Neonatal tobacco smoke reduces thermogenesis capacity in brown adipose tissue in adult rats

Maternal smoking is a risk factor for progeny obesity. We have previously shown, in a rat model of neonatal tobacco smoke exposure, a mild increase in food intake and a considerable increase in visceral adiposity in the adult offspring. Males also had secondary hyperthyroidism, while females had only higher T4. Since brown adipose tissue (BAT) hypofunction is related to obesity, here we tested the hypothesis that higher levels of thyroid hormones are not functional in BAT, suggesting a lower metabolic rate. We evaluated autonomic nerve activity in BAT and its function in adult rats that were exposed to tobacco smoke during lactation. At birth, litters were adjusted to 3 male and 3 female pups/litter. From postnatal day (PND) 3 to 21, Wistar lactating rats and their pups were divided into SE group, smoke-exposed in a cigarette smoking machine (4 times/day) and C group, exposed to filtered air. Offspring were sacrificed at PND180. Adult SE rats of both genders had lower interscapular BAT autonomic nervous system activity, with higher BAT mass but no change in morphology. BAT UCP1 and CPT1a protein levels were decreased in the SE groups of both genders. Male SE rats had lower β3-AR, TRα1, and TRβ1 expression while females showed lower PGC1α expression. BAT Dio2 mRNA and hypothalamic POMC and MC4R levels were similar between groups. Hypothalamic pAMPK level was higher in SE males and lower in SE females. Thus, neonatal cigarette smoke exposure induces lower BAT thermogenic capacity, which can be obesogenic at adulthood.

Tabaquismo pasivo y su efecto en la salud infantil: ¿Qué cambió en 11 años?: Hospital Zubizarreta / Passive smoking and its effect on children's health: What changes in 11 years?: Zubizarreta Hospital

Investigación que sigue los hallazgos de un estudio previo realizado entre junio de 2005 y junio de 2006, sobre el humo ambiental de tabaco y sus efectos en las madres y sus hijos, donde se encuestaron 100 madres de niños que se atendieron en el Hospital Zubizarreta. de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar cuál es la situación actual de las familias que asisten al mismo hospital, en relación a la exposición al tabaco y si hay algún cambio en la distribución de fumadores en los hogares de los pacientes, o si se expone menos a los niños fumando fuera de las viviendas en las familias de fumadores. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo transversal para el que se confeccionó una encuesta semiestructurada anónima que se les realizó a las madres de niños/as entre 4 meses y 12 años de edad que concurrieron al hospital. La misma fue administrada por médicos del Consultorio Externo de Pediatría y una voluntaria que concurrió por 1 mes para efectuarla. El estudio se llevó a cabo entre julio de 2016 y julio de 2017, y se trabajó sobre las variables socio demográficas incluidas en el Índice de Graffar modificado, como tipo de vivienda, trabajo, escolaridad entre otros. A su vez se incluyen datos de salud, sobre antecedentes obstétricos de la madre y de procesos de enfermedad de los/as hijos/as y del consumo o no de tabaco, entre otras variables

Avaliação do desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central de camundongos Balb/c expostos à fumaça do cigarro no início do período pós-natal / Evaluation of the brain development in BALB/c mice exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in the early postnatal period

Diversos estudos relatam os efeitos da exposição à nicotina nos períodos pré e pós-natal, contudo, pouco se sabe a respeito dos efeitos da fumaça do cigarro na cascata de eventos que caracteriza o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi esclarecer se a exposição à fumaça do cigarro no início do período pós-natal induz prejuízo ao desenvolvimento do SNC na infância, e as possíveis consequências na adolescência e na fase adulta. Camundongos BALB/c foram expostos a uma mistura de fumaça central e lateral do cigarro referência 3R4F (Universidade de Kentucky, EUA), desde o 3° dia de vida pós-natal (P) até P14 por duas horas diárias. Nossos resultados indicam que a exposição à fumaça do cigarro no início do período pós-natal induz prejuízo ao processo de aprendizado e memória e aumento na ansiedade em todas as idades avaliadas, além de induzir diminuição da atividade locomotora na infância e na adolescência. Ainda, observamos diminuição dos níveis de BDNF e das proteínas sinápticas sinapsina e sinaptofisina no hipocampo, cerebelo, córtex pré-frontal e estriado. A fumaça do cigarro também induz diminuição na porcentagem de fibras mielinizadas no nervo óptico e aumento da proteína básica de mielina (PBM) no cerebelo na infância, além de diminuição da PBM no telencéfalo e tronco encefálico na adolescência e no cerebelo na fase adulta. Nossos resultados sugerem que a exposição à fumaça do cigarro no início do período pós-natal causa prejuízo ao desenvolvimento do SNC, sendo que não há reversão dos efeitos observados no aprendizado e memória ou mesmo nos níveis de proteína pré-sináptica na adolescência e na fase adulta

Several studies show the effects of nicotine exposure during pre- and postnatal period. However, little is known about the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the cascade of events that characterizes the brain development. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ETS in early brain development. BALB/c mice were exposed to a mixture of mainstream and sidestream of tobacco smoke of reference cigarettes 3R4F (University of Kentucky, EUA) from the 3rd (P3) to the 14th (P14) day of life, during 2h/day. Our results showed that ETS induced impairment in learning and memory and increased anxiety in all the ages evaluated. In addition, there was a decrease in locomotor activity during childhood and adolescence. ETS also induced impairment in synaptic transmission, by a decrease in synapsin, synaptophysin and BDNF in hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex as compared to the control group. The percentage of myelinated fibers in the optic nerve in childhood and in myelin basic protein (MBP) in the telencephalon and brainstem were lower in adolescents mice exposed to ETS when compared to the control group. In cerebellum, there was an increase in MBP in infants and a decrease in adults compared to the control group. Taken all together, our results suggest that the exposure to ETS in the early postnatal period induces impairment to the brain development. It is noteworthy that the effects on learning and memory or even in the presynaptic protein levels were not reversed in adolescence and adulthood

Avaliação da concentração de monóxido de carbono em estudantes universitários da área da saúde / Evaluation of the carbon monoxide concentration in university students of health area

Objetivo - Avaliar o nível de monóxido de carbono exalado em estudantes universitários da área da saúde fumantes, não fumantes, fumantes passivos e ex-fumantes. Método - Participaram do estudo estudantes universitários da área da saúde, maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, fumantes, não fumantes, fumantes passivos e ex-fumantes. Foram excluídos do estudo estudantes em processo de cessação de tabagismo. Foram coletadas medidas de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado (COex) e nível de dependência de tabagismo através do teste de Fagerstrõm. Resultados - Foram estudados 100 universitários, sendo 65% não fumantes, 11% fumantes, 16% fumantes passivos e 8% ex-fumantes.Houve predomínio do sexo feminino para os estudantes não fumantes (55,48%) e para os fumantes passivos (68,75%). Os fumantes apresentaram grau de dependência do tabagismo de leve a moderada. A média de COex em não fumantes foi de 8,4±7,6 ppm, nos fumantes foi de 32,1±20,1 ppm, nos fumantes passivos de 14,6±8,3 ppm e nos ex-fumantes de 14,4±6,6 ppm. Os cursos que tiveram menos fumantes foram Fisioterapia (9,09%) e Enfermagem (9,09%) e o curso com mais fumante foi o de Medicina (36,36%). Conclusão - Há um percentual considerável de indivíduos fumantes entre os cursos da área da saúde e os níveis de monóxido de carbono no ar exalado destes estudantes fumantes, ex-fumantes, fumantes passivos e não fumantes foram altos.

Objective - To evaluate the level of exhaled carbon monoxide in university students in the health area smokers, nonsmokers, passive smokers and former smokers. Method - Participants were college students in the health area, over 18 years, of both sexes, smokers, nonsmokers, passive smokers and former smokers. The study excluded students in the process of smoking cessation. We collected measurements of carbon monoxide in exhaled air and level of dependence on smoking by the Fagerstrõm test. Results - There were 100 students, 65% nonsmokers,11% smokers, passive smokers 16% and 8% former smokers. There were more female students to nonsmokers (55.48%) and passive smokers (68.75%). Smokers had the degree of tobacco dependence treatment of mild to moderate. The mean expired CO in nonsmokers was 8.4 ±7.6 ppm, in smokers was 32.1 ± 20.1 ppm, in passive smokers, and 14.6 ± 8.3 ppm and in former smokers, 14.4 ± 6.6 ppm. The courses had fewer smokers were physiotherapy (9.09%) and nurses (9.09%) and the course was more smoking medicine (36.36%). Conclusion - There is a considerable percentage of smokers among the courses in the area of health and levels of carbon monoxide in exhaled air of student smokers, former smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers were high.

Tobacco use and cessation counseling in India-data from the Global Health Professions Students Survey, 2005-09.

Context: Tobacco use by health professionals reflects the failure of healthcare systems in protecting not only beneficiaries of the system but also those involved in health care delivery. Aim: The aim of this study was to report findings from the Global Health Professions Students Survey (GHPSS) conducted in medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy schools in India. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Indian dental and medical schools (in 2009), nursing (in 2007), and pharmacy (in 2008) schools. Materials and Methods: Anonymous, self-administered GHPSS questionnaire covering demographics, tobacco use prevalence, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, desire to quit smoking and training received to provide cessation counseling to patients was used. Statistical Analysis: Proportions and prevalence were computed using SUDAAN and SPSS 15.0. Results: Current cigarette smoking and other tobacco use ranged from 3.4-13.4% and 4.5-11.6% respectively, in the four health professional schools, with the highest numbers for medical schools and males. Enforcement of smoking ban in medical schools was low (53%) compared to nursing (86.4%), pharmacy (85.5%), and dental (90.8%) schools. Ninety percent students thought health professionals have a role in giving smoking cessation advice to their patients. Three out of five current smokers wanted to quit. However, one out of two reported receiving help/advice to quit. Although all expressed the need, 29.1-54.8% students received cessation training in their schools. Conclusion: Tobacco control policy, cessation training and initiatives to help students quit smoking should be undertaken.

Aumento do estresse oxidativo em pré-escolares expostos ao tabagismo passivo / Increased oxidative stress in preschool children exposed to passive smoking

OBJETIVOS: Estudar o efeito do fumo passivo sobre o estado plasmático oxidativo e antioxidativo em pré-escolares fumantes passivos e compará-los com controles. MÉTODOS: Trinta e quatro pré-escolares fumantes passivos (cinco a 50 cigarros/dia) (grupo de estudo) e 32 controles que nunca estiveram expostos à fumaça de cigarro foram escolhidos aleatoriamente entre crianças de 4 a 6 anos. Foram determinados os níveis de cotinina urinária e de indicadores do estado oxidativo e antioxidativo, isto é, estado oxidante total (EOT), capacidade antioxidante total (CAT) e índice de estresse oxidativo (IEO). RESULTADOS: A média do consumo ambiental de cigarros foi de 22±13 cigarros por dia nas crianças fumantes passivas. Os níveis médios de cotinina urinária foram 77,6±41,4 ng/mL e 11,9±2,3 ng/mL nos grupos de estudo e controle, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Os níveis médios da CAT plasmática foram 0,95±0,13 mmol equivalente de Trolox/L e 1,01±0,09 mmol equivalente de Trolox/L, respectivamente (p = 0,039). Os níveis médios de EOT plasmático foram 28,6±7,9 µmol H2O2 equivalente/L e 18,5±6,3 µmol H2O2 equivalente/L, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Os níveis médios de IEO foram 3,08±0,98 unidade arbitrária e 1,84±0,64 unidade arbitrária, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Uma pequena quantidade de fumaça de cigarro (cinco a 10 cigarros/dia) causa estresse oxidativo considerável. Não houve correlações significativas entre o número de cigarros consumidos e os níveis de estado oxidante e de IEO. CONCLUSÕES: O tabagismo passivo é um potente oxidante em pré-escolares. Seus efeitos deletérios não se limitam apenas tabagismo passivo pesado, mas também ocorrem com a exposição a pequenas quantidades de fumaça.

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of passive cigarette smoking on plasma oxidative and antioxidative status in passive smoking preschool children and to compare them with controls. METHODS: Thirty-four passive smoking (five to 50 cigarettes per day) preschool children (study group) and 32 controls who had never been exposed to cigarette smoke were randomly chosen from children aged from 4 to 6 years. Urinary cotinine and plasma indicators of oxidative and antioxidative status, i.e., total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxidative stress index (OSI), were determined. RESULTS: Mean environmental cigarette consumption was 22±13 cigarettes per day in passive smoking children. Mean urinary cotinine levels were 77.6±41.4 ng/mL and 11.9±2.3 ng/mL in the study and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean plasma TAC levels were 0.95±0.13 mmol Trolox equivalent/L and 1.01±0.09 mmol Trolox equivalent/L, respectively (p = 0.039). Mean plasma TOS levels were 28.6±7.9 µmol H2O2 equivalent/L and 18.5±6.3 µmol H2O2 equivalent/L, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean OSI levels were 3.08±0.98 arbitrary units and 1.84±0.64 arbitrary units, respectively (p < 0.001). A small amount of cigarette smoke (five to 10 cigarettes per day) causes considerable oxidative stress. There were significant correlations between number of cigarettes consumed and oxidant status and OSI levels. CONCLUSIONS: Passive smoke is a potent oxidant in preschool children. Its deleterious effects are not limited just to heavy passive smoking, but also occur with exposure to small amounts of smoke.

El ambiente laboral como fuente de exposición a humo de tabaco ambiental: Estudio en trabajadores de bares y restaurantes de Santiago, Chile / The work environment as a source of exposure to secondhand smoke: a study in workers of bars and restaurants of Santiago, Chile

Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is an established cause of morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. The workplace is an important source of exposure, especially among workers of restaurants, bars and nightclubs. Aim: To estimate the daily occupational exposure to SHS among non-smoking workers of bars and restaurants of Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Environmental vapor-phase nico-tine was measured for 95 non-smoking workers of bars and restaurants of Santiago, using passive personal samplers during a daily work shift and outside the workplace. Results: The median occupational exposure to air nicotine was 9.18 µg/m³ (P25-P75 3.15-25.67 µg/m³). Higher concentrations were found among workers of places with no smoking restrictions (22.72 µg/m³; P25-P75 5.73-34.85 µg/m³), bar workers (20.75 µg/m³, P25-P75 5.03-44.67 µg/m³), waiters (20.57 µg/m³, PP25-P75 5.66-42.73 µg/m3) and bartenders (10.37 µg/m³, P25-P75 9.75-25.67 µg/m³). The median concentration of nicotine outside the workplace was 1.79 µg/m³ (P25-P75 1.02-3.00 µg/m³). Occupational exposure was 4.77 times higher compared to the non-work exposure. Conclusions: Workers of bars and restaurants are exposed to high levels of SHS at the workplace. Moreover, occupational exposure among these non-smoking workers is, in most cases, the main source of daily exposure to this pollutant.

Secondhand smoke in public places: Can Bangalore metropolitan transport corporation be a role model for effective implementation of cigarette and other tobacco products Act, 2003.

Background : The Indian government enacted 'The cigarettes and other tobacco products act, 2003' (COTPA), which prohibits smoking in public places. Aim : To validate the efficacy of the Act of 2003, enacted by the Government of India, to prevent secondhand smoking in public places. Settings and Design : The study is based on a non-random sample survey of 2,600 bus passengers carried out in the premises of three mega public road transport organizations in Karnataka state, India, in June 2007. Methods and Material : The information was gathered through administration of structured schedules. A sample of 1,000 each for the terminus of Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) and Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) in Bangalore and, 600 for North West Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (NWKRTC) in Hubli-Dharwad city was distributed proportionately according to the number of platforms in each terminus. Statistical Analysis Used : Simple Averages. Results : There is some reduction in smoking in general as perceived by 69% of the passengers as compared to the scenario a year before the enactment of COTPA. The observed smoking is lower in the bus premises of BMTC where there is strict regulation, and higher in the bus premises of NWKRTC, which has not taken any regulatory measures. Conclusions : Knowing smoking is banned in public places can itself create awareness depending on the coverage extended by media and implementing an agency to reach the public. The implementation of an act depends on the willingness of stakeholders to act upon it. The implementation of COTPA as done by BMTC could well become a role model for replication elsewhere, if BMTC can strive harder to accomplish a 100% smoke-free zone.

Promoting smoke-free environments in Latin America: a comparison of methods to assess secondhand smoke exposure / Promoción de ambientes libres de humo en América Latina: una comparación de métodos para evaluar la exposición a humo de tabaco

Secondhand smoke (SHS) contains toxicants and carcinogens that are known to cause premature death and disease. Objectively measuring SHS exposure can support and evaluate smoke-free legislations. In Latin America, the most commonly used methods to measure SHS exposure are airborne nicotine and respirable suspended particles (PM2.5). Here we present results from studies conducted in public places and homes across Latin American countries. Airborne nicotine was detected in most locations between 2002-2006, before the implementation of 100 percent smoke-free legislation in Uruguay, Panama, Guatemala and other large cities within Latin America. Between 2006 and 2008, PM2.5 levels were found to be five times higher in places where smoking was present at the time of sampling compared to those without smoking. Measuring SHS exposure across Latin America has increased our understanding of the magnitude of exposure in this region and results have been used to effectively promote smoke-free legislation.

El humo de tabaco (HT) contiene tóxicos y carcinógenos que causan muerte prematura y enfermedades. La medición objetiva de la exposición en el ambiente a HT puede apoyar y evaluar las legislaciones que prohiben fumar. Aquí presentamos resultados de estudios realizados en lugares públicos y hogares latinoamericanos usando los métodos más comunes para esta exposición: nicotina y partículas respirables (PM2.5). Se detectó nicotina en el aire de la mayoría de los lugares muestreados entre 2002-2006, antes de la ejecución de la legislación 100 por ciento libre de humo en Uruguay, Panamá, y Guatemala. Entre 2006-2008, los niveles de PM2.5 resultaron ser cinco veces mayores en lugares donde personas fumaban comparado con lugares sin fumadores. Medir la exposición al HT en América Latina ha aumentado nuestra comprensión de la magnitud de la exposición en esta región y ha servido para promover eficazmente legislación libre de humo de tabaco.

Informing effective smokefree policies in Argentina: air quality monitoring study in 15 cities (2007-2009) / Políticas efectivas de ambientes libres de humo de tabaco en Argentina: estudio de monitoreo de calidad del aire en 15 ciudades (2007-2009)

Objective. To evaluate indoor air pollution in hospitality venues in Argentina. Material and Methods. PM2.5 levels were measured in a convenience sample of venues in 15 cities with different legislative contexts following a protocol developed by Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Results. 554 samples were collected. Across all 5 smokefree cities the mean PM2.5 level was lower during daytime vs. evening hours, 24 vs. 98 PM2.5 respectively (p=.012). In the three cities evaluated before and after legislation, PM2.5 levels decreased dramatically (p<0.001 each). Overall, PM2.5 levels were 5 times higher in cities with no legislation vs. smokefree cities (p<0.001). In cities with designated smoking areas, PM2.5 levels were not statistically different between smoking and non-smoking areas (p=0.272). Non-smoking areas had significantly higher PM2.5 levels compared to 100 percent smokefree venues in the same city (twofold higher) (p=0.017). Conclusions. Most of the participating cities in this study had significantly lower PM2.5 levels after the implementation of 100 percent smokefree legislation. Hence, it represents a useful tool to promote 100 percent smokefree policies in Argentina.

Objetivo. Evaluar la polución ambiental del sector gastronómico en Argentina. Material y métodos. Se midieron los niveles de partículas respirables (PM2.5) en una muestra por conveniencia de establecimientos de 15 ciudades con diferente legislación, siguiendo un protocolo del Instituto de Cáncer Roswell Park. Resultados. Se recolectaron 554 muestras. En cinco ciudades libres de humo (CLH) la media de PM2.5 durante el día fue baja y menor a la observada durante la noche, 24 vs. 98 PM2.5 respectivamente (p=.012). En las tres ciudades evaluadas antes y después de la legislación, las PM2.5 disminuyeron drásticamente (p<0.001 cada una). Las PM2.5 fueron cinco veces mayores en ciudades sin legislación comparadas con CLH (p<0.001). En ciudades con restricción parcial, no hubo diferencia significativa entre las PM2.5 en el sector fumador y no fumador (p=0.272). Los sectores no fumadores tuvieron niveles PM2.5 significativamente más altos comparados con los lugares 100 por ciento libres de humo de la misma ciudad (p= 0.017). Conclusiones. La mayoría de las ciudades participantes en este estudio tuvieron niveles PM2.5 significativamente más bajos tras la implementación de leyes pro ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco, por lo que representa una herramienta útil para promover legislación 100 por ciento libre de humo en Argentina.

Exposición a humo de tabaco ajeno en lugares públicos de la Ciudad de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey / Tobacco smoke exposure in public places in Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey

Objetivo. Cuantificar la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno (HTA) en lugares públicos de México, con el fin de impulsar políticas locales de ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco. Material y métodos. Se monitoreó aleatoriamente 20 por ciento de las áreas interiores de hospitales, escuelas y oficinas públicas de Monterrey, Guadalajara y la Ciudad de México. La concentración mediana de nicotina ambiental fue estimada por ciudad, tipo de espacio público y área interior. Resultados. La concentración mediana en los espacios donde se detectó nicotina fue de 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3), las mayores concentraciones se obtuvieron en la Ciudad de México y en las oficinas públicas. No se detectó nicotina en 75 por ciento de los espacios monitoreados. Conclusiones. El monitoreo ambiental de nicotina es una herramienta útil para fortalecer la implementación y evaluar el cumplimiento de la política de ambientes 100 por ciento libres de humo de tabaco.

Objective. To quantify environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public places in Mexico to promote policies of 100 percent smoke-free environments. Materials and Methods. In hospitals, schools and public offices of Monterrey, Guadalajara and Mexico City 20 percent of inner areas were monitored. Median nicotine concentrations were estimated by city, type of public space and type of inner area. Results. Median concentration in areas where nicotine was detected was 0.06 µg/m3 (P25=0.03, P75=0.12 µg/m3). Higher concentrations were found in Mexico City and in public offices. Nicotine was not detected in 75 percent of monitored areas. Conclusions. Monitoring environmental nicotine is a useful tool to evaluate compliance of public places with the smoke-free environments legislation, and could constitute an important source of information to strengthen implementation efforts.

Manifestações bucais em crianças com dentição decídua expostas passivamente ao tabaco / Oral manifestations in children with deciduous dentition passively exposed to tobacco

A exposição passiva ao tabaco é um problema médico e social que leva o não fumante a sofrer uma série de doenças, tanto sistêmicas como de repercussão bucal. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura que relaciona o tabagismo passivo com o risco de cárie dental e alterações gengivais na dentição decídua, com o propósito de levar ao conhecimento do profissional cirurgião-dentista um tema não muito difundido e instruí-lo na sua prevenção.

Poluição do ar interior provocada pelo fumo do cigarro em locais públicos de Portugal / Indoor air pollution caused by cigarette smoke in public places in Portugal

OBJETIVO: Poucos têm sido os estudos para conhecer o grau de poluição pelo fumo do tabaco a que estão sujeitas as pessoas em vários lugares públicos e privados. O objectivo do estudo foi quantificar o nível de poluição do ar provocada pelo fumo do cigarro em locais de trabalho e de lazer. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado no concelho de Braga, Portugal, em 2005. A medição dos teores de nicotina no ar interior foi realizada com monitores passivos contendo um filtro de 37 mm de diâmetro tratado com bissulfato sódico no seu interior. Os monitores foram colocados em lugares públicos, de trabalho e de lazer, pré-definidos. Para cada um dos locais, calculou-se a mediana da nicotina. RESULTADOS: A presença de nicotina foi detectada em 85 por cento das amostras. Foram encontrados valores elevados de contaminação do ar nas discotecas, com mediana de 82,26 mug/m³, variando entre os 5,79 e os 106,31 mug/m³.Os locais de trabalho da administração pública e da universidade apresentaram os valores mais baixos de nicotina. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados confirmam a necessidade de reforçar a implemen-tação e sobretudo, o cumprimento de políticas sem fumo nos locais de trabalho e de lazer, em benefício da saúde dos trabalhadores e como medida reforçadora de um ambiente que facilite aos fumadores o abandono do fumo do tabaco.

OBJECTIVE: There have been few studies investigating the level of cigarette smoke pollution to which people in several public and private places are exposed. The purpose of this study was to quantify the level of air pollution produced by cigarette smoking in workplaces and leisure settings. METHODS: The study was carried out in Braga, Portugal, in 2005. Nicotine content in indoor air was measured using passive monitors containing a 37-mm diameter filter inside treated with sodium bisulphate. The monitors were installed in predefined public workplaces and leisure settings. Median nicotine content was estimated for each place studied. RESULTS: Nicotine was detected in 85 percent of the samples. Extremely high air contamination levels were found in discos with a median of 82.26 mug/m³, ranging between 5.79 and 106.31 mug/m³. Workplaces of public administration and university buildings showed the lowest nicotine content. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings confirm the need to promote the implementation of smoke-free policies in workplaces and leisure settings to protect workers' health and as a reinforcing measure of an environment which facilitates smokers to quit smoking.

Exposición involuntaria al humo de tabaco en lugares públicos de la Ciudad de México / Involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke in public places in Mexico City

OBJETIVO: La legislación mexicana considera como espacios libres de humo de tabaco a muchos lugares públicos. Sin embargo, no existen evaluaciones de la exposición a humo de tabaco ambiental que permitan medir el cumplimiento de las leyes ni identificar espacios de oportunidad para el control de la exposición. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo cuantificar los niveles de nicotina ambiental en lugares públicos de la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Utilizando un protocolo común a otros países de América Latina, durante marzo de 2004 se colocaron monitores de difusión pasiva de nicotina en un hospital, dos escuelas, un edificio de oficinas públicas, un aeropuerto, siete restaurantes y tres bares de la Ciudad de México. Los monitores fueron analizados en la Universidad Johns Hopkins, donde la nicotina fue extraída y cuantificada usando cromatografía de gases con detección selectiva de nitrógeno. La concentración mediana de nicotina ambiental fue estimada por tipo de lugar y por área de restricción para fumar. RESULTADOS: Se detectó nicotina ambiental en todos los lugares públicos. Las mayores concentraciones se observaron en bares (6.01 µg/m³), restaurantes (0.69 µg/m³), aeropuerto (0.21 µg/m³) y oficinas públicas (0.10 æg/m³). Los grados de exposición fueron similares a los observados en otras ciudades de América Latina. CONCLUSIONES: Las concentraciones de nicotina en el aeropuerto y las oficinas públicas reflejan la falta de cumplimiento con la legislación vigente en México. Las concentraciones de nicotina registradas en bares y restaurantes evidencian la necesidad de impulsar medidas legislativas que establezcan a estos sitios como lugares públicos y de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco.

OBJECTIVE: Mexican legislation considers many public places as smoke-free spaces. However, no environmental tobacco smoke exposure assessment studies exist to evaluate compliance with governmental regulations and to identify opportunities for tobacco control. The main objective of this study is to quantify airborne nicotine concentrations in public places in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During March 2004, nicotine passive monitors were allocated in a hospital, two schools, a public office building, an airport, seven restaurants, and three bars following a common protocol applied in other Latin American countries. Monitors were analyzed at the Johns Hopkins University, extracting the nicotine and quantifying it using nitrogen selective gas chromatography. Median concentrations of environmental nicotine were estimated by type of place and smoking restriction. RESULTS: Airborne nicotine was detected in all public places. The highest concentrations were observed in bars (6.01 µg/m³), restaurants (0.69 µg/m³), airport (0.21 µg/m³), and public offices (0.10 µg/m³). Nicotine exposure concentrations are similar to those previously observed in other capital cities of Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine levels in the airport and public offices reflect the lack of compliance with mandatory non-smoking official regulations in Mexico. High nicotine concentrations in bars and restaurants provide evidence for the need to advance smoke-free legislative action in these public and work places.

Exposición al humo de tabaco en hogares de la Ciudad de México: análisis de nicotina ambiental y en cabello de niños y mujeres / Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in homes of Mexico City: analysis of environmental samples and children and women hair

OBJETIVO: En México no se han efectuado evaluaciones de la exposición al humo de tabaco ambiental en los hogares ni en sus habitantes. El objetivo de este estudio es cuantificar los niveles de nicotina ambiental en hogares de la Ciudad de México, evaluando simultáneamente los niveles de nicotina en el cabello de niños y mujeres. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En julio de 2005 se seleccionaron 41 hogares de la Ciudad de México a conveniencia, 20 por ciento sin fumadores y 80 por ciento con fumadores. Se colocaron monitores pasivos de nicotina en los hogares por una semana y se obtuvieron muestras de cabello de mujeres no fumadoras y niños para cuantificar nicotina. Las muestras fueron enviadas a la Universidad Johns Hopkins, donde la nicotina se extrajo y analizó con cromatografía de gases. De manera adicional, se aplicaron encuestas de opinión y conductas relacionadas con el humo de tabaco ambiental. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones de nicotina ambiental tuvieron una mediana de 0.08 æg/m³ (RIC 0.01-0.64), en el cabello de los niños 0.05 ng/mg (RIC 0.05-0.29) y en el cabello de las mujeres 0.05 ng/mg (RIC 0.05-0.19). Las concentraciones de nicotina ambiental y en el cabello de los niños mostraron una correlación alta (rS=0.49), y se incrementó con el número de fumadores en el hogar. La mayoría de los encuestados apoya las medidas de control del humo de tabaco ambiental. CONCLUSIONES: Se observaron grados particularmente altos de exposición en niños atribuibles a la presencia de nicotina ambiental en el hogar. Deben implementarse acciones preventivas integrales para eliminar el tabaquismo activo y evitar el consumo de tabaco en el hogar.

OBJECTIVE: In Mexico no evaluation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in homes or habitants has been conducted. The objective of this study is to quantify environmental nicotine in Mexico City homes, simultaneously evaluating nicotine levels in children and women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In July 2005 a convenience sample of 41 homes was selected, 20 percent without smokers, 80 percent with smokers. Nicotine passive monitors were allocated in homes for one week, obtaining samples of hair from inhabitant non-smoking women and children. Samples were taken to the Johns Hopkins University where nicotine was extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography. A survey of opinions and behaviors related to environmental tobacco smoke was conducted. RESULTS: Environmental nicotine concentrations had a median of 0.08 µg/m3 (IQR 0.01-0.64), in children's hair 0.05 ng/mg (IQR 0.05-0.29), and in women's hair 0.05 ng/mg (IQR 0.05-0.19). Environmental nicotine concentrations and in childrenÆs hair were highly correlated (rS=0.49), and increased with the number of smokers at home. The majority of adults surveyed showed support towards measures of environmental tobacco smoke control. CONCLUSIONS: Homes are important spaces of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Particularly high levels of exposure were observed in children's hair, attributable to the presence of environmental nicotine at home. Integral preventive activities to eliminate active smoking and to avoid tobacco consumption at home are required.

Crianças de centros de educação infantil: exposição ao fumo passivo / Children of centers of infantile education and the passive smoking

O tabagismo é responsável por casos de câncer e por doenças em diversos órgãos e sistemas do corpo humano, ocasionando três milhões de mortes por ano em todo o mundo. É a mais agressiva fonte de poluição ambiental, principalmente no que se refere ao fumo passivo por crianças. Ao permanecerem em Centros de Educação Infantil (CEIs) durante o dia, as crianças convivem com outras e com adultos, que de alguma maneira podem exercer influência em seu desenvolvimento social, mental, físico e psicológico. A presente pesquisa do tipo quanti-qualitativa realizou o levantamento de dados por meio de questionário feito aos funcionários dos CEIs objetivando verificar a exposição das crianças ao fumo passivo, o cumprimento das leis de proibição do fumo em instituições públicas e a influência do fumo no desenvolvimento das crianças. Percebeu-se que dos 288 funcionários entrevistados, 44 eram fumantes, 10 não cumpriam as leis, e que o fumo exercia algum tipo de influência no desenvolvimento das crianças, como quando a criança imita o adulto que fuma

Efectos de la exposición al humo de tabaco ambiental en no fumadores / Effects in passive smokers of environmental tobacco smoke exposure

National and international environmental tobacco smoke studies were reviewed regarding its effects on passive smokers' health. Environmental tobacco smoke is composed by more than 4,000 known substances, which are different if they are in the mainstream or sidestream. Studies with biomarkers like cotinine have concluded that exposed nonsmokers have an increased cardiovascular morbi-mortality. Passive smokers also have an increased risk of lung, nasal sinus and breast cancer. Children have more acute and chronic respiratory symptoms, low respiratory infections, otitis and sudden infant death syndrome. Environmental tobacco smoke induces asthma and causes exacerbations in both children and adults. In reproductive health, it decreases the age of menopause and produces menstrual disorders. Newborn infants of passive smoking mothers have a higher probability of low birth weight and to be small for gestational age. This international scientific evidence should lead countries to take measures in order to protect nonsmokers' health.

Se realizó una revisión de los estudios nacionales e internacionales sobre los efectos del humo de tabaco ambiental en la salud de los fumadores pasivos. El humo de tabaco ambiental está conformado por más de 4.000 sustancias químicas, las que difieren cuali y cuantitativamente al estar presentes en la corriente principal o en la lateral. Los no fumadores expuestos presentan un aumento de morbi-mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular, incluso con estudios con biomarcadores como cotinina. Además los fumadores pasivos tienen un riesgo aumentado de presentar cáncer de pulmón, de senos paranasales y mama. En niños existe un mayor número de síntomas respiratorios agudos y crónicos, infecciones respiratorias bajas, otitis media y síndrome de muerte súbita infantil. El humo de tabaco ambiental favorece la inducción y exacerbación de asma bronquial en niños y adultos. En la salud reproductiva, disminuye la edad de aparición de la menopausia y produce desórdenes menstruales. Los recién nacidos hijos de madres fumadoras pasivas tienen mayor probabilidad de nacer con bajo peso o de ser pequeños para la edad gestacional. La evidencia científica internacional debe contribuir a que los países tomen medidas para proteger la salud de los no fumadores.