Long term dietary deficiency in steers: vital functions and T3 and IGF-1 relationships / Carência alimentar prolongada em garrotes: funções vitais e suas relações com os teores de T3 e IGF-1

To evaluate the influence of diets with different degrees of energy deficiency on the hormonal profile and vital functions, 12 steers were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals. For 140 days, each group received (G1) a diet to promote a weight gain of 900gr/day (17.7 Mcal/d DE and 13% CP), (G2) 80% of the maintenance requirements (5.8 Mcal/d DE and 7% CP), or (G3) 60% of the maintenance requirements (4.7 Mcal/d DE and 5% CP). In G2 and G3, the energy deficit caused a marked decrease in the heart rate and respiratory rate and a reduction in the blood levels of Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and triiodothyronine (T3). The decrease in heart rate, respiratory movement and, to a lesser extent, reduction of the rectal temperature, reflected the low status of energy and was negatively impacted by the low levels of T3. There was a strong correlation between the hormones T3 and IGF-1 (r=0.833). There were also strong correlations between T3 and HR (r=0.701), T3 and RR (r=0.632), IGF-1 and HR (r=0.731), and IGF-1 and RR (r=0.679). There were intermediate correlations between T3 and TºC (r=0.484), T3 and insulin (r=0.506), IGF-1 and insulin (r=0.517), and IGF-1 and TºC (r=0.548). This study showed the influence of a long period of providing an energy-deficient diet on animal performance, correlating hormonal status and vital functions in growing cattle. The results indicated that the evaluated parameters represent an important tool for the early detection of dietary deficiency...

Para avaliar a influência de dietas deficientes de energia sobre o perfil hormonal e as funções vitais em bovinos, 12 garrotes foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em três grupos com quatro animais para receber por 140 dias, as seguintes dietas: (G1) adequada, para ganho de peso de 900g/dia (17,7 Mcal/d de ED e 13% de PB); (G2) 80% dos requerimentos de mantença (5,8 Mcal/d de ED e 7% de PB); e (G3) 60% desses requerimentos (4,7 Mcal/d de ED e 5% de PB). O déficit energético provocou nos grupos G2 e G3 acentuada diminuição da frequência cardíaca e da frequência respiratória além da redução nos teores sanguíneos de IGF-1 e T3. A diminuição do número de batimentos cardíacos, movimentos respiratórios e em menor grau a queda na temperatura retal refletiram o baixo status energético imprimido e foram influenciados negativamente pelos baixos teores de T3. Houve correlação de alta intensidade entre os hormônios T3 e IGF-1 (r=0,833). As correlações entre os hormônios T3 e IGF-1 e as funções vital exibiram altas e médias intensidades. Houve elevada correlação entre T3 e FC (r=0,701), T3 e FR (r=0,632), IGF-1 e FC (r=0,731), IGF-1 e FC (r=0,679). Houve média correlação entre T3 e TºC (r=0,484), T3 e insulina (r=0,506), IGF-1 e insulina (r=0,517) e IGF-1 e TºC (r=0,548). O presente trabalho apontou a influência do longo período do oferecimento de dietas deficientes em energia sobre o desempenho animal correlacionando o perfil hormonal e as funções vitais nos bovinos em crescimento. Os resultados indicaram que os parâmetros avaliados podem ser uma ferramenta importante na detecção precoce da carência nutricional...

Excesso de Hormônio Tireoidiano em Curto Prazo Afeta o Coração, mas não Afeta a Atividade Adrenal em Ratos / Short-Term Thyroid Hormone Excess Affects the Heart but Does not Affect Adrenal Activity in Rats

Fundamento: O hipertireoidismo (Hi) exerce um amplo leque de influências em diversos parâmetros fisiológicos. Seu efeito perturbador sobre o sistema cardiovascular é um de seus impactos mais importantes. Além disso, o Hi foi clinicamente associado com o estresse induzido pela hiperativação do eixo hipotalâmico-pituitário-adrenal. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do Hi de curto prazo sobre o desempenho cardíaco e a atividade adrenal de ratos. Métodos: A indução de Hi em ratos Wistar através de injeções de T3 (150 μg/kg) por 10 dias (grupo com hipertireoidismo - GH) ou veículo (grupo controle). O desempenho cardiovascular foi avaliado por: ecocardiograma (ECO); razão peso do coração/peso corporal (mg/gr); contratilidade de músculos papilares isolados (MPI) e mensuração direta da pressão arterial. A atividade adrenal foi avaliada pela razão peso adrenal/ peso corporal (mg/gr) e níveis de 24 horas de corticosterona fecal (CF) no 1º, 5º e 10º dias de tratamento com T3. Resultados: No GH, o ECO mostrou redução dos Volumes Finais Sistólico e Diastólico, Tempos de Ejeção, Relaxamento Isovolumétrico e Diastólico Total, Áreas Sistólicas e Diastólica e razão E/A. Aumentaram a frequência cardíaca, a fração de ejeção e o débito cardíaco. A razão peso corporal/peso do coração foi maior. Da mesma forma, nos MPI, a taxa máxima de degradação da força durante o relaxamento foi maior em todas as concentrações extracelulares de cálcio. Os níveis de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foram maiores. (p ≤ 0,05). Por outro lado, não houve diferença na razão peso das adrenais/peso corporal ou níveis de 24 horas de CF. ...

Background: Hyperthyroidism (Hy) exerts a broad range of influences on a variety of physiological parameters. Its disruptive effect on cardiovascular system is one of its most remarkable impacts. Moreover, Hy has been clinically associated with stress - induced hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Objective: Evaluate the impact of short-term Hy on cardiac performance and adrenal activity of rats. Methods: Induction of Hy in Wistar rats through injections of T3 (150 µg/kg) for 10 days (hyperthyroid group - HG) or vehicle (control group). The cardiovascular performance was evaluated by: echocardiography (ECHO); heart weight/body weight (mg/gr) ratio; contractility of isolated papillary muscles (IPM) and direct measurement of blood pressures. Adrenal activity was evaluated by adrenal weight/body weight (mg/gr) ratio and 24-hour fecal corticosterone (FC) levels on the, 5th and 10th days of T3 treatment. Results: In HG, the ECHO showed reduction of the End Systolic and End Diastolic Volumes, Ejection, Total Diastolic and Isovolumic Relaxation Times, Diastolic and Systolic Areas and E/A ratio. Heart Rate, Ejection Fraction and Cardiac Output increased. The heart weight/body weight ratio was higher. Similarly, in IPM, the maximum rate of force decay during relaxation was higher in all extracellular calcium concentrations. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels were higher. (p ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, there was no difference in the adrenal weight/body weight ratio or in the 24-hour FC levels. Conclusions: Hy induces positive inotropic, chronotropic and lusitropic effects on the heart by direct effects of T3 and increases SBP. Those alterations are not correlated with changes in the adrenal activity. .

Cinco diferentes tipos de imágenes gammagráficas tiroideas en pacientes con enfermedad de Graves tratados con 131I en el Paraguay / Five different gammagraphic images of thyroid gland in patients with Grave’s disease treated with 131I in Paraguay

Thyroid disease is frequent in Paraguay, a country with a prevalence of goiter 48,6 percent in general population located in the center of South America. Grave’s disease constitutes the most common thyroid hyperfunction observed whose treatment can be carried out with medication (propiltiouracil, metimazol, etc.), surgery or iodine 131(131I) We analyzed 70 patients this type of hyperthyroidism treated with the 131I, in its clinical aspect pre and post treatment, ultrasound and nuclear scan findings of the gland thyroid, the hormonal respond Ft4, T3, TSH, thyroid antibodies TPOab, TGab, TRab. Besides the diffuse classic image observed in the thyroid scan and by ultrasonography of the gland, in Grave’s disease, 4 types of images were identified with nodules (multinodular, hot nodule, cold nodule and miliar). The group with diffuse increase in size form was the most numerous (50 percent) continued by the variety multinodular (30 percent), Marin-Lenhart’s Sx (hot nodule) 14 percent, miliary 3 percent, and cold nodule 3 percent. Three months after the treatment with the radioiodine was observed the decrease of the size and thyroid volume in 68 percent of the patients, thyroid uptake with 131I diminished in 75 percent. All patients had an increase of weight of 20 percent and 87 percent of then were feminine. The signs and symptoms were normalized in 88,5 percent of the patients. The levels of FT4 were normalized in 73, 8 percent, T3 in 66 percent, TSH in 47,7 percent, TPOab in 83 percent, TGab in 90 percent, and TRab in 84 percent. A received a single dose of 131I was used it in 93 percent of the patient The cost of the 131I in the Clinic Hospital was half of the cost of the surgery, and at private level the fourth part but cheap.

Valores de referencia de hormonas tiroides y tirotropina en niños y adolescentes sanos mediante dos métodos / Thyroid hormones and thyrotropin reference values in healthy children and adolescentes by radioimmunoassay and immunofluoremetricassay

Introducción. Objetivo: obtener valores de referencia de triyodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4) y tirotropina (THS) por inmunofluorometría (IFMA) y compararlos con los logrados por radioinmunoanálisis (RIA). Material y métodos. Se incluyeron en el estudio muestras sanguíneas de niños y adolescentes, a los que previamente se les descartó cualquier padecimiento que pudiera interferir con la función tiroidea, para obtener valores de referencia de T3, T4 y TSH, mediante equipos comerciales de IFMA y de RIA. Dos alícuotas de casa suero se mantuvieron congeladas a -20ºC hasta realizar el proceso en forma simultánea por ambos métodos para comparar la contabilidad de esos resultados. Para determinar concordancia entre ambos métodos se realizó la prueba "w" de Kendall. Resultados. Se estudiaron 216 muestras de niños sanos con edades entre 6 a 16 años. Se expresan como la media ñ la desviación estándar (DE). Los valores para T3 cpn RIA fueron de 157.31 ñ 31.04 ng/dL, con variación de 72.9 a 254 ng/dL (n=215) y con IFMA de 163.89 ñ 31.51 ng/dL, con variación de 91 a 242 ng/dl (n=191). La T4 con RIA fue de 8.54 ñ 1.68 µg/dL, con variación de 3.4 a 12.9 µg/dL (n=215) y con IFMA de 8.7 ñ 2.37 µg/dL, con una variación de 3.39 a 14.64 µg/dL (n=200). La TSH con RIA de 3.02 ñ 1.21 µUI/mL, con variación de 0.90 a 7.6 µUI/mL (n=214) y con IFMA de 2.20 ñ 1.25 µUI/mL, con variación de 0.28 a 8.59 mUI/mL (n=211). Mediante la prueba "w" de Kendall, entre RIA e IFMA se encontró para la T3, T4 y TSH en 189, 198 y 208 pares respectivamente concordancia de ambos métodos. Conclusión. Ambos métodos tienen concordancia completa, estadísticamente significativa, por lo que la IFMA puede sustituir al RIA en la valoración de T3, T4 y TSH en cualquier laboratorio clínico

Healthy population; reference values of thyroid hormones

The reference values of thyroid hormones in healthy population of Multan area were determined at Combined Military Hospital Multan. A total of 295 subjects comprising 105 adult males aged 18-50 years, 72 adult females [non pregnant] aged 16-45 years, 65 adult females [pregnant] aged 21-35 years and 53 newborns were included in the study. Serum TSH, total T4, total T3, free T4 and free t[number] were analyzed by enzymatic immunoassay on semi-automatic analyser [Serozyme-1] of Serono-USA. The reference values were calculated using 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles as lower and upper limits [95%]. In adult males, the reference values of TSH was 0.4 -6.0 IU/L and T$ was 52 - 180 nmol/l, total T3 was 1.1 - 2.9 nmol/l, free T4 was 8.2 - 24 pmol/l and free T3 was 1.5 - 7.3 pmol/l. In adult females [non pregnant], the values of the analytes were almost same as in adult males. In adult females [pregnant] the values of total T4 and T3 were significantly higher than adult males. In newborns the levels of TSH were significantly higher and level of other parameters moderately higher than adult males. It is recommended that reference values of thyroid hormones should be established in various areas of Pakistan by the concerned laboratories to make appropriate use of such investigations

Effects of estradiol benzoate on 5'-iodothyronine deiodinase activities in female rat anterior pituitary gland, liver and thyroid gland

There is little information on the possible effects of estrogen on the activity of 5'-deiodinase (5'-ID), an enzyme responsible for the generation of T3, the biologically active thyroid hormone. In the present study, anterior pituitary sonicates or hepatic and thyroid microsomes from ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated or not with estradiol benzoate (EB, 0.7 or 14 mug/100 g body weight, sc, for 10 days) were assayed for type I 5'-ID (5'-ID-I) and type II 5'-ID (5'-ID-II, only in pituitary) activities. The 5'-ID activity was evaluated by the release of (125)I from deiodinated (125)I rT3, using specific assay conditions for type I or type II. Serum TSH and free T3 and free T4 were measured by radioimmunoassay. OVX alone induced a reduction in pituitary 5'-ID-I (control = 723.7 + 67.9 vs OVX = 413.9 + 26.9; P<0.05), while the EB-treated OVX group showed activity similar to that of the normal group. Thyroid 5'-ID-I showed the same pattern of changes, but these changes were not statistically significant. Pituitary and hepatic 5'-ID-II did not show major alterations. The treatment with the higher EB dose (14 mug), contrary to the results obtained with the lower dose, had no effect on the reduced pituitary 5'-ID-I of OVX rats. However, it induced an imporatnt increment of 5'-ID-I in the thyroid gland (0.8 times higher than that of the normal group: control = 131.9 + 23.7 vs OVX + EB 14 mug = 248.0 + 31.2; P<0.05), which is associated with increased serum TSH (0.6-fold vs OVX, P<0.05) but normal serum free T3 and free T4. The data suggest that estrogen is a physiological stimulator of anterior pituitary 5'-ID-I and a potent stimulator of the thyroid enzyme when employed at high doses.

Hormona Tiroidea (T3-T4) en Leche Materna / Tyroid hormone (T3-T4) in maternal milk

En nuestro pais esta prohibido que las madres que ingieren hormonas tiroidea lacten a sus hijos, por su posible repercusion sobre el recien nacido. Observaciones recientes han puesto en duda la necesidad de tal restriccion. Por ello se estudiaron 20 mujeres en los primeros 10 dias del posparto (grupo 1) y 15 entre los 15 y 60 dias (grupo 3) y 20 que ingerian esta hormona en dosis sustitutiva - 120 mg tiroides desecado, 100 g de 1-T4 o 1 tableta de liolevo B- en los primeros 10 dias del posparto (grupo 2) y 15 entre los 15-60 dias (grupo 4). La leche se obtuvo por medio manual o mecanico. Se determinaron T4t y T3r por RIA, previa separacion de la grasa. La ingestion diaria de leche del recien nacido se calculo sobre la base de 400-1 000 mL/dia para los grupos 1 y 2 y de 700 a 1 200 mL/dia para los grupos 3 y 4. Se tomaron como valores de referencia inferiores los limites de sensibilidad del metodo: 0,5 g/dL para T4t y 0,01 g/dL para T3t (cv:10 por ciento y 8m por ciento, respectivamente). La dosis sustitutiva, necesaria para revertir el hipotiroidismo neonatal, es de 10 g/kg/dL de T4 y de 5 g/kg/dL de T3. Se aplico la t de student para 2 muestras independientes. Grupo 1. Concentracion de T4: x < 0,5 g/dL y de T3: x = 0.015 +/- 0,004 g/dL. (0,013-0,032). El RN ingeriria: T4 de 2 a 5 g/d y Te de 0,052 a 0,32 g/d. Grupo 2. Concentracion de T4 : x < 0,5 g/dL y de T3: x= 0,04 +/- 0,21 g/dL (0,013 +/- 0,097). Estos RN ingeririan igual T4 y T3 de 0,052-0,97 g/d. NO se constaron diferencias significativas (p <0,05) entre ambos grupos. Grupo 3. Concentracion de T4: x= 0,52 +/- 0,04 g/dL (0,5-0,64) y de T3: x,0,093 +/- 0,04 g/dL (0,013-0,16). Los ninos tomarian: T4 de 3,5 a 7,7 g/d y T3: 0.091 a 3,5 g/d. Grupo 4. Concentracion de T4: x 0,64 +/- 0,17 g/dL (0,5-1,05) y de T3: x 0,082 +/- 0,058 g/dL (=,013-0,17). La ingestion en estos RN seria de T4: 3,5 a 12,8 g/d y de T3:0,091 a 2,88 g/d. No se constataron diferencias significativas entre estos 2 ultimos grupos asi como tampoco con los grupos 1 y 2 (p < 0,05). Las madres que toman las hormonas tiroidea en dosis sustitutivaa si pueden lactar, por lo tanto, se puede quitar la prohibicion

Correlación entre las hormonas tiroideas circulantes y la mortalidad en pacientes con sepsis asociada a síndrome de disfunción orgánica múltiple / Relationship between circulating thyroid hormones and mortality in patients with sepsis associated to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Introducción. Las anormalidades en la función del tiroides se acompañan de mortalidad elevada en los pacientes graves. Objetivo. Estudiar el papel de las hormonas tiroides sobre la mortalidad de los pacientes con sepsis y síndrome de disfunción orgánica múltiple (SDOM). Pacientes y métodos. Estudiamos prospectivamente 22 pacientes consecutivos que ingresaron a una UCI (doce mujeres, diez hombres edad media 43.8 ñ 17 años) con sepsis asociada a SDOM. Se les midió T4, T3, T3r, TSH dentro de las primeras 24 horas de su ingreso a la UCI y posteriormente cada tres o cuatro días por tres semanas o hasta su alta. Resultados. Nueve pacientes sobrevivieron y 13 murieron. Los valores al final del estudio fueron: para los sobrevivientes T3 50.6 ñ 8.22 ng/dL, T46.53 ñ 2.11 µg/dL, TSH 1.89 ñ 0.27 µU/mL, T3r 45.7 ñ 6.4 ng/dL y para los que fallecieron T3 14.3 ñ 4.03 ng/dL, T4 4.03 ñ 0.6 µg/dL, TSH 0.85 + 0.23 µU/mL, T3r 145.6 ñ 13 ng/dL (p < 0.001). Conclusión. Los pacientes con sepsis y SDOM tienen alteraciones importantes de las hormonas tiroides circulantes y mortalidad elevada

Predictor of outcome of hyperthyroidism due to Graves disease: serum triiodothyronine/thyroxine ratio.

There is a proportionally greater increase in the serum T3 than Serum T4 concentration in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Grave's disease which results in an elevation of serum T3 to T4 ratio. The study was undertaken to investigate the alteration of serum T3 to T4 ratio in relation to the outcome of antithyroid drug therapy. 98 patients of hyperthyroid Grave's disease were studied and 78 patients had T3 to T4 ratio greater than 20 ng/microgram before therapy (normal range 14-20; mean 16.0) In 16 out of 78 patient T3 to T4 ratio remained high during a 18 months course of antithyroid drug therapy and in 13 of them (81%) hyperthyroidism recurred after stoppage of treatment. In the remaining 62 patients, the initial high T3 to T4 ratio became normal (< 20) during treatment and 34 of them (54.9%) had a remission of the disease after stoppage of the drug. Of the 20 patients in whom the initial T3 to T4 ratios were within normal range, the ratio remained normal during treatment and 16(80%) had a remission. Goiter size was larger in patients with high serum T3 to T4 ratio and reduction of goiter size occurred in some patients (59%) with decreasing T3 to T4 ratios. It is concluded that serum T3 to T4 ratio is a single and a useful predictor of the outcome of antithyroid drug therapy in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Grave's disease. A ratio greater than 20 throughout therapy indicates that the chances of relapse is high and a ratio below 20 either initially or during therapy is an indication of prolonged remission.

T3 and T4 hormones behavior in acute myocardial infarction

The main criterion for inclusion in study was freedom from diseases that may affect level of thyroidal hormones, subjects with history of drug intake that may affect thyroid function were excluded. All subjects underwent clinical examination, ECG, cardiac enzymes determination, some laboratory investigations and T3 and T4 radioimmunoassays on admission then on third and seventh days post AMI. The results showed a significant and transient decrease in TT3 and TT4 in early three days of AMI which returned to normal on seventh day after AMI. There was no significant relationship between TT3 and TT4, on one hand, and site or size of AMI, on the other hand. Also, there was no relationship of TT3 and TT4 and presence or absence of heart failure, however, patients with post myocardial infarction angina had a significantly higher TT3 in the day preceding the angina attack. So, it seems that this thyroidal hormones changes in adaptive process to limit the catabolism in such circumstances resulting in decrease of O2 consumption

Perfil tiroideo en tuberculosis pulmonar / Thyroid profile in pulmonary tuberculosis

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer el estado que guarda el perfil tiroideo en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar (TBP). Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, comparativo, ciego simple en 30 pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar clínicamente activa en tratamiento antituberculoso primario de corta duración supervisado y en 16 sujetos control, a los que se les determinó el nivel sérico de tiroxina, triyodotironina y tirotropina por medio de radioinmunoensayo. No se encontró difernecia estadísticamente significativa entre los pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar y el grupo control; sólo dos enfermos del grupo de estudio tuvieron valores de tiroxina por abajo de lo normal. Se concluye que en la tuberculosis pulmonar en etapa avanzada de tratamiento no existe alteración significativa del perfil tiroideo