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2.
Bahrain Medical Bulletin. 2009; 31 (2): 89-91
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-90987

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide infection. It may have acute or latent clinical presentations. Because of defective cell mediated immunity, patients are at a higher risk of developing toxoplasma encephalitis. We report the first biopsy diagnosed case of cerebral toxoplasmosis in an HIV positive patient from the Kingdom of Bahrain and review the pathogenesis, pathology and laboratory diagnosis


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnostic imaging , HIV Infections , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
3.
Future Microbiol ; 4: 1363-1379, 2009.
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: biblio-1022661

ABSTRACT

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients, particularly from developing countries. This article summarizes current literature on cerebral toxoplasmosis. It focuses on: Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity and its possible relationship with disease presentation; host responses to the parasite antigens; host immunosupression in HIV and cerebral toxoplasmosis as well as different diagnostic methods; clinical and radiological features; treatment; and the direction that studies on cerebral toxoplasmosis will likely take in the future.


Subject(s)
Toxoplasma/genetics , Toxoplasma/pathogenicity , Genetic Variation , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/parasitology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/parasitology , Biomedical Research/trends , Animals
4.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 68(4): 285-290, jul.-ago. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633554

ABSTRACT

Las lesiones cerebrales focales constituyen una complicación frecuente en los pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) y síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida). Durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1999 y mayo de 2007 se realizaron un total de 83 biopsias en pacientes con sida y lesiones cerebrales. Se incluyeron aquellos pacientes que no hubiesen respondido al algoritmo habitual de enfoque diagnóstico-terapéutico de estas lesiones. Todas las muestras obtenidas fueron sometidas a evaluación intraoperatoria para asegurar la obtención de material patológico y posterior análisis histopatológico y exámenes microbiológicos. De los 41 pacientes con lesiones cerebrales múltiples, 62 tenían localización supratentorial, en 4 eran infratentoriales y 17 mostraron ambas localizaciones. Cincuenta y un lesiones seleccionadas como blanco estereotáctico tuvieron refuerzo periférico del contraste. Se obtuvo material histopatológico en el 100% de los procedimientos. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el de leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva (LEMP) con 24 casos (29%), seguido del linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central (LPSNC) con 19 diagnósticos (23%) y de toxoplasmosis en 13 pacientes (15.7%). Se comprobó una relación significativa entre los diagnósticos histopatológicos y la localización de las lesiones y entre los diagnósticos histopatológicos y el comportamiento de las imágenes luego de la administración de la sustancia de contraste. El rédito diagnóstico alcanzó el 90.3% (75 biopsias). La morbiletalidad en esta serie fue de 2.4%. La biopsia cerebral estereotáctica permitió alcanzar el diagnóstico etiológico y adecuar el enfoque terapéutico en la mayoría de los pacientes de esta serie.


Focal brain lesions are frequent complications among HIV/AIDS patients. Between January 1999 and May 2007, 83 procedures of stereotactic brain biopsies in HIV/AIDS patients with focal cerebral lesions were carried out. The inclusion criteria were lack of response to current diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for brain lesions. All the samples underwent microscopic evaluation during surgery to assert valid material and delayed histopathological and microbiological examination. Forty one patient images demonstrated multiple brain lesions. Sixty two cases had supratentorial localization, 4 lesions were located beneath the tentorium and 17 showed both settings. Fifty one lesions presented peripheral enhancement after contrast computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 100% of useful samples recovery was achieved. Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) was the most frequent diagnosis (29%), followed by primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) (23%), and toxoplasmosis (15.7%). Statistically significant association was observed between histopathological diagnosis and lesion location and between those and peripheral ring enhancement images. The positive diagnostic rate of the invasive procedure was 90.3%. The morbidity/mortality rate was 2.4% in this series. In conclusion, the stereotactic brain biopsy ordered early during the patient’s evolution showed a good performance in order to achieve a prompt and accurate diagnosis and to guide the therapeutic scheme in these AIDS patients with focal brain lesions.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/pathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology , Biopsy/methods , Brain Diseases/pathology , Brain/pathology , Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/pathology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/surgery , Biopsy/mortality , Central Nervous System Neoplasms/pathology , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Stereotaxic Techniques/mortality , Stereotaxic Techniques/standards , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
5.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 80(1): 85-99, Mar. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-477417

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasma gondii strains displaying the Type I/III genotype are associated with acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in humans. Here, we used a mice model to characterize some immunological mechanisms involved in host resistance to infection with such strains. We have chosen the Type I/III strains D8, G2 and P-Br, which cause a chronic infection in mice that resembles human toxoplamosis. Mice deficient of molecules MyD88, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 were susceptible to all three parasite strains. This finding indicates the importance of innate mechanisms in controlling infection. On the other hand, MHC haplotype did not influenced resistance/susceptibility; since mice lineages displaying a same genetic background but different MHC haplotypes (H2b or H2d) developed similar mortality and cyst numbers after infection with those strains. In contrast, the C57BL/6 genetic background, and not MHC haplotype, was critical for development of intestinal inflammation caused by any of the studied strains. Finally, regarding effector mechanisms, weobserved that B and CD8+ T lymphocytes controlled survival,whereas the inducible nitric oxide synthase influenced cyst numbers in brains of mice infected with Type I/III strains. These findings are relevant to further understanding of the immunologic mechanisms involved in host protection and pathogenesis during infection with T. gondii.


Cepas de Toxoplasma gondii que apresentam o genótipo I/III são associadas a toxoplasmose ocular adquirida em humanos. No presente trabalho, nós utilizamos um modelo da doença em camundongos para caracterizar mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos na resistência do hospedeiro à infecção por aquelas cepas. Escolhemos as cepas D8, G2 e P-Br, que causam infecção crônica em camundongos, semelhante à toxoplasmose humana. Camundongos deficientes em MyD88, IFN-G e IL-12 foram susceptíveis a infecções com todas as três linhagens do parasita. Esses dados indicam a importância de mecanismos inatos no controle da infecção. Por outro lado, o haplótipo do MHC não influenciou na resistência/susceptibilidade, na medida em que linhagens de camundongos com um mesmo "background'' genético, mas diferentes haplótipos de MHC (H2b e H2d) apresentam o índice de mortalidade e número de cistos semelhantes após a infecção com aquelas cepas do parasita. Em contraste, o "background'' genético de C57BL/6, mas não o haplótipo de MHC, foi crítico para o desenvolvimento de inflamação intestinal causada pelas cepas estudadas. Finalmente, com relação aos mecanismos efetores, observamos que linfócitos B e T CD8+ controlam a sobrevivência após infecção. Por outro lado, a ativação da enzima óxido nítrico sintase induzida foi um fator importante para controle do número de cistos cerebrais em camundongos infectados com cepas do Tipo I/III. Esses achados são relevantes para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos na proteção e patogênese durante infecção com T. gondii.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Haplotypes/genetics , Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics , Mice, Inbred Strains/immunology , Toxoplasma/genetics , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Genotype , Interferon-gamma/deficiency , Interferon-gamma/immunology , /deficiency , /immunology , Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology , Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics , /deficiency , /immunology , Time Factors , Toll-Like Receptors/immunology , Toxoplasma/pathogenicity , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/pathology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/parasitology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology , Virulence/genetics
7.
Neurol India ; 2000 Jun; 48(2): 185-7
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-120254

ABSTRACT

A histopathologically proven case of cerebral toxoplasmosis in a young HIV positive patient has been presented. The clinical problems in management are highlighted.


Subject(s)
Adult , Fatal Outcome , HIV Infections/complications , Humans , Male , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
8.
Radiol. bras ; 32(3): 109-17, maio-jun. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-254454

ABSTRACT

Resumo: A neurotoxoplasmose é doença que afeta grande parte de pacientes com síndrome da immunideficiência adquirida. Neste trabalho foram estudados 46 pacientes com toxoplasmose cerebral confirmada que realizaram tomografia computadorizada de crânio no período compreendido entre março de 1994 e outubro de 1997. Foram encontradas lesöes solitárias em 28 por cento dos pacientes. As lesöes estavam mais comumente localizadas em núcleos da base e nos lobos frontais. Nenhuma lesäo era maior de 4 cm. Quanto ao tipo de realce das lesöes após infusäo do meio de contraste, observamos que 54,5 por cento das lesöes apresentaram realce anelar, 36,4 por cento sofreram realce nodular e 6 por cento impregnaram-se de forma heterogênea. Pudemos abservar melhora no aspecto das lesöes de todos os pacientes examinados após o vigésimo primeiro dia de tratamento. A melhora das lesöes pôde ser observada como diminuiçäo do halo de edema, como diminuiçäo do tamanho da lesäo e como alteraçäo no padräo de realce. A tomografia computadorizada foi método importante, tanto para a demonstraçäo das lesöes compatíveis com neurotoxoplasmose como para o tratamento desses pacientes após instituiçäo do tratamento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/epidemiology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
9.
Radiol. bras ; 31(5): 311-3, set.-out. 1998. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-268542

ABSTRACT

A toxoplasmose é uma das infecçöes mais comuns do sistema nervoso central na síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, ocorrendo em cerca de 19 por cento dos pacientes. Este artigo descreve os achados patológicos e também os achados de imagem por tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética na meningoencefalite por toxoplasmose.


Subject(s)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Meningoencephalitis , Meningoencephalitis/diagnosis , Meningoencephalitis/pathology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
10.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 56(2): 212-7, jun. 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-212812

ABSTRACT

Estudo prospectivo mostrando a importância da biópsia cerebral estereotáxica no manuseio do paciente com AIDS e que apresenta sintomatologia neurológica confirmada através de imagens. Todos estes pacientes obedecem a escalonamento terapêutico e, depois de terem sido dados os passos prévios, a biópsia passa a ser indicada visando ao diagnóstico etiológico adequado. O protocolo foi iniciado em agosto-1995 e concluído em dezembro-1996. Vinte pacientes foram biopsiados. Nosso protocolo é semelhante ao descrito por Levy e col. (Chicago IL, USA). Linfoma primário foi o diagnóstico predominante, seguido de leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva, toxoplasmose e leucoencefalopatia pelo HIV. Um caso de linfoma de células gigantes diplóico foi incluído. Nossa morbi/mortalidade foi nula. Por esta amostragem é possível concluir que a biópsia cerebral estereotáxica é um procedimento seguro e eficaz em pacientes com AIDS.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/pathology , Lymphoma/pathology , Stereotaxic Techniques , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology , Biopsy , Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Prospective Studies , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
11.
Arch. med. res ; 28(4): 527-30, dec. 1997. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-225258

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is the most common cause of intracerebral lesions in patients with AIDS. It is now standard clinical practice to treat empirically, based on clinical and radiographic findings, and to perform a biopsy of the lesion only in those patients who fail to have a clinical and radiographic response after two weeks of therapy. This study describes the presentation and response to therapy of central nervous system toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS at a private practice in Mexico City. A retrospective chart an radiology view of all patients with AIDS treated empirically for toxoplasmosis between 1988 and 1993 was performed. A total of 177 patients with AIDS were seen, nine (5.1 percent) had toxoplasmosis. Patients with toxoplasmosis were males with a median age of 39 years (range - 65). In two patients, toxoplasmosis of the CNS was the initial manifestation of HIV infection, all others had a prior diagnosis of AIDS with a mean of 10 months between their first AIDS defining event and the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The median CD+T-cell count at the time of the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was 78 cells/µL. Most patients had headache associate with other focal neurological symptoms such as hemiplegia (2), hemiparesis (2) or seizures (4). Only 4 out of 9 patients had fever as part of their initial clinical presentation. Serum IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were positive in 6 out of 7 patients tested, while IgM antibodies were negative in all patients. On imaging studies (Computerized Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging), 4 patients had a single lesion while the rest had two or more lesions. Two patients were initially treated with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine and were later changed to pryrimethamine/clindamycin, which was the treatment given from the beginning to all other patients. One patient died of an intralesional hemorrhage two weeks after the diagnosis despite adequate therapy. The probability of surviving 6 months after the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was 60 percent. The findings of these authors are similar to those reported in other series where toxoplasmosis of the CNS is a late complication of HIV infection associated with a CD4+ cell count of < 100 cells/µL. However, survival was short in spite of good response to therapy


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/parasitology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/parasitology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/etiology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
14.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 26(2): 71-5, abr.-jun. 1993. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-141267

ABSTRACT

A encefalite por Toxoplasma gondii (ET) é a principal causa de massa no sistema nervoso central (SNC) em pacientes com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA). Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência dessa afecçäo e da presença de anticorpos específicos no soro e no líquor, bem como a sensibilidade (S) e a especificidade (E) da tomografia computadorizada (TC), dos achados clínicos e dos testes específicos foram revisados todos os prontuários de 516 pacientes com SIDA, internados no HCPA entre maio/85 e dezembro/91. A prevalência através de TC foi de 13 por cento (diagnóstico preseuntivo). A pesquisa de anticorpos específicos para toxoplasmose por imunofluorescência indireta no sangue (SS) foi positiva em 65 por cento e no líquor (SL) em 49 por cento dos pacientes em que foi realizada. Necrópsias de 125 pacientes foram revisadas encontrando-se uma prevalência de ET em 27 (22 por cento) casos, em que o diagnóstico foi considerado definitivo. A sensibilidade da TC foi de 65 por cento e a especificidade de 82 por cento. A SS apresenta S de 95 por cento e E de 30 por cento, enquanto a SL apresentou uma S de 77 por cento e E de 56 por cento. Os seguintes achados clínicos foram pesquisados: febre (S=92 por cento; E=56 por cento); sinais neurológicos focais (S=59 por cento; E=82 por cento) e cefaléia (S=41 por cento; E=69 por cento. Concluímos que é alta a prevalência da ET na SIDA e que a TC e a pesquisa de anticorpos específicos no soro e no líquor, devido à alta especificidade da primeira e a alta sensibilidade da segunda, constituem-se em métodos adequados para o diagnóstico da ET, sendo discutível a necessidade de realizar biópsia cerebral nesses casos


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Encephalitis/diagnosis , HIV-1 , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/diagnosis , Brazil/epidemiology , Cerebrum/pathology , Encephalitis/epidemiology , Encephalitis/pathology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/pathology , Prevalence , Sensitivity and Specificity , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/epidemiology , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
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