ABSTRACT
For the evaluation of the kidney impairment, serum creatinine concentrations or glomerular filtration rates are mainly used, and the conditions of solitary or transplanted kidney and chronic dialysis are also taken into the considerations. Some symptoms and signs of the chronic renal disability in spite of adequate treatment add one additional grade. For evaluating bladder and urethral impairment, the criteria include voiding symptoms and signs. The patients with urinary diversions have impairment grades depending on the alteration of upper urinary tract function. For penile impairment, the degrees are evaluated using the international index of erectile function, nocturnal penile tumescence and color doppler ultrasonography. For evaluating impairment of other male reproductive organs, functional and anatomical changes of these organs, analysis of the semen or hormones and the state of solitary testis are used as the criteria. For evaluating impairment of female reproductive organs, pregnancy potential, requirement of continuous treatment and the ability of sexual intercourse are used. Also, degree of impairment is modified according to the ages in evaluating female reproductive systems. We have tried to make this evaluation system objective, scientific, and convenient, but still find it leaving much to be desired.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Disability Evaluation , Genitalia, Female/physiopathology , Genitalia, Male/physiopathology , Kidney Diseases/classification , Korea , Program Development , Severity of Illness Index , Urethral Diseases/classification , Urinary Bladder Diseases/classification , Urologic Diseases/classificationABSTRACT
Para avaliar o estado atual do tratamento das hipospadias, foi realizado um estudo sobre condutas e tecnicas utilizadas frente a esta ma formacao congenita. O local do estudo foi a Unidade de Urologia Pediatrica da Fundacao Puigvert - IUNA - Instituto de Urologia, Nefrologia e Andrologia - Universidade Autonoma de Barcelona (Hospital de La Santa Cruz y San Pablo). As codutas frente a uma hipospadia praticamente divergem se o meato uretral esta longe ou perto da glande e, nestas duas situacoes, surgem as varias taticas cirurgicas que podem ser agrupadas em tratamento das hipospadias distais e proximais. Como as implicacoes referentes a tecnica, resultados, complicacoes, etc. sao distintas a cada um destes grupos, toda esta revisao ficara assim dividida.