ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to verify the trypanocidal effectiveness of aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts of Achyrocline satureioides against Trypanosoma evansi in vitro. A. satureioides extracts, known as macela, were used on trypomastigotes at different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 microg/ml) and exposure times (0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 hr). A dose-dependent effect was observed when the 3 extracts were tested. The concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 microg/ml were not able to kill trypomastigotes until 3 hr after exposure, and the highest concentrations (500 and 1,000 microg/ml) were able to kill all trypomastigotes after 1 hr. When the time of exposure was increased up to 9 hr, the concentrations at 50 and 100 microg/ml were 100% effective to 3 extracts. The chemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, a trypanocidal compound already described. Based on the results, we can conclude that the A. satureioides extracts exhibit trypanocidal effects.
Subject(s)
Achyrocline/chemistry , Antimalarials/isolation & purification , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Flavonoids/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Time Factors , Trypanosoma/drug effectsABSTRACT
Propolis is a resinous mixture of different plant exudates collected by honeybees. Currently, propolis is widely used as a food supplement and in folk medicine. We have evaluated 20 Cuban propolis extracts of different chemical types, brown (BCP), red and yellow (YCP), with respect to their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal properties. The extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton rubrum at low µg/mL concentrations, whereas they were not active against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The major activity of the extracts was found against the protozoa Leishmania, Trypanosoma and Plasmodium, although cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells was also observed. The BCP-3, YCP-39 and YCP-60 extracts showed the highest activity against P. falciparum, with 50% of microbial growth (IC50) values of 0.2 µg/mL. A positive correlation between the biological activity and the chemical composition was observed for YCP extracts. The most promising antimicrobial activity corresponds to YCP subtype B, which contains acetyl triterpenes as the main constituents. The present in vitro study highlights the potential of propolis against protozoa, but further research is needed to increase selectivity towards the parasite. The observed chemical composition-activity relationship of propolis can contribute to the identification of the active principles and standardisation of this bee product.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology , Propolis/pharmacology , Candida albicans/drug effects , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Leishmania/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Plasmodium/drug effects , Propolis/chemistry , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Trichophyton/drug effects , Trypanosoma/drug effectsABSTRACT
Trypanosoma evansi is a blood protozoan parasite of the genus Trypanosoma which is responsible for surra (Trypanosomosis) in domestic and wild animals. This study addressed apoptotic-like features in Trypanosoma evansi in vitro. The mechanism of parasite death was investigated using staurosporine as an inducing agent. We evaluated its effects through several cytoplasmic features of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, phosphatidylserine exposure, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial trans-membrane potential. For access to these features we have used the flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with cultures in the stationary phase and adjusted to a density of 10(6) cells/mL. The apoptotic effect of staurosporine in T. evansi was evaluated at 20 nM final concentration. There was an increase of phosphatidylserine exposure, whereas mitochondrial potential was decreased. Moreover, no evidence of cell permeability increasing with staurosporine was observed in this study, suggesting the absence of a necrotic process. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the possible pathways associated with this form of cell death in this hemoparasite.
Trypanosoma evansi es un hemoparásito, el cual es el agente causal de la surra (tripanosomiasis) en mamíferos, perteneciente al orden Kinetoplastidae. Este estudio se oriento a caracterizar la muerte celular similar a apoptosis en cultivos in vitro de Trypanosoma evansi a través del uso del inductor esturosporina. Este efecto se evaluó a través de diversos aspectos fenotípicos de la apoptosis: el encogimiento celular, la exposición de fosfatidilserina, el mantenimiento de la integridad de la membrana plasmática y el potencial de membrana mitocondrial. Para evaluar estas características se utilizaron técnicas de citometría de flujo y microscopía de fluorescencia con cultivos en fase estacionaria ajustados a una densidad de 10(6) células/mL. El efecto apoptótico de la estaurosporina en Trypanosoma evansi fue evaluado a una concentración de 20 nM. Se evidenció un aumento de la exposición a fosfatidilserina, mientras que el potencial mitocondrial disminuyó. Por otra parte, no hay evidencias de aumento de la permeabilidad celular con estaurosporina, sugiriendo la ausencia de un proceso necrótico. Estudios adicionales son necesarios para dilucidar las posibles vías asociadas con esta forma de muerte celular en este hemoparásito.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Staurosporine/pharmacology , Trypanosoma/drug effects , Axenic Culture , Flow Cytometry , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Trypanosoma/enzymologyABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility of mice to Trypanosoma evansi treated with human plasma containing different concentrations of apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1). For this experiment, a strain of T. evansi and human plasma (plasmas 1, 2, and 3) from 3 adult males clinically healthy were used. In vivo test used 50 mice divided in 5 groups (A to E) with 10 animals in each group. Animals of groups B to E were infected, and then treated with 0.2 ml of human plasma in the following outline: negative control (A), positive control (B), treatment with plasma 1 (C), treatment with plasma 2 (D), and treatment with plasma 3 (E). Mice treated with human plasma showed an increase in longevity of 40.9+/-0.3 (C), 20+/-9.0 (D) and 35.6+/-9.3 (E) days compared to the control group (B) which was 4.3+/-0.5 days. The number of surviving mice and free of the parasite (blood smear and PCR negative) at the end of the experiment was 90%, 0%, and 60% for groups C, D, and E, respectively. The quantification of APOL1 was performed due to the large difference in the treatments that differed in the source plasma. In plasmas 1, 2, and 3 was detected the concentration of 194, 99, and 115 mg/dl of APOL1, respectively. However, we believe that this difference in the treatment efficiency is related to the level of APOL1 in plasmas.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Young Adult , Apolipoproteins/blood , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Trypanocidal Agents/blood , Trypanosoma/drug effects , Trypanosomiasis/drug therapyABSTRACT
Crude 50% ethanolic extract of P. hysterophorus flowers exhibited trypanocidal activity in vitro at all the four concentrations tested i.e. 5, 50, 500 and 1000 micrograms/ml. In vivo trial revealed that the extract exerted antitrypanosomal effect at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body wt, i.p. as evidenced by significantly reduced (P < 0.01) mean parasitaemia on days 3, 4, 5 and 6 when compared with untreated control group. Further at 100 and 300 mg/kg, body wt doses, the survival period was significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged as compared to control group. The extract was, however, found toxic to the animals at 1000 mg/kg dose.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma/drug effects , Trypanosomiasis/drug therapyABSTRACT
Se estudiaron 58 pacientes en total, siendo 26 mujeres y 32 varones. El promedio de edad fue semejante a los tres grupos (29+/-5,13 anos)La parasitemia fue evaluada mediante xenodiagnosticos seriados (Xd). Cada estudio se realizo con 4 cajas de 10 ninfas del 3er estadio del T. Infestans cada una de acuerdo a la tecnica de Cerisola y Col.> El personal que realizo la lectura en todos los casos ignoraba a que grupo pertenecia el paciente estudiado e igualmente si habia recibido tratamiento o no
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Chagas Disease/microbiology , Parasitic Diseases/physiopathology , Trypanosoma/drug effects , Argentina/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Chagas Disease/blood , Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Chagas Disease/therapy , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data , Hemagglutination/immunology , Serologic Tests , Serology , Complement Fixation Tests/instrumentation , Trypanosoma cruzi/parasitologyABSTRACT
La valoración in vitro de tripanocidas activos sobre Trypanosoma cruzi es el primer paso para el desarrollo de nuevos agentes terapéuticos contra la enfermedad de Chagas. Para verificar si una información equivalente puede lograrse con organismos no patógenos, se estudió la acción de varios tripanocidas de t. cruzi sobre T. mega y Crithidia fasciculada. Las drogas se ensayaron sobre el crecimiento de los protozoarios que se midió por la turbiedad de la suspensión celular en medio de cultivo líquido. Una serie de quinonas, incluyendo quinonas lipofílicas, lapachonas, quinina-iminas, benzoquinonas, un quinol (miconidina) y nitrofuranos (nifurtimox y análogos derivados del grupo (5-nitro-2-furfurilideno)-amino (grupo NF) inhibieron el crecimiento de los organismos, especialmente el de T. mega, con I50 menores de 5 micronM, para los compuestos mas activos. La sensibilidad de T. mega fue similar a la de T. cruzi y significativamente mayor que la de C. fasciculata. El cultivo de muestras de T. mega, preincubados con las mismas drogas,d emostró efectos irreversibles con los NF-derivados del pirazol, imidazol, indazol y benzimidazol pero no con el nifurtimox. En iguales condiciones, C. fasciculata fue afectada solamente por la ß-lapachona y una naftoquinona-imina. Estos resultados califican a T. mega como un modelo adecuado para el ensayo inicial de quimioterápicos anti-chagásicos, como lo son C. fasciculata y T. brucei para los tripanosomas africanos
Subject(s)
Animals , Crithidia/drug effects , Nitrofurans/pharmacology , Quinones/pharmacology , Trypanosoma/drug effects , Crithidia/growth & development , Trypanosoma/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Especulaciones y experimentos bioquímicos llevaron a la suposición de que una potenciacion de la inhibición de la respiración aeróbica por ácido salicilhidroxámico (SHAM) sobre trypanosomas in vitro (insuficiente por sí mismo para ejercer un efecto terapéutico) se consigue con glicerol (GI), otro agente inactivo per se que inhibe la respiración glicolítica anaeróbica. El tratamiento combinado con los dos agentes inactivos ejerce un "sinergismo coalitivo" suficiente para clarificar temporalmente la parasitemia de roedores pero no para curarlos permanentemente. Examinando la acción terapéutica con dosis diferentes de SHAM y glicerol, pareció que, paradójicamente, el incremento de cada uno de ellos modifica desfavorablemente los resultados por lo cual la utilización de la mezcla no proporciona las ventajas terapéuticas usuales que se obtienen con un incremento de la dosis. Se determinó la coincidencia más favorable entre las dosis de los dos sinergistas, aún esta produce solamente un efecto temporal por tratamiento singular. La limitación del tratamiento singular combinado hasta la clarificación de la parasitemia no representa una propiedad instrínseca de tal método; este depende de la intensidad de actividad conseguida dentro de dosis toleradas. A niveles tóxicos el efecto completamente curativo ha sido obtenido con la combinación SHAM + GL, lo cual indica que el principio de tal "sinergismo coalitivo" con otros inhibidores puede ser aplicable en la terapia. In vitro, los parámetros definidos