Development of the Goose Tongue Filiform Papillae: Could it be Tooth-Like Sense Organs? / Desarrollo de las Papilas Filiformes de la Lengua de Ganso: ¿Podrían ser Órganos Sensoriales Parecidos a los Dientes?

SUMMARY: The geese's tongue filiform papillae are particularly long, and exhibit the same morphology of a tooth, evoking the lingual teeth of several fishes. In adult animals, they contain numerous mechanical Herbst's corpuscles but no taste buds. In the embryo, they appear since stage 38 and acquire their definitive shape between stages 38 and 42. They express several proteins associated with mammalian tooth development (BMP4, β-catenin, SHH, PITX2, PAX9), also known to be linked to parrot's pseudoteeth and goose's denticulations development. Neurofilaments are early present in the papillae primordia, and appear particularly numerous in adult papillae. Our results suggest that these papillae constitute a mechanical organ with a « tooth shape » derived from ancestral odontodes, whose development is controlled by numerous genes involved in classical odontogenesis.

Las papilas filiformes de la lengua de los gansos son particularmente largas y exhiben la morfología de un diente, evocando los dientes linguales presentes en varios peces. En los animales adultos, contienen numerosos corpúsculos de Herbst mecánicos, aunque una ausencia de papilas gustativas. En el embrión, aparecen a partir del estadio 38 y adquieren su forma definitiva entre los estadios 38 y 42. Expresan varias proteínas asociadas al desarrollo dentario de los mamíferos (BMP4, β-catenina, SHH, PITX2, PAX9), también conocidas por estar asociadas al desarrollo de pseudodientes en el loro y denticulaciones en el ganso. Los neurofilamentos están presentes tempranamente en los primordios de las papilas y aparecen particularmente numerosos en las papilas adultas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que estas papilas constituyen un órgano mecánico con «forma de diente» derivado de odontoides ancestrales, cuyo desarrollo está controlado por numerosos genes implicados en la odontogénesis clásica.

BPI-fold (BPIF) containing/plunc protein expression in human fetal major and minor salivary glands

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine expression, not previously described, of PLUNC (palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone) (BPI-fold containing) proteins in major and minor salivary glands from very early fetal tissue to the end of the second trimester and thus gain further insight into the function of these proteins. Early fetal heads, and major and minor salivary glands were collected retrospectively and glands were classified according to morphodifferentiation stage. Expression of BPI-fold containing proteins was localized through immunohistochemistry. BPIFA2, the major BPI-fold containing protein in adult salivary glands, was detected only in the laryngeal pharynx; the lack of staining in salivary glands suggested salivary expression is either very late in development or is only in adult tissues. Early expression of BPIFA1 was seen in the trachea and nasal cavity with salivary gland expression only seen in late morphodifferentiation stages. BPIFB1 was seen in early neural tissue and at later stages in submandibular and sublingual glands. BPIFA1 is significantly expressed in early fetal oral tissue but BPIFB1 has extremely limited expression and the major salivary BPIF protein (BPIFA2) is not produced in fetal development. Further studies, with more sensitive techniques, will confirm the expression pattern and enable a better understanding of embryonic BPIF protein function.

Prevalence of bifid tongue and Ankyloglossia in South Indian population with an emphasis on its embryogenesis / Prevalencia de lengua bífida y anquiloglosia en el Sur de la población India con énfasis en su embriogénesis

Disturbance in the organogenesis of tongue might lead to some malformations like tongue tie, bifid tongue and hairy tongue. Severe degrees of these anomalies may cause speech impairment or periodontal defects. The present study was done on patients of the southern coastal belt of India during the past two years, on gross tongue anomalies. The results of the present study reveal that occurrence of tongue tie is 0.2 percent and bifid tongue is 0.3 percent in the southern coastal population. Since great majority of these oral anomalies have genetic basis the purpose of the present report is to highlight that these anomalies can exist without any familial background and also to suggest that environmental factor may play a role in the etiogenesis of these anomalies.

La alteración en la organogénesis de la lengua puede dar lugar a algunas malformaciones como anquiloglosia, lengua bífida y lengua vellosa. Grados severos de estas anomalías puede provocar un trastorno del habla o defectos periodontales. El presente estudio se realizó, durante los últimos dos años, en pacientes de la franja costera del Sur de la India con anomalías graves en la lengua. Los resultados del estudio revelaron que, en la población costera del sur, la incidencia de anquiloglosia era de 0,2 porciento y de lengua bífida de 0,3 por ciento. Dado que la gran mayoría de estas anomalías orales tienen base genética, el propósito del presente informe fue poner de relieve que estas anomalías pueden existir sin ningún tipo de antecedentes familiares y también sugerir que los factores ambientales podrían jugar un papel en el etiogenesis de estas anomalías.

[Effect of oral morphine consumption during pregnancy on the tongue development in the Wistar rat embryos]

Morphine consumption during pregnancy could lead to defect and delay in nervous system development in the embryos. In the present study, development of the tongue of embryos whom their mothers received oral morphine during pregnancy have been studied. Female Wistar rats [200-220 g] after pregnancy were divided randomly into the experimental and control groups. The control group received tap water whereas the experimental group received morphine [0.05 mg/ml] in their drinking waters. On the day 19, the pregnant rats were killed by chloroform overdose and the embryos were removed surgically and were fixed in formalin 10%. Simultaneously, the rats' bloods were collected for corticosterone measurement. Weight and length of the embryos were determined. Then the embryos' heads were removed for tissue processing, cutting and Hematoxylin- Eosin staining. The subjects were evaluated using light microscope and MOTIC software. Number of the cells also counted. Un-paired t-test applied for statistical analysis. Plasma corticosterone level, embryos' weight and length did not show any significant differences between control and experimental groups. The large diameter of the tongue of the experimental group was decreased but the small diameter in two groups did not differ. Tongue cells numbers in the experimental group were increased but their size decreased. Decrease in the large diameter of tongue, increase in the cell number and decrease in cell size indicate the influence of morphine consumption during pregnancy on tongue development in the embryos

Tongue rolling and tongue folding traits in an African population / Rasgos de lengua enrollada y lengua doblada en una población africana

Genetic variations that occur in humans are usually as a result of a plethora of factors which are of enormous value from physical anthropological window especially in studying population variation and human diversity. This study was conducted amongst unrelated volunteer students of Delta State University, Nigeria who were all of Urhobo tribe (71 males) and (72) females aged between 18 years and over to determine their ability to roll or fold the tongues. The frequency of folders (120) and rollers (87) were more common than non-folders (23) and non-rollers (56).The incidence of tongue rolling was higher in females than in their male counterparts. These differences did not however show any statistical significance, p > 0.01. The frequency of R-F was observed to be highest in both males and females (38 and 43) respectively. 22 males and 17 females were observed to be capable of fold but unable to roll their tongue. None rollers and none folders were 9 males and 7 females respectively while rollers and none-folders were the least with frequencies of 2 males and 3 females respectively.

Las variaciones genéticas que ocurren en los seres humanos son, por lo general, resultado de una suma de factores de enorme valor en la antropología física, sobre todo en el estudio de variación de población y diversidad humana. Este estudio se realizó en estudiantes voluntarios no vinculados de la Universidad del Estado de Delta, Nigeria. Todos pertenecientes a la tribu Urhobo, 71 varones y 72 mujeres de 18 y más años de edad. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar su capacidad de plegamiento y enrollamiento lingual. La frecuencia de las lenguas dobladas (120) y enrolladas (87), fue mayor que las no dobladas (23) y no enrolladas (56). La incidencia de la lengua enrollada fue mayor en mujeres. Estas diferencias sin embargo, no fueron estadísticamente significativas, p> 0,01. La frecuencia de RF se observó más alta en hombres y mujeres (38 y 43), respectivamente. 22 hombres y 17 mujeres eran capaces de doblar la lengua pero no de enrollarla. 9 hombres y 7 mujeres no fueron capaces de enrollar la lengua ni de doblarla, mientras que 2 hombres y 3 mujeres fueron capaces de enrollar la lengua pero no de doblarla.

Concepçöes energéticas do Xin (coraçäo) analisadas sob enfoque da embriologia e da fisiologia cardíacas humanas / Energetic conceptions of Xin (heart) analysed by phisiological and embriological focus of the human heart

Nas concepçoes clássicas da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa, o Xin (Coraçao) representa um Zang (Orgao) de características bastante peculiares, com funçoes energéticas que o levam a ser descrito como "Imperador dos Zang (Orgaos)", exercendo influência sobre todos os outros Zang (Orgaos) e também controlando a atividade psíquica, a circulaçao de sangue e os vasos sangüíneos; expressa-se na língua e, para o seu equilíbrio energético, depende de um controle regulador do Shen (Rins). Sob enfoque da Medicina Ocidental, pode-se constatar, embriologicamente, que o coraçao mantém estreitas conexoes com os vasos sangüíneos, o encéfalo e a língua e, fisiologicamente, apresenta importante relaçao com os rins, intermediada pelo fator natriurético atrial. Estes aspectos da Medicina Ocidental, conforme sugerimos neste artigo, podem vir a constituir um suporte objetivo, que fundamente a abordagem filosófica que a Medicina Tradicional Chinesa dispensa a este tema.

Lengua hendida o bífida: presentación de un caso clínico / Cleft or bifid tongue: a clinical case presentation

Se presenta un caso clínico de lengua hendida o bífida (siendo extremadamente rara según los autores consultados), haciendo notar como antecedente de importancia a dos hermanitos con la misma anomalía. Se efectúa tratamiento quirúrgico (plastía lingual, zetaplastía de frenillo lingual con mioplastía de geniogloso y extirpación de nódulos linguales)

Organogénesis lingual humana: aspectos histoquímicos y ultraestructurales / Human lingual organogenesis: histochemical and ultrastructural aspects

Se realizó el estudio estructural, ultraestructural e histoquímico de lenguas de fetos de 8 a 32 semanas, para evaluar las posibles coincidencias cronológicas durante la diferenciación de sus componentes histológicos en la organogénesis. Desde las 8 a las 32 semanas el epitelio incrementó sus capas tornándose plano estratificado con áreas de paraqueratinización, desmosomas, tonofilamentos y escasos gránulos intercelulares. En forma concomitante aumentaron las fibras del corion disminuyendo las mucosustancias. Esbozos papilares aparecían en la superficie dorsal a las 8 semanas, siendo bien evidentes las papilas fungiformes a las 12 semanas. Las glicoproteínas de la lámina basal fueron más notables con la diferenciación papilar alcanzando las mismas su configuración definitiva a las 20 semanas. Los mioblastos tenían abundantes inclusiones de glucógeno y sus estriaciones transversales se observaron a las 20 semanas. Brotes glandulares se reconocían a la primera edad estudiada y, a las 20 semanas, acinos estructural y ultraestructuralmente diferenciados con secreciones PAS positivas, metacromáticas y alcianofílicas. Los cambios citoquímicos observados son indicadores del proceso de diferenciación celular, y los tejdios que participan en su histogénesis presentan un ritmo de diferenciación y crecimiento similar

Estudo ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura da mucosa dorsal da língua de fetos humanos / Scanning electron microscopy study of the lingual dorsal mucosae of the human fetuses

No presente trabalho foram estudadas as características da mucosa dorsal da língua de fetos humanos natimortos com 12, 16, 18 e 22 semanas, empregando a técnica da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A mucosa lingual de fetos de 12 semanas apresenta formaçöes globosas, que se diferenciam posteriormente em papilas fungiformes e formaçöes correspondentes às papilas valadas no terço posterior. Na décima sexta semana, evidenciam as papilas fungiformes, as valadas com aspecto mais diferenciados e as filiformes. Na margem lateral posterior da língua mostram-se sulcos e pregas de mucosa dispostos transversamente. Na décima oitava semana, as papilas fungiformes apresentam uma superfície ligeiramente convexa, e as valadas bem desenvolvidas e contendo poros gustativos. Os sulcos e pregas de mucosa da margem lingual mostram-se evidentes, constituindo as papilas folhadas. Na vigésima segunda semana, as papilas fungiformes säo bem maiores que nas fases anteriores e as filiformes säo numerosas. Notam-se as papilas valadas com formas definidas, bem como as folhadas bem evidentes na margem lateral da língua