireoidismo definitivo. Não houve mortalidade operatória. CONCLUSÃO: a tireoidectomia total é uma operação que pode ser realizada com segurança e baixa incidência de complicações permanentes, o que permite ampliar suas indicações nas diversas doenças benignas da tireóide evitando, assim, futuras recidivas e reoperações.

OBJECTIVE: To review the indications for total thyroidectomy as the preferred option in certain benign diseases of the thyroid in order to prevent recurrence or future reoperations. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with benign thyroid diseases, carried out from January 1997 to December 2009, analyzing the data relating to age, surgical treatment and postoperative evolution. RESULTS: The mean age was 51.8 years (21/77), with the highest incidence in the fifth and sixth decades of life, with 34 (51.5 percent) patients. The most common preoperative diagnosis was nontoxic multinodular goiter, of which seven were also intrathoracic, followed by autoimmune thyroiditis; recurrent goiter occurred in 11 cases. Multinodular goiter was found in 37 (56.1 percent) patients, autoimmune thyroiditis in 22 (33.3 percent), follicular adenoma isolated in five (7.6 percent), Hurthle cell adenoma in two (3.0 percent). Sixteen patients (24.2 percent) had more than one histopathological diagnosis. Permanent injury of the recurrent nerve was observed in one patient (1.5 percent). There was no case of permanent hypoparathyroidism. There was no operative mortality. CONCLUSION: Total thyroidectomy is an operation that can be safely performed, with low incidence of permanent complications, which allows one to broaden its indications in various benign thyroid diseases, thus avoiding future recurrences and reoperations.

Experiencia clínica en tiroidectomía total / Clinical experience in total thyroidectomy

Introducción: La tiroidectomía total es una de las cirugías más frecuentes en cabeza y cuello. La experiencia en servicios de ORL es escasa en Chile. Objetivo: Analizar la experiencia clínica en tiroidectomía total en el Servicio de ORL del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo. Evaluación de los aspectos clínicos, la técnica quirúrgica y el porcentaje de complicaciones de los pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía total durante el año 2009. Resultados: Se realizaron 34 tiroidectomías totales. La indicación más frecuente fue bocio multinodular (82,3 por ciento). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron hiperplasia folicular (44 por ciento) y carcinoma papilar (32 por ciento). Se presentó lesión del nervio laríngeo recurrente transitoria en 8,8 por ciento, no se presentaron lesiones permanentes. Se presentó hipocalcemia transitoria en 29 por ciento y permanente en sólo un paciente (2,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia presenta resultados en relación a indicaciones, diagnósticos y complicaciones concordantes con los estándares aceptados por la literatura mundial.

Introduction: Total thyroidectomy is one of the most frequent surgeries in head and neck. Experience in ENT services is scarce in Chile. Aim: To analyze clinical experience in total thyroidectomy in the ENT service of Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital. Material and method: Prospective descriptive study. Evaluation of clinical aspects, surgical technique and percentage of complications of patients submitted to total thyroidectomy during the year 2009. Results: There were done 34 total thyroidectomies. The most frequent indication was multinodular goiter. The most frequent diagnoses were follicular hyperplasia (44 percent) and papillary carcinoma (32 percent). Transitory injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve was present in 8,8 percent. Permanent injuries did not happen. Transitory hypocalcemia was present in 29 percent and permanent in only one patient (2,9 percent). Conclusions: Our experience presents results in relation to indications, diagnosis and complications, in accordance with the standards of the world literature.

Tasa de tiroidectomías por cáncer y por enfermedades benignas tiroídeas y su posible relación con un déficit de selenio ambiental / Rate of thyroidectomy by cancer and benign thyroid diseases and its possible relation with a deficit of selenium environmental

Recientemente hemos reportado el déficit de selenio ambiental, y el estatus alterado de selenio medido como actividad de Glutatión Peroxidasa en población beneficiaria del Servicio de Salud de Osorno. Estos déficits se asocian a alteraciones funcionales y estructurales del tiroides que se correlacionan con la aparición de enfermedades tiroídeas benignas y cáncer tiroídeo. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar la tasa de tiroidectomías por cáncer y por enfermedades benignas que se presentan en las comunas que habitan la población beneficiaria del Servicio de Salud Osorno y llamar la atención sobre su posible asociación con el estatus alterado de selenio y la menor actividad de Glutatión Peroxidasa descrita previamente.

We have recently reported the lack of environmental selenium and the altered selenium status measured as deficient glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the population affiliated to the Osorno Health Service. These deficits are associated to functional and structural abnormalities of the thyroid gland that correlates with the appearance of benign thyroid pathologies and thyroid cancer. The aim of this investigation is to show the rate of thyroidectomy associated with malign and benign disease in the communities associated to the Osorno Health Service and warn about their possible link with the poor amount of selenium in the environment and the altered function of the GPx enzyme, previously described.

thyroidectomy safe after identification of recurrent laryngeal nerve - fact or fiction

Injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve remains a common complication of thyroid surgery. It is argued whether routine dissection leads to increase risk of palsy or otherwise. To assess recurrent laryngeal nerve injury risk during thyroidectomy with and without routine identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery. Department of Surgery, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro/Hyderabad over 3 years. The frequency of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury following surgery for benign, nontoxic thyroid disease was studied in consecutive patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy or near total thyroidectomy. Patients with benign and non toxic goitre were included in the study while those with toxic goitre and malignancy were excluded. A total of 88 patients were included in the study. They were divided into two groups, group A included patients in whom dissection of recurrent laryngeal nerve was done as standard procedure while in group B, the nerve was not exposed. There were 34 unilateral and 54 bilateral explorations. The mean age of patients in the two groups was almost same, with preponderance of females [M:F ratio 1:17]. The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was not significant in both groups [p=0.502], but the incidence of nerve injury in patients who underwent near total thyroidectomy was 17.6% compared to 0.17% in patients who had hemithyroidectomy, indicating that it is not the exploration but the extent of thyroid resection that is a risk factor for recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Dissection of nerve does not significantly reduce the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury therefore, routine exploration of the nerve during thyroid surgery is not recommended in an expert hand

Valoración del hiper e hipotiroidismo post operatorio en la enfermedad de graves basedow / Assessment of postoperative hyper-and hypothyroidism in severe basedow's disease

La enfermedad de Graves es una enfermedad autoinmune que tiene múltiples factores que la mantienen y que aún no pueden ser determinados. En este trabajo se investigo, sin haber precedentes, el factor de proliferación celular en relación a la función tiroidea post operatoria como principal objetivo de esta tesis, además de otros factores como las tiroiditis autoinmune que potencialmente podría estar asociada a la enfermedad de Graves y que se comportaría como otro factor causal de disfunción tiroidea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar parámetros que podrían estar relacionados individualmente Otras características: (fibrosis, presencia de células oxifilas o de Hürthle y/o claras, cristales de oxalato de calcio, etc.); Evaluación semicuantitativa de las tiroiditis linfocíticas (según criterio de Williams y Doniach); presencia de centros germinales; patología nodular asociada El peso de la glándula tiroides extirpada de los 228 casos estudiados osciló entre 23 y 248 g (promedio 77.50 g). La extensión de los infiltrados linfocitarios (tiroiditis linfocitaria) en las tiroides examinadas histológicamente fue leve en 61 casos (27%), moderado en 88casos (38%), severo en 36 casos (16%) y difuso en 2 casos (1%). No hubo tiroiditis en 41casos (18%). Ochenta y seis (37%) de los 228 casos estudiados mostraron la presencia de centros germinales asociados a tiroiditis moderada o severa a difusa. 3ª Etapa: Patología molecular tisular de proliferación celular, usando Ki67. Para la aplicación de la técnica inmunohistoquímica fueron seleccionadas mujeres con rangosde edad entre 20 y 39 años, que no hubieran recibido tratamiento prequirúrgico, o solamente tratadas con b bloqueantes y el estudio anátomo patológico haya sido de patrón histológico clásico, con tiroiditis ausente o leve a moderada. Fueron divididas en 3 grupos de 10 casos cada uno de acuerdo a la evolución post operatoria...

Graves` disease is an autoimmune disease that has multiple factors thatmaintain and that may not yet be determined. This work investigating, without precedent, the factor of cell proliferation in thyroid function post operative as a main objective of this thesis, apart from other factors such as autoimmune thyroiditis which could potentially be associated with Graves disease and lead as another causal factor of thyroid dysfunction. The objective was to analyze parameters that could be linked individually or in conjunction with recurrence ofhyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism surgical post after thyroidectomy hereinafter "keel": The work was made out of a total of 575 patients with Graves – Basedow`s disease, which is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (60-80% of cases), and is characterized by the triad "hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter, and ophtalmopaty" were surgicallytreated in the hospital Oñativia of the town of Salta from 1970 until 2006...

Uso selectivo de drenajes en tiroidectomías / Selective use of drainages in thyroidectomy

Background: There is controversy about the universal use of drainages in thyroid surgery. Aim: To evaluate the selective use of drainages in thyroid surgery, using them only in patients with high risk of developing a cervical hematoma. Material and Methods: Eight four patients subjected to thyroid surgery, were prospectively evaluated. Drainages were only used in those patients in whom a big cavity was left after thyroidectomy, patients with intrathoracic goiter and patients subjected to lymph node dissection. Results: Drainages were omitted in 68 patients (81 percent) aged 18 to 68 years, 59 females. Forty four (65 percent) of these patients were subjected to a total thyroidectomy, 14 (21 percent) to a subtotal thyroidectomy and 10 (7 percent) to a lobectomy. In 19 cases (28 percent) the biopsy informed a papillary cancer, the rest were benign lesions. One patient had a cervical hematoma that required a new operation. Hospital stay ranged from 1 to 4 days. Conclusions: The selective use of drainages in thyroid surgery is feasible, safe and allows a shorter hospital stay.

Introducción: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso selectivo de drenajes, omitiendo el dispositivo en la cirugía tiroidea corriente y empleándolo en pacientes con riesgo de desarrollar hematoma cervical. Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de casos consecutivos entre enero 2008 y junio 2009 que incluyó 84 pacientes con diversas patologías tiroideas sometidos a tiroidectomía total o parcial. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: edad, género, procedencia, extensión de la cirugía, biopsia de piezas operatorias, estadía hospitalaria y complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados: De los 84 casos, en 68 (81 por ciento) no se usó drenaje y en 16 (19 por ciento) se empleó el dispositivo. De los 68 casos en que no se utilizó drenaje 59 (86,8 por ciento) fueron mujeres y 9 (13,2 por ciento) hombres, edad promedio 44,4 años (rango: 18 y 68 años). Se practicó 44 (64,7 por ciento) tiroidectomias totales, 14 (20,5 por ciento) tiroidectomias subtotales y 10 (6,8 por ciento) lobectomias e istmectomía. La biopsia informó cáncer papilar en 19 (27,9 por ciento) casos y 47 (69,1 por ciento) lesiones benignas. Las complicaciones fueron 1 (1,4 por ciento) hematoma cervical que requirió reoperación y 7 (10,2 por ciento) seromas. La estadía hospitalaria fluctuó entre 1 y 4 días, promedio 1,9; con hospitalización de 1 día 21 (30,8 por ciento) pacientes, 2 días 36 (52,9 por ciento), 3 días 8 (11,7 por ciento) y 4 días 2 (2,9 por ciento). Conclusiones: Concluimos que es posible el uso selectivo de drenaje en tiroidectomías. Acorde a la patología tiroidea quirúrgica que manejamos y aplicando nuestros criterios de selección la mayoría de los pacientes no precisa estos dispositivos. La ausencia de drenajes no conlleva mayores complicaciones y posibilita una estadía hospitalaria breve.

Theodor Kocher (1841-1917) Nobel Prize Centenary 2009 / Theodor Kocher (1841-1917) Centenário de Prêmio Nobel 2009

One hundred years ago, in 1909, Theodor Kocher was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland. In the late 19th century, the resection of the thyroid was feared because of its high mortality rate. Kocher's innovative techniques resulted in safe outcomes. His observations that radical resection of the thyroid results in "cachexia strumipriva" contributed to the recognition that the thyroid is essential for normal growth, development and metabolism. He made many other seminal contributions to the field of surgery and medicine, and his expertise was internationally recognized. Kocher served as the chairman of surgery at the University of Bern in Switzerland, his alma mater, until his death in 1917.

Há 100 anos, em 1909, Theodor Kocher foi agraciado com o Prêmio Nobel de Fisiologia e Medicina pelo seu trabalho na fisiologia, na patologia e na cirurgia da glândula tireoide. No final do século XIX, a ressecção da tireoide era temida pelo alto índice de mortalidade. As técnicas inovadoras de Kocher resultaram como procedimento seguro. Suas observações de que a ressecção radical da tireoide resulta em cachexia strumipriva contribuiu no reconhecimento de que a tireoide é essencial no crescimento normal, no desenvolvimento e no metabolismo. Ele realizou muitas outras contribuições seminais no campo da cirurgia e da medicina, e seu conhecimento foi reconhecido internacionalmente. Kocher foi chefe da cirurgia da Universidade de Berna na Suíça, sua alma mater, até sua morte em 1917.