Comparação entre os resultados da urinálise e dosagens bioquímicas urinárias de amostras de urina coletadas pelas técnicas de cistocentese guiada por ultrassom e sondagem uretral em cães / Comparison between the results of urinalysis and urinary biochemical tests of urine samples collected by techniques ultrasound-guided cystocentesisand urethral catheterization in dogs

Objetivou-se no presente estudo comparar as técnicas de coleta de urina via sondagem uretral e cistocentese guiada por ultrassom, afim de verificar se o método de coleta pode influir nos resultados laboratoriais. Foram utilizados 12 cães machos, sem histórico de enfermidades, dos quais coletou-se cinco mililitros (mL) de urina via sondagem uretral e cinco mL via cistocentese guiada por ultrassom, ambas no mesmo momento. Posteriormente foi realizada a análise física (cor, odor, densidade, turbidez), química (urobilinogênio, glicose, corpos cetônicos, bilirrubina, proteína, nitrito, pH, sangue e leucócitos) e sedimentoscopia (avaliação de 10 campos de luz, objetiva de 40x). Cilindros urinários, cristais, corpúsculos gordurosos, espermatozoides, bactérias e células vesicais foram classificados qualitativamente como: ausentes (0), discretos (1), moderados (2) e intensos (3). Hemácias, leucócitos, e células de descamação foram quantificadas a partir da média dos campos analisados. As análises bioquímicas de microalbuminúria, creatinina e proteína total urinárias foram realizadas a partir do sobrenadante urinário, removido das amostras após centrifugação, e utilizados kits reagentes, conforme recomendação do fabricante, sendo a leitura em espectrofotômetro. Em todos os testes realizados os valores de p encontrados foram superiores 0,05 (p>0,05), excluindo-se a possibilidade de haver diferenças significativas dos resultados laboratoriais obtidos pelas duas formas de coleta.

The objective of this study was to compare two techniques of urine collection, urethral catheterization and ultrasound-guided cystocentesis, in order to verify if the collection method may influence the laboratory results. Twelve male dogs were used, with no history of diseases, of which five milliliters (mL) of urine were collected by urethral catheterization and five mL by both at the same time. Subsequently, the samples underwent physical analysis (color, smell, density andturbidity), chemical analysis (urobilinogen, glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin, protein, nitrite, pH, blood and leukocytes) and sedimentoscopy (evaluation of 10 light fields, 40x objective). Urinary casts, fatty corpuscles, spermatozoa, bacteria and bladder epithelial cells were classified qualitatively as absent (0), discrete (1), moderate (2) and intense (3). Red blood cells, leukocytes and desquamation cells were quantified from the mean of the analyzed fields. The urine supernatants were obtained after centrifugation and were used for biochemical analyzes of microalbuminuria, urinary protein and creatinine. The reagent kits were used as recommended by the manufacturer and the samples were read by spectrophotometry. All tests presented p values higher than 0,05 (p>0,05), excluding the possibility of significant differences between the laboratory results of both forms of urine collection.

Purple urine bag syndrome: case report / Síndrome do saco coletor de urina roxo: relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 65-year-old male with a history of urinary tract trauma requiring cystotomy and chronic bladder catheterization, presenting with chronic and uninvestigated changes in the color of the urine bag system, with no urine color change, and positive urine culture for Proteus mirabilis . These characteristics refer to the purple urine bag syndrome, a not weel-known condition, with a benign course in most cases, and associated with urinary tract infection in patients with chronic bladder catheterization. Although it is characterized by marked changes, it is underdiagnosed by healthcare professionals.

RESUMO Homem de 65 anos com história de trauma do sistema urinário, sendo necessário cistotomia e sondagem vesical crônica, apresentando alterações crônicas e não investigadas da cor do sistema coletor de urina, sem alteração da cor da urina, e urocultura positiva para Proteus mirabilis . Tais características remetem à síndrome do saco coletor de urina roxo, uma entidade pouco conhecida, de curso benigno na maioria da vezes, associada à infecção urinária em paciente com cateterismo vesical de demora. Embora seja caracterizada por alterações marcantes, é subdiagnosticada pelos profissionais de saúde.

Surgical techniques for facilitating laparoscopic intracorporeal orthotopic neobladder: initial experience

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe our technique and outcomes for laparoscopic intracorporeal ileal neobladder (ICNB) reconstruction. Materials and Methods: From April 2014 to November 2016, 21 patients underwent laparoscopic ICNB at our tertiary referral centre. ICNB with bilateral isoperistaltic afferent limbs and several technique improvements were introduced. Demographics, clinical, and pathological data were collected. Perioperative, 1-year oncologic, 1-year Quality of life and 1-year functional outcomes were reported. Results: ICNB was successfully performed in all 21 patients without open conversion and transfusion. Mean operative time was 345.6±66.9 min, including 106±22 min for LRC and PLND and 204±46.4 min for ICNB, respectively. Mean established blood loss was 192±146 mL. The overall incidence of 90-d complication was 33.3%, while major complication occurred in 4.8%. One-year daytime and night-time continence rates were 85.7% and 57.1%, respectively. One patient died from myocardial infarction six months postoperatively, and two patients had lung metastasis five months and six months respectively. Conclusions: We described our experience of 3D LRC with a novel intracorporeal orthotopic ileal neobladder, and the technique improvements facilitate the procedure. However, further studies are required to evaluate long-term outcomes of the intracorporeal neobladder with bilateral isoperistaltic afferent limbs.

Gastric neobladders: surgical outcomes of 91 cases using different techniques

ABSTRACT Introduction: We report on the surgical results of a series of 91 patients who received gastric neobladders as urinary diversion after radical cystectomies performed for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancers. Materials and Methods: We report on a retrospective case series of 91 patients who received gastric neobladders as urinary diversion after radical cystectomies performed for the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancers. Different techniques of gastric neobladders were employed from 1988 to 2013 at a university hospital in the South of Brazil. Results: Initial outcomes utilizing Leong (Antral) and Nguyen-Mitchell (Wedge) technique were unsatisfactory, yielding high pressure, low capacity reservoirs. Further developments of these techniques, with the detubularized gastric neobladder and the "spherical" gastric neobladders resulted in low pressure, high capacity reservoirs, with better surgical and urodynamic outcomes. Complication and perioperative mortality rates of our series of gastric neobladders were significantly higher than historical results of techniques using ileum or colon. Conclusions: Stomach is an exceptional option for the creation of neobladders after radical cystectomies, but due to the increased complication rates it should be reserved for specific situations (e.g., renal insufficiency, previous pelvic/abdominal radiotherapy, short bowel syndromes).

Neovagina construction and continent cutaneous urinary reservoir using a previous orthotopic ileal neobladder

ABSTRACT Standard radical cystectomy (RC) in women involves removal of the distal ureters, bladder, proximal urethra, uterus, ovaries, and adjacent vagina. Furthermore, pelvic organ-preserving RC to treat selected women has become an accepted technique and may confer better postoperative sexual and urinary functions than standard RC, avoiding complications such as incontinence, prolapse, neobladder-vaginal fistula (NVF), and sexual dysfunction, without compromising oncological outcome. This article reports a different surgical approach: a patient who underwent a cutaneous continent reservoir and neovagina construction using a previous ileal orthotopic neobladder after RC. Patient presented no complications and she has no evidence of recurrent disease and is sexually active, with a satisfactory continent reservoir. This case is the first report of this procedure that was able to treat concomitant dyspareunia caused by short vagina and neobladder-vaginal fistula. In conclusion, standard radical cystectomy with no vaginal preservation can have a negative impact on quality of life. In the present case, we successfully treated neobladder fistula and short vagina by transforming a previous ileal orthotopic neobladder into two parts: a continent reservoir and a neovagina. However, to establish the best approach in such patients, more cases with long-term follow-up are needed.

Intravesical OnabotulinumtoxinA Injection for Overactive Orthotopic Ileal Neobladder: Feasibility and Efficacy / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

The efficacy of intravesical onabotulinumtoxinA (BTXA) in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) has been well documented. The use of BTXA injection in orthotopic neobladders is yet to be studied. We present 4 cases of patients injected with intravesical BTXA for overactive orthotopic ileal neobladder. We recorded patient demographics, presenting and follow-up symptoms, urodynamic profiles, and Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) scores. The 4 patients reported varying degrees of subjective improvements in the symptoms, including urgency, urge incontinence, and pad usage. Mean follow-up duration was 8.3 months (range, 5-14 months). Average PGI-I score was 3 ("a little better") (range, 2-4). To our knowledge, the current study is the first case series examining BTXA injection for orthotopic neobladder overactivity. BTXA injection yielded varying degrees of objective and subjective improvements, without significant complications. Intravesical BTXA injection is feasible and may be considered as a potential treatment alternative for OAB in orthotopic neobladders, although further study is warranted.

The Studer Orthotopic Neobladder: Long-Term (More Than 10 Years) Functional Outcomes, Urodynamic Features, and Complications

PURPOSE: Radical cystectomy and urinary diversion are the standard treatment for invasive bladder cancer. We analyzed the long-term (>10 years postoperatively) functional outcomes, complications, and urodynamic findings in a single center series of patients who underwent cystectomy and a Studer ileal neobladder substitution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 108 Studer pouches constructed during 1990 and 2011 was performed. Data were analyzed in terms of long-term (>10 years) outcomes. Complications, incontinence, voiding difficulties, upper urinary tract changes, overall satisfaction, and urodynamic findings of the reservoir were obtained. RESULTS: We evaluated 19 out of 50 patients who had lived for over 10 years postoperatively. Another 31 patients were not traced: 7 patients died following recurrence, 15 died due to exacerbation of a comorbidity, and 9 patients were lost to follow-up. Concerning complications, 6 patients had an atrophied kidney, 5 patients had moderate hydronephrosis, 5 patients had chronic recurrence of pylelonephritis, and 2 patients had voiding difficulty because of bladder neck stricture due to clean intermittent catheterization. One patient underwent an operation due to intestinal obstruction. Seven patients had incontinence; all 7 patients showed intermittently at night and 2 patients even in waking hours. Maximum bladder capacity was 484.1+/-119.2 mL, maximum flow rate was 13.6+/-9.7 mL/sec, and post-void residual urine volume was 146.8+/-82.7 mL. CONCLUSION: Long-term outcomes with the Studer orthotopic ileal neobladder have an acceptable complication rate and good functional results. However, potential adverse outcomes such as renal deterioration, dysfunctional voiding should also be considered.

Métodos de medição e análise de densidade urinária em recém-nascidos na unidade neonatal / Urinary density measurement and analysis methods in neonatal unit care

Objetivou-se avaliar os métodos de coleta de urina algodão em contato com a genitália e coletor urinário na realização da densidade urinária em recém-nascidos. Estudo de intervenção, quantitativo, junto a 61 recém-nascidos escolhidos de forma não probabilística. Realizado em unidade neonatal de Fortaleza-CE-Brasil, 2010. A maioria dos neonatos nasceu a termo (31/50,8%) e sexo masculino (33/54%). Os dados da medição da densidade urinária com algodão e coletor demonstraram diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). A análise dos intervalos interquartílicos entre os subgrupos resultou em diferença estatística entre, coletor urinário/fita reativa (1005) e o algodão/fita reativa (1010), contudo não ocorreu diferença entre o coletor urinário/refratômetro (1008) e algodão/refratômetro (1008). Novas pesquisas merecem ser executadas com amostragens maiores utilizando os métodos aqui propostos e se possível, correlacionar os valores obtidos com exame laboratorial.

Avaliação do efeito do uso de conservante e dos diferentes momentos de coleta para a determinação de iodo na urina / The effect of the use of preservative and of the different samples collection times on the iodine determination in urine

A determinação do iodo urinário é o marcador bioquímico mais utilizado para avaliação de suas concentrações, auxiliando em estudos epidemiológicos e na clínica médica. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito do uso de conservante na coleta de urina em frasco coletor, nos períodos antes (A) e após (B) o almoço, e nas amostras distribuídas em tubos com (C) e sem (S) conservante para determinar as concentrações de iodo e creatinina. A dosagem de creatinina foi utilizada para aferir a função renal. Foram analisadas amostras de 20 indivíduos entre 18 a 40 anos de ambos os sexos. Houve concordância nas concentrações de iodo no (A), sendo o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) = 0,769 nos tubos (C) e CCI = 0,724 nos tubos (S), assim como entre (A) CCI = 0,941 e (B) CCI = 0,983. Não houve concordância nas concentrações de creatinina nos tubos (C) CCI = 0,369 e (S) CCI = 0,264 nos dois períodos e, também, entre (A) (CCI =0,916) e (B) (CCI = 0,998). Por não terem sido detectadas variações nas concentrações de iodo nas amostras de urina, ambos os tubos, (C) ou (S), podem ser utilizados com igual confiabilidade. Não foi detecta da variabilidade na determinação de iodo na amostras de urina coletadas nos períodos (A) e (B).

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the technique and outcomes of laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) and evaluate the efficacy of the urinary reservoir constructed with ileum in patients with invasive bladder cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 2005 - 2010, A total of 11 patients with bladder cancer were enrolled in this study. Laparoscopy was performed with 5 trocars. Urodynamic examination was performed, the function of upper urinary tract was tested, and complications were evaluated in all the eleven cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean operation time was 420 minutes (ranged 350 to 490 min) and mean blood loss was 410 ml (ranged 300 to 700 ml). Ten of the 11 patients had complete continence, and one case had incontinence. The average flow rate was 11.5 ml/s. The first pressure of the reservoir was 29 cm H2O, and the maximum pressure was 36 cm H2O. The average capacity was 162 ml and 410 ml, respectively. The outlet pressure was 49 cm H2O. The volume of residual urine was 0 - 35 ml. No evidence of ureteral reflux was noted.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is a promising method for the treatment of bladder cancer. Orthotopic ileal neobladder is considered as an ideal form of urinary diversion characterized with low pressure, larger capacity and continence.</p>

Hand-assisted-drawing-needle running suture with a curved needle: an effective technique to create a W-ileal neobladder / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>An important milestone in the area of urinary diversion was the advent of a series of orthotopic bladder substitution (OBS). However, reconstruction of OBS by the traditional hand suture method (THSM) is a time-consuming process. Stapling techniques are considered to be inferior to hand-sewn methods. We report our experience and functional results in patients with W-ileal neobladder by a hand-assisted-drawing-needle running suture (HADNRS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between April 1993 and December 2011, 347 patients (338 men and 9 women) aged 28 - 77 years (median age: 59 years) underwent radical cystectomy, followed by the creation of a modified W-ileal neobladder by HADNRS with a curved needle. A total of 347 (20 patients in 2003) were evaluated by urodynamic tests.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The operative time ranged from 110 to 310 minutes (mean 148 minutes), and the mean time of reconstruction by HADNRS, excluding ureterointestinal and ileouretral anastomosis, was (20.2 ± 4.3) minutes. Histopathological analysis of removed specimens showed that 317 patients had transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Of these 317 patients, 19 also had squamous carcinoma and 13 had adenocarcinoma. Glandularis and prostate cancer occurred in 16 and 14 patients, respectively. Three patients (0.8%) had neobladder abdominal fistula. No other early complications or injury to the surgeon's hands occurred due to HADNRS. Of the 20 cases with urodynamic examinations in 2003, two suffered from daytime incontinence and six had nocturnal incontinence. The maximum capacity of the neobladder was (492.9 ± 177.8) ml, and the maximum pressure within the reservoir at the end of filling was (32.1 ± 8.6) cmH2O.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Reconstruction of W-ileal neobladder by HADNRS is effective and economical.</p>

Uso de segmentos intestinales en urología: seguimiento a 5 años / Use of intestinal segments im urology: a 5-year follow-up

Introducción: Desde hace más de 50 años se utilizan segmentos intestinales en urología para aumentar o reemplazar vejigas, reemplazar uréteres y derivar la orina a través de segmentos de intestino aislados. Objetivo: Describir la casuística de cirugías con uso de segmentos intestinales y a los menos 5 años de seguimiento completo, realizada en el Servicio de Urología del HCVB, sus principales indicaciones, técnicas y complicaciones. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se revisaron 291 fichas de pacientes operados con uso de un segmento intestinal, con más de 5 años de seguimiento posterior, evaluando diagnóstico etiológico, técnica utilizada para enterocistoplastia, reservorio, neoimplante, ostomía y sus respectivas complicaciones a 3 meses, 5 años y final de seguimiento. Resultados: Se efectuaron 301 intervenciones (291 pacientes + 10 reinterveciones con uso de nuevos segmentos intestinales). Se seleccionan 111 casos (36,8 por ciento) en los que se dispone de seguimiento superior a 5 años. La principal indicación fue hiperactividad neurogénica del detrusor con 39 casos (35,14 por ciento); 30 casos (27,03 por ciento) de cistopatía intersticial; 16 casos (14,41 por ciento) de cáncer vesical; 11 casos (9,91 por ciento) de vejiga hiperactiva idiopática. Del total 70 fueron mujeres (63,06 por ciento), 41 fueron hombres (36,94 por ciento). La intervención más frecuente es la enterocistoplastia detubulizada de ampliación (79,28 por ciento), seguido por el reservorio ortotópico (10,9 por ciento). La elección del segmento intestinal se basó principalmente en la factibilidad anatómica, el íleon detubulizado en parche en U a la cara posterior para las enterocistoplastias de ampliación y el uso de segmentos de intestino grueso para fabricaciones deostomías continentes.La mayor cantidad de complicaciones se presenta en el periodo entre los 3 meses y 5 años de seguimiento (23 de 111 casos)

Introduction: Since over 50 years intestinal segments have been used in urology to augment or replace bladders, ureters and divert urine through isolated intestinal segments. Objective: The purpose of this article is to describe the use of intestinal segments in urological surgeries performed in the urological service of the HCVB, with a minimum of 5 years of follow-up. Indication, technique and complications are analyzed. Materials ad methods: It is an observational and retrospective study. 291 clinical charts of patients with use of intestinal segments in their surgery and more than 5 years of follow-up were analyzed. We evaluated diagnosis, technique used for bladder augmentation, reservoir, neoimplantation, stoma and their complications at a 3rd month, 5th year and end to follow-up moments. Results: A total of 301 surgeries were performed (291 patients + 10 revisions with use of new intestinal segments). 111 cases (36,8 percent) had a 5-year follow-up. Main indication for surgery was neurogenic detrusor hiperactivity in 39 cases (35,14 percent); there were 30 interstitial cystitis cases (27,03 percent); 16 cases ob bladder cancer (14,41 percent); 11 cases of idiopathic hyperactive bladder (9,91 percent). From the total group70 (63,06 percent) were female and 41 (36,94 percent) male. The most frequent surgery performed was the detubularized bladder augmentation (79,28 percent), followed by the orthotopic reservoir (19,9 percent).Election of the intestinal segment was based principally in technical feasibility, U-shaped detubularized ileum as a posterior patch for bladder augmentations and colon for continent stomas. Most complications occur between the 3rd month and the 5th year of follow-up (23 of 111 cases), needing non- surgical treatment in 12 cases, surgery in 6 cases and 3 patients stood in a life-risk situation. Continence is good in 88,7 percent of the cases. Conclusions: The use of intestinal segments for patch, reservoir and

MONTI as continent catheterized stoma using serosal-lined trough "Ghoneim Abolenin" technique in ileocystoplasty

It is a great challenge to select and perform continent mechanism in a stoma for urinary reservoir. A new technique by combining MONTI ileal conduit with the serosal lined trough in order to achieve continent catheterizable stoma to the umbilicus as a part of augmentation ileocystoplasty. We applied serosal-lined trough as a continent mechanism with MONTI ileal tube in 12 years smart girl underwent ileocystoplasty for neuropathic bladder due to myelomeningocele in whom continence failed to be achieved by using Mitrofanoff with submucosal tunnel of the bladder as continent mechanism before, also the previous operation included left to right transuretero-ureterostomy, ureterocystoplasty and reimplantation of the right ureter. The patient became completely continent; she was able to do self-catheterization easily through the umbilical stoma using 16-French catheter and was able to wash the mucous easily. The capacity of the augmented bladder was 300ccs. She became independent from her mother and stopped using diapers, anticholinergic and antibiotics. Combining MONTI conduit with serosal-lined extramural valve trough [The Ghoneim technique] is an effective continent technique and gives wider channel for catheterization and washing out the mucous

Radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder for invasive bladder cancer: a critical analysis of long term oncological, functional and quality of life results

PURPOSE: Analyze current knowledge and practice regarding tumor-related cystectomy with subsequent orthotopic neobladder both in male and female patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Evaluate literature predominantly from the last decade dealing with long-term experience in large numbers of patients with an orthotopic neobladder following cystectomy. Oncological outcome specific to an orthotopic neobladder, functional aspects such as urinary continence, renal function, sexual activity and other quality of life issues are elucidated. RESULTS: Local pelvic recurrences after urothelial bladder cancer occur in 7-12 percent. Urethral second primary tumors in male and female patients in contemporary series with bladder substitution are 4-6 percent and 1.4 o 4 percent, respectively. Upper tract recurrences vary between 2.4-17 percent. Complications regarding the upper urinary tract have dramatically diminished due to simplified forms of upper tract protection as well as a more refined technique of ureterointestinal anastomosis. Depending on the technique ureteroileal stenosis was lately reported to lie between 2.7 to 3.8 percent. Renal function remained stable in 96 percent after a mean follow-up of up to 5 years. Radical cystectomy in carefully selected patients has stood the test of time by providing adequate long-term survival and low local recurrence rates. Orthotopic bladder substitution does not compromise oncological outcome, yields excellent functional results, is cost effective compared to other types of urinary diversion, may improve quality of life and should therefore be the diversion of choice both in men and women. Chronological age is generally not a contraindication for cystectomy, but for orthotopic urinary diversion, tumor extent, functional pelvic floor deficits and general life expectancy are limiting factors.

Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery radical cystectomy with orthotopic taenia myectomy sigmoid neobladder: initial report / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report the first case and detailed techniques of laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) radical cystectomy with orthotopic taenia myectomy sigmoid neobladder for organ-confined bladder cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A 74-year-old man presented with gross hematuria for 2 months and biopsy revealed bladder cancer. LESS radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomies were performed using a single multilumen port inserted through a solitary 3.5 cm lower abdominal incision with conventional laparoscopic instruments. The taenia myectomy sigmoid pouch was then constructed by open procedure.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total operative time was 9.5 h, and the LESS procedure lasted for about 5.5 h. No other port incision was added. The final pathology revealed urothelial carcinoma. The estimated intraoperative blood loss was 600 ml with blood transfusion of 400 ml. The pelvic lymph nodes and the surgical margins of the ureters and urethra were all free of tumor invasion. No water electrolyte and metabolic acid-base balance disorders were observed perioperatively. The neobladder capacity was about 280 ml, with a residual urine volume of 10 ml and peak flow rate of 11.1 ml/s 3 months postoperatively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Although with a steep learning curve, LESS surgery can be a less invasive and promising alternative to muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma.</p>

Trece años de experiencia en el manejo de cáncer vesical con neovejiga ortotópica de Studer / Management of bladder cancer with Studer orthotopic neobladder: 13-year experience

Introducción: Posterior a la cistectomía radical, la derivaciones urinarias ortotópicas han tomado importancia en los últimos años. El objetivo de este informe es presentar los resultados en pacientes sometidos a derivación urinaria ortotópica tipo Studer posterior a cistectomía radical. Material y métodos: Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes con cáncer vesical sometidos a cistectomía radical más realización de neovejiga ileal entre enero de 1992 y diciembre de 2004. Resultados: De los 306 pacientes operados de cistectomía radial con derivación urinaria, se incluyeron 42 (13.7 %) pacientes en quienes la derivación urinaria fue neovejiga tipo Studer, 34 (80.9 %) hombres y ocho (19.1 %) mujeres, con una edad promedio de 60 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de siete horas, con sangrado promedio de 1600 ml, requiriendo ingreso a unidad de terapia intensiva 55 % de los casos. La complicación temprana más frecuente fue la acidosis metabólica, presente en 28 (66 %) pacientes, y la más grave fue la fuga urinaria uretero-ileal, en siete (16.6 %). Entre las complicaciones tardías más importantes destacan la incontinencia urinaria diurna y nocturna, frecuentemente relacionadas a infecciones de vías urinarias y oclusión intestinal. A cinco años de seguimiento, la sobrevida global fue de 71 %, la mortalidad específica por cáncer fue de 15 % y la mortalidad relacionada a la cirugía de 7.3 %. Conclusiones: La realización de neovejigas ortotópicas es reproducible en centros con experiencia y una alternativa a la derivación urinaria heterotópica con conducto ileal.

BACKGROUND: We present the results of patients submitted to a Studer type urinary orthotopic derivation after radical cystectomy. METHODS: The files of patients with bladder cancer submitted to a radical cystectomy plus the procedure of the ileal neobladder were reviewed in our hospital from January 1992 until December 2004. Patients were divided into two groups: group A--60 years old or younger and group B-->60 years old. RESULTS: From 306 patients submitted to radical cystectomy with urinary derivation, there were 42 patients (13.7%) included with Studer type neobladder. There were 34 (80.9 %) men and 8 (19.1%) women, with an average age of 60 years. Average surgical time was 7 h with an average blood loss of 1600 cc requiring transfer to intensive care unit (ICU) in 55% of the cases. The most frequent early complication was metabolic acidosis that was present in 28 (66%) patients. The most severe complication was ileal-ureter urinary leak, which was present in seven (16.6 %) patients. Among the most frequent late complications are the day- and night-time urinary incontinence often related to urinary infections and intestinal occlusion. Overall 5-year survival was 71%, cancer-specific mortality was 15% and surgical-related mortality was 7.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of procedures with orthotopic neobladders is actually feasible in experienced hospital centers and is a valuable alternative to urinary heterotopic derivation with ileal conduit. Postoperative patient management and regular follow-up is of major importance.

Is continent urinary diversion feasible in children under five years of age?

Purpose: To review our clinical experience with urinary continent catheterizable reservoir in children under five years of age. Materials and Methods: A total of 23 patients (16 males, 7 females) with a median age of 3.64 years were evaluated. Among these, 6 (26.08 percent) had a posterior urethral valve, 9 (39.13 percent) myelomeningocele, 4 (17.39 percent) bladder exstrophy, 2 (8.69 percent) genitourinary rabdomyosarcoma, 1 (4.34 percent) had spinal tumor and 1 (4.34 percent) an ano-rectal anomaly. Results: Perioperative complications were observed in four patients consisting of one febrile urinary tract infection, one partial operative wound dehiscence, one partial stomal dehiscence and one vesico-cutaneous fistula after a secondary exstrophy repair. The overall long-term complications rate was 40.90 percent and consisted of two stomal stenoses (9.09 percent), one neobladder mucosal extrusion (4.54 percent), three neobladder calculi (13.63 percent) and persistence of urinary incontinence in three patients (13.63 percent). The overall surgical revision was 36.36 percent and final continence rate was 95.45 percent with mean follow-up of 39.95 months Conclusion: Continent urinary diversion is technically feasible even in small children, with acceptable rates of complications.

A new extra-abdominal channel alternative to the mitrofanoff principle: experimental and preliminary clinical experience

INTRODUCTION: The appendix is the gold-standard channel for the Mitrofanoff principle in pediatric urology, but the search for alternatives is justified considering it may not be available or preferably used for colonic stomas (Malone antegrade continence enema). The aim of this study is to report on technical feasibility of a new approach for creating catheterizable channels in a rabbit model and to present our preliminary clinical experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We configured a tube from two rectangular skin flaps 1x4 cm opposite each other in the middle line of the lower inferior abdomen. The channel was anastomosed to the bladder dome with embedding sutures to create a valvular mechanism. The experimental study consisted of 12 rabbits, divided in 4 groups according to the sacrifice schedule at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. At 30th postoperative day, an urodynamic evaluation was performed to record continence of the stoma. A histological analysis of the specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome and Picrosirius red was also done in group 2 (sacrifice at 4 weeks postoperatively). We used this method in 3 patients with congenital non-neurogenic bladder disease presenting with massive residual volumes without compliance deficits. RESULT: The technique proved feasible in all animals, 9 of 12 could be easily catheterized and underwent urodynamic study. No stoma leakage was observed in 7 animals at high bladder pressures (> 50 cm H20) and only 2 animals had some leakage at 40 cm H20. Urodynamics performed through the stoma showed urethral leakage at 20 cm H20, therefore demonstrating the efficacy of the valvular mechanism. Histological analysis confirmed good integration between the tube and the bladder. Mean follow-up of the clinical series (3 patients) was 7.2 months. Two patients remained continent up to 4 hours, whereas 1 patient had some leakage after 2 hours. CONCLUSION: We were able to confirm feasibility of a new extra-abdominal...

Neovejiga ileal ortotópica en mujeres / Orthotopic ileal neobladder in women

Introducción: En la actualidad existe consenso en que el método ideal de derivación urinaria luego de la cistectomía radical es la neovejiga ortotópica construida con un segmento detubulizado de intestino. Sin embargo no fue sino hasta hace pocos años que esta alternativa se ha considerado válida en mujeres, al constatar que es seguro preservar la uretra desde el punto de vista oncológico y que los resultados funcionales son adecuados. Presentamos una serie de pacientes sometidas a cistectomía por diferentes indicaciones en quienes se reconstituyó la vía urinaria con una neovejiga ileal ortotópica. Material y métodos: Se analizan los resultados de 6 pacientes sometidas a cistectomía y reconstrucción de la vía urinaria con una neovejiga ortotópica. Se realizaron 2 exanteraciones anteriores por cáncer vesical invasor y 4 cistectomías totales por cistitis intersticial en 2 casos, por cistitis actínica en 1 caso y por cistitis eosinofílica en 1 caso. La neovejiga se confeccionó en todos los casos con íleon desfuncionalizado, detubularizado y reconfigurado en forma esférica, anastomosado a la uretra y a ambos ureteres. Resultados: Ninguna de las pacientes de esta serie presentó complicaciones en el intraoperatorio ni en el postoperatorio inmediato. Con un seguimiento que va entre los 5 y 12 años todas las pacientes se encuentran vivas y orinando por la uretra nativa. Dos pacientes tienen continencia completa, una paciente tiene incontinencia nocturna y tres pacientes necesitan autocateterismo. Una de las últimas desarrolló una litiasis en la neovejiga. Todas las pacientes se encuentran satisfechas con su derivación urinaria. Conclusión: La neovejiga ortotópica es una alternativa válida luego de la cistectomía en mujeres seleccionadas, con resultados comparables a los obtenidos en hombres. Debiera ser la derivación urinaria de elección si se cumplen los criterios de selección y técnica quirúrgica.

Introduction: Current consensus places orthotopic ileal neobladder as the best option for bladder substitution alter radical cystectomy. However, recently this technique has gained wide acceptance in female patients only after it was proven safe to preserve urethra in an oncological setting. We report a series of female patients that underwent radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder. Material and methods: Results in 6 patients that underwent radical cystectomy with ileal neobladder are analyzed. Two anterior exanterations for invasive bladder cancer and 2 total cystectomies for interstitial cystitis and 1 for actinic and eosinophilic cystitis respectively. In all cases neobladder was made out of detubularized ileon reconfigured as a pouch and anastomosed to the urethra and ureters. Results: None of the patients presented intraoperative or postoperative complications. Follow-up varied between 5 and 12 years. All patients are alive and urinating through their native urethra. Two patients have complete continence, one patient presents only day continence and 3 patients require authocatheterism, one of them presented with bladder stone. All patients are satisfied with their urinary diversion. Conclusion: Ileal neobladder is a valid alternative for bladder substitution in selected female patients. Results are comparable with the ones obtained in male patients. It should be the diversion of choice if selection and technical criteria are met.