Estratégias educativas em saúde para pessoas vivendo com HIV: revisão de escopo / Estrategias educativas en salud para personas que viven con el VIH: revisión de alcance / Health educational strategies for people living with HIV: scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Mapear a produção científica sobre as estratégias educativas e os conteúdos abordados na educação de pessoas vivendo com HIV. Métodos Esta é uma revisão de escopo em que a seleção dos artigos foi realizada em abril de 2021 e atualizada em outubro de 2022 em dez fontes de dados; a revisão seguiu os pressupostos estabelecidos pelo Joanna Briggs Institute e o checklist dos Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Os resultados foram analisados descritivamente e sintetizados em um quadro. Resultados Foram selecionados 17 estudos com publicação predominante em 2017; Estados Unidos da América e Brasil foram os países com a maior quantidade de produções. A maioria dos estudos buscou avaliar o impacto e a eficácia das estratégias e desenvolver ou validar instrumentos de educação em saúde e atividades de prevenção. Em relação ao conteúdo abordado pelas estratégias, foram formadas cinco categorias: orientação inicial sobre HIV/AIDS, cuidados gerais, vida saudável, saúde sexual e suporte emocional. As estratégias educativas que se destacaram em relação à maior adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento estão relacionadas com o desenvolvimento de sistemas, programas e multimídia. As cartilhas promoveram empoderamento e autonomia de pessoas vivendo com HIV. Conclusão Foram mapeadas as principais estratégias educativas, com destaque para cartilhas, material impresso, recursos multimídia, sistemas, formulários e oficinas/workshops, abordando orientação inicial sobre HIV/AIDS, tratamento farmacológico, cuidados gerais, vida saudável, saúde sexual e suportes social e emocional.

Resumen Objetivo Mapear la producción científica sobre las estrategias educativas y los contenidos abordados en la educación de personas que viven con el VIH. Métodos Esta es una revisión de alcance, cuya selección de artículos se realizó en abril de 2021 y se actualizó en octubre de 2022 en diez fuentes de datos. La revisión siguió las premisas establecidas por el Joanna Briggs Institute y la checklist de los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Los resultados fueron analizados descriptivamente y sintetizados en un cuadro. Resultados Se seleccionaron 17 estudios con publicación predominante en 2017. Estados Unidos de América y Brasil fueron los países con mayor cantidad de producciones. La mayoría de los estudios buscó evaluar el impacto y la eficacia de las estrategias y elaborar o validar instrumentos de educación para la salud y actividades de prevención. Con relación al contenido abordado por las estrategias, se formaron cinco categorías: instrucciones iniciales sobre VIH/SIDA, cuidados generales, vida saludable, salud sexual y apoyo emocional. Las estrategias educativas que se destacaron con relación a una mayor adhesión de los pacientes al tratamiento están relacionadas con el desarrollo de sistemas, programas y multimedia. Las cartillas promovieron empoderamiento y autonomía de personas que viven con el VIH. Conclusión Se mapearon las principales estrategias educativas, con énfasis en cartillas, material impreso, recursos multimedia, sistemas, formularios y talleres/workshops, que abordaron instrucciones iniciales sobre VIH/SIDA, tratamiento farmacológico, cuidados generales, vida saludable, salud sexual y apoyo social y emocional. Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/754uk/?view_only=6491865a3d12424d81af2c4099c112c3

Abstract Objective To map the scientific production on educational strategies and the content covered in the education of people living with HIV. Methods This is a scoping review in which the selection of articles was carried out in April 2021 and updated in October 2022 in ten data sources; the review followed the assumptions established by the Joanna Briggs Institute and the checklist of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The results were descriptively analyzed and summarized in a chart. Results A total of 17 studies were selected, predominantly published in 2017; The USA and Brazil were the countries with the largest number of productions. Most studies sought to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of strategies and develop or validate health education instruments and prevention activities. Concerning the content covered by the strategies, five categories were formed: initial guidance on HIV/AIDS, general care, healthy living, sexual health, and emotional support. The educational strategies that stood out concerning greater patient adherence to treatment are related to the development of systems, programs, and multimedia. The booklets promoted empowerment and autonomy for people living with HIV. Conclusion The main educational strategies were mapped, with emphasis on booklets, printed material, multimedia resources, systems, forms, and workshops, covering initial guidance on HIV/AIDS, pharmacological treatment, general care, healthy living, sexual health, and social and emotional support. Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/754uk/?view_only=6491865a3d12424d81af2c4099c112c3

Boletim epidemiológico: situação epidemiológica do HIV/Aids no Estado de Goiás, 2018 a 2023 / Epidemiological bulletin: epidemiological situation of HIV/AIDS in the State of Goiás, 2018 to 2023

A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA) denomina o conjunto de sintomas e infecções resultantes dos danos causados ao sistema imunológico pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Nesse boletim é demonstrado a epidemiologia da infecção por HIV/Aids na população residente em Goiás conforme ano de notificação e diagnóstico laboratorial com uma análise descritiva dos dados obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - SINAN, Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade - SIM, e Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos - SINASC, no período de janeiro de 2018 a novembro de 2023,diagnosticados e notificados por município de residência pelos serviços de saúde do Estado de Goiás

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) refers to the set of symptoms and infections resulting from damage caused to the immune system by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This bulletin demonstrates the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS infection in the population residing in Goiás according to year of notification and laboratory diagnosis with a descriptive analysis of data obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System - SINAN, Mortality Information System - SIM, and Live Birth Information System - SINASC, from January 2018 to November 2023, diagnosed and notified by municipality of residence by the health services of the State of Goiás

Prevenção combinada do HIV: estamos diante de um novo paradigma? / Combined HIV prevention: are we facing a new paradigm? / Prevención combinada del VIH: ¿estamos ante un nuevo paradigma?

Objetivo: refletir sobre a estratégia da prevenção combinada do HIV como um novo paradigma de prevenção. Conteúdo: trata-se de uma análise reflexiva do documento norteador da resposta brasileira a epidemia do HIV: "Prevenção combinado do HIV: bases conceituais para profissionais, trabalhadores(as) e gestores(as) de saúde", proposta pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, à luz do referencial de Thomas Kuhn em sua obra, "A estrutura das revoluções científicas". O "novo" paradigma, a prevenção combinada, não evidencia mudanças estruturais nas estratégias de prevenção, apenas realiza incorporações de novas tecnologias em sua política. Considerações finais: a prevenção combinada do HIV não se apresenta como um novo paradigma de prevenção na resposta brasileira à epidemia, mas como uma reorganização das estratégias de prevenção dos paradigmas já vigentes(AU)

Objective: to reflect on the combined HIV prevention strategy as a new prevention paradigm. Content: this is a reflective analysis of the guiding document of the Brazilian response to the HIV epidemic: "Combined HIV prevention: conceptual bases for professionals, workers and health managers", proposed by the Ministry of Health of Brazil, in the light of Thomas Kuhn's reference in his work, "The structure of scientific revolutions". The "new" paradigm, combined prevention, does not show structural changes in prevention strategies, it only incorporates new technologies into its policy. Final considerations: combined HIV prevention is not presented as a new prevention paradigm in the Brazilian response to the epidemic, but as a reorganization of prevention strategies from existing paradigms(AU)

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la estrategia combinada de prevención del VIH como nuevo paradigma de prevención. Contenido: se trata de un análisis reflexivo del documento orientador de la respuesta brasileña a la epidemia del VIH: "Prevención combinada del VIH: bases conceptuales para profesionales, trabajadores y gestores de salud", propuesto por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, a la luz de Referencia de Thomas Kuhn en su obra, "La estructura de las revoluciones científicas". El "nuevo" paradigma, de la prevención combinada, no muestra cambios estructurales en las estrategias de prevención, solo incorpora nuevas tecnologías a su política. Consideraciones finales: la prevención combinada del VIH no se presenta como un nuevo paradigma de prevención en la respuesta brasileña a la epidemia, sino como una reorganización de las estrategias de prevención a partir de los paradigmas existentes(AU)

Uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres / Inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men / Uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres. Método: estudio transversal, analítico, nacional realizado de forma online en todas las regiones de Brasil, en 2020, a través de redes sociales y sitios de citas. El uso inconsistente del preservativo se definió como el uso ocasional o no usarlo nunca. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas de asociación y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: 1222 (85%) de los 1438 participantes informaron uso inconsistente del preservativo. Las variables "homosexuales" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14-3,59; p = 0,016), "tener pareja estable" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) y "diagnóstico de ITS" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) se asociaron de forma independiente con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino. Las variables "recibió consejo de un amigo sobre la prueba del VIH" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) y "trabajador sexual" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) fueron factores protectores. Conclusión: las variables estudiadas indicaron que hay una fuerte relación entre las parejas estables y el aumento de la confianza y la baja adherencia al uso del preservativo, lo que coincide con otros estudios.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men. Method: a cross-sectional, analytical and nationwide study conducted online in all the Brazilian regions in 2020, via networks and in dating websites. Inconsistent condom use was defined as occasional use or as never using it. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, as well as association and binary logistic regression tests. Results: inconsistent condom use was reported by 1,222 (85%) of all 1,438 participants. The "homosexuals" (ORAdj: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.14-3.59; p=0.016), "having a fixed partner" (ORAdj: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.55-3.09; p<0.001), "oral sex" (ORAdj: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-4.43; p=0.005), "insertive anal" (ORAdj: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.10-3.58; p=0.023) and "STI diagnosis" (ORAdj: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13-2.24; p=0.007) variables were independently associated with inconsistent use of male condoms. The "receiving advice on HIV test from a friend" (ORAdj: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52-0.96; p=0.028) and "sex worker" (ORAdj: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11-0.60; p=0.002) variables were protective factors. Conclusion: the variables under study pointed to a strong relationship between steady partners and increased trust and low adherence to condom use, corroborating other studies.

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens. Método: estudo transversal, analítico, de abrangência nacional realizado on-line em todas as regiões do Brasil, em 2020, por meio de redes sociais e em sites de relacionamento. O uso inconsistente do preservativo foi definido como uso ocasional ou nunca ter usado. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas, testes de associação e regressão logística binária. Resultados: o uso inconsistente do preservativo foi relatado por 1222 (85%) dos 1438 participantes. As variáveis "homossexuais" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14- 3,59; p = 0,016), "ter parceiro fixo" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) e "diagnóstico de IST" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) foram independentemente associadas ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino. As variáveis "recebeu aconselhamento de amigo sobre teste de HIV" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) e "profissional do sexo" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: as variáveis estudadas apontaram uma forte relação das parcerias fixas com o aumento da confiança e uma baixa adesão ao uso do preservativo, o que corrobora com outros estudos.

Conocimiento y conductas de riesgo de VIH/SIDA en adolescentes chilenos pertenecientes a colegios urbano y rural: ¿Es necesario enfocar la promoción y prevención de la enfermedad con pertinencia territorial? / Knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors of Chilean adolescents attending urban and rural schools. Is it necessary to focus the prevention strategies according to territorial relevance?

BACKGROUND: HIV infection has sustained increased in the Chilean young population. In order to focus on sexual education in adolescents, it is first necessary to establish the degree of knowledge and risk behaviors in this group. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the degree of knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in adolescents from rural and urban schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 385 adolescents between 14 and 18 years old. Through an anonymous survey, sociodemographic data, knowledge about HIV/ AIDS, risk behaviors, and ways of accessing information were collected. RESULTS: A third of the adolescents surveyed (33.6%) reported having initiated sexual activity, primarily men. Rural students showed lower knowledge of HIV/AIDS. 32.2% of individuals who initiated sexual activity reported nonuse or rarely use of condoms, and only 4.4% of students have had an HIV detection/diagnostic test. Although the students had received information mainly from their teachers, they reported that if they needed help, they would go to health centers, youth programs, and, to a lesser extent, to teachers. They also preferred access to information in workshops, on the Internet, and social networks. CONCLUSIONS: We observed regular knowledge of HIV/AIDS among adolescents. Rural students showed less knowledge and several risk behaviors. These findings emphasize the need to establish sexual education strategies in adolescents, considering the territory and the use of new technologies.

Intervenciones educativas para la prevención del VIH/sida en mujeres encarceladas / Educational Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Incarcerated Women

Introducción: La infección por el VIH es un grave problema de salud pública, en especial cuando se trata de mujeres encarceladas. En este escenario, las intervenciones educativas sobre el VIH son una estrategia importante para incentivar la prevención de esta infección. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica sobre el uso de intervenciones educativas dirigidas a la prevención del VIH/sida en mujeres encarceladas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura realizada mediante la búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Literatura Latinoamericana en Ciencias de la Salud y Web, sin restricción de idioma ni de tiempo. La pregunta de investigación se elaboró ​​a partir de la estrategia PICo Población (mujeres encarceladas); Interés (intervenciones educativas sobre el VIH/sida); Contexto (prevención). Conclusiones: En los 8 artículos analizados, se encontraron intervenciones educativas con enfoques en temas relacionados con la prevención del VIH, por medio de sesiones grupales, capacitación de habilidades, dramatizaciones, videos educativos y materiales impresos(AU)

Introduction: HIV infection is a serious public health concern, especially when it involves incarcerated women. In this scenario, HIV educational interventions are an important strategy to encourage the prevention of this infection. Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence on the use of educational interventions aimed at HIV/AIDS prevention in incarcerated women. Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out by searching articles in the databases of Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Latin American Literature in Health Sciences and Web, without language or period restrictions. The research question was elaborated from the PICo strategy: population (incarcerated women), interest (HIV/AIDS educational interventions), and context (prevention). Conclusions: In the 8 articles analyzed, educational interventions were found to have approaches on topics related to HIV prevention through group sessions, skills training, dramatizations, educational videos, and printed materials(AU)

Situación epidemiológica del VIH en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: Julio de 2022 / Epidemiological situation of HIV in Buenos Aires City: july 2022

Nueva edición de la Situación epidemiológica del VIH en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, que presenta información actualizada y sistematizada sobre el estado actual de la epidemia y sobre las líneas de trabajo desarrolladas para responder a ella en los terrenos preventivo y asistencial. Se aspira a que esta información contribuya a la planificación de acciones en el nivel central, así como en los efectores responsables de la atención e implementación de estrategias preventivas. (AU)

Obstáculos y facilitadores para el uso de métodos de barrera para la transmisión de VIH/SIDA / Obstacles and enablers for the use of barrier methods to avoid HIV/AIDS transmission

BACKGROUND: There is an increase in HIV/AIDS transmission rates world-wide Aim: To explore obstacles and facilitators in the use of barrier methods for the prevention of HIV/AIDS among Chilean young people between 20 and 29 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the second semester of the year 2020, 134 young Chileans answered an online questionnaire with open-ended questions about barrier methods. A qualitative methodology that considered the main techniques of grounded theory for data analysis was used. Results: There are individual, interpersonal, sociocultural, and structural factors that operate as obstacles and facilitators for the use of barrier methods to prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: There are culturally embedded beliefs among young people, such as, a perception of invulnerability caused by not being part of risk groups, among others, that affect self-care.

Conocimientos y percepción de riesgo de estudiantes de Estomatología frente al VIH/sida / Risk perception and knowledge of dental students concerning HIV/AID

Introducción: El VIH se considera una de las pandemias que azota actualmente la humanidad. En este sentido, la educación de la sexualidad constituye una responsabilidad de toda la sociedad. En Cuba han sido pobremente estudiados la percepción de riesgo y los conocimientos de los estudiantes de ciencias médicas sobre esta afección. Objetivo: Determinar la percepción de riesgo y los conocimientos de estudiantes de la carrera de Estomatología sobre la infección por VIH. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal desde septiembre hasta noviembre de 2019 en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana. Se trabajó con 157 estudiantes de la carrera de Estomatología, a los cuales se les aplicó la escala VIH/sida-65, que constó de 65 ítems y se dividió en siete subescalas. Los datos fueron procesados y se mostraron en tablas, mediante la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El 46,50 por ciento de los estudiantes consideró falso que el VIH/sida fuera una enfermedad que amenazara la vida de las personas y el 19,75 por ciento creyó que se estaba invirtiendo en esta enfermedad demasiado tiempo, dinero y otros recursos en comparación con otras enfermedades. El 68,15 por ciento de los estudiantes refirió que el sexo no era tan placentero cuando se usaba condón y un 60,51 por ciento de los encuestados no se consideró el tipo de persona que pudiera contraer el virus del sida (susceptibilidad). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes tienen un nivel de conocimientos adecuado, a pesar de ideas erróneas, actitudes y prácticas negativas, que potencian el riesgo de infección(AU)

Introduction: HIV is considered one of the pandemics currently scourging humanity. In this respect, sexuality education is a responsibility of the whole society. In Cuba, risk perception and knowledge of medical science students about this condition have been poorly studied. Objective: To determine the risk perception and knowledge of dental students about HIV infection. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2019 at the University of Medical Sciences of Havana. The work was carried out with 157 students of the dental medicine major, who were applied the HIV/AIDS-65 scale, which consisted of 65 items and was divided into seven subscales. The data were processed and shown in tables, using descriptive statistics. Results: 46.50 percent of the students considered it false that HIV/AIDS was a life-threatening disease and 19.75 percent believed that too much time, money and other resources were being invested in this disease in comparison with other diseases. 68.15 percent of the students referred that sex was not as pleasurable when a condom was used, while 60.51 percent of the respondents did not consider themselves the type of person who could contract the AIDS virus (susceptibility). Conclusions: Students have an adequate level of knowledge, despite misconceptions, negative attitudes and practices, which potentiate the risk of infection(AU)

Modelo estándar de manual de procedimientos y calidad para la implementación del test rápido dual de VIH y sífilis / Standard model of procedures and quality manual for the implementation of the dual rapid test for HIV and syphilis

El presente manual es un documento base cuyo fin es ser adaptado por cada centro para normalizar los procedimientos atinentes al proceso de realización del test rápido dual para VIH y sífilis (TR). Es recomendable que esté completo antes de iniciar la realización sistemática de este estudio. Como todo manual de procedimiento, deberá ser actualizado cada vez que se produzca una modificación en alguna/s de sus secciones, detallando la fecha, versión y responsable de los estudios en ese centro. Este manual está organizado en tres partes: los Procedimientos operativos, el Circuito de atención y entrega de resultados, y el Control de calidad externo. (AU)

Instrumento ilustrado para avaliar o conhecimento de idosos sobre prevenção do HIV/Aids: estudo metodológico / Illustrated instrument to assess older adults' knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention: a methodological study / Instrumento ilustrado para evaluar el conocimiento de los adultos mayores sobre la prevención del VIH/SIDA: estudio metodológico

OBJETIVO: Construir e validar o conteúdo de um instrumento ilustrado para avaliar o conhecimento de pessoas idosas sobre a prevenção do HIV/Aids. MÉTODO: Estudo metodológico realizado em três etapas: revisão da literatura, construção e validação de conteúdo. A validação foi realizada de acordo com o modelo de Pasquali. RESULTADOS: Da construção chegou-se a um instrumento com duas partes: caracterização da pessoa idosa e avaliação do conhecimento sobre a prevenção do HIV/Aids com 12 questões de múltipla escolha ("verdadeiro", "falso" e "não sei") ilustradas com imagens de idosos em situações quotidianas. Da validação com 10 juízes-especialistas atingiu-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo de 0,90. CONCLUSÃO: O instrumento construído foi considerado adequado pelos juízes e se apresenta como um dispositivo educacional para avaliar o conhecimento da pessoa idosa e, a partir disso, suscita ganhos para as intervenções de educação em saúde relativas à prevenção do HIV/Aids.

OBJECTIVE: To elaborate and validate the content of an illustrated instrument to assess older adults' knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention. METHOD: A methodological study carried out in three stages: literature review, elaboration, and content validation. Validation was performed according to Pasquali's model. RESULTS: Elaboration of an instrument with two parts: characterization of the older adult and evaluation of the knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention with 12 multiple-choice questions ("true", "false" and "I don't know"), illustrated with images of aged individuals in everyday situations. From the validation with 10 expert judges, a Content Validity Index of 0.90 was reached. CONCLUSION: The instrument elaborated was considered adequate by the judges and presents itself as an educational device to evaluate older adults' knowledge and, from this, it offers gains for health education interventions related to HIV/AIDS prevention.

OBJETIVO: Elaborar y validar el contenido de un instrumento ilustrado para evaluar el conocimiento de los adultos mayores sobre la prevención del VIH/SIDA. MÉTODO: Estudio metodológico realizado en tres etapas: revisión de la literatura, elaboración y validación de contenido. La validación se realizó según el modelo de Pasquali. RESULTADOS: A partir de la elaboración se llegó a un instrumento con dos partes: caracterización del adulto mayor y evaluación del conocimiento sobre la prevención del VIH/SIDA con 12 preguntas de opción múltiple ("verdadero", "falso" y "no sé") ilustrado con imágenes de personas mayores en situaciones cotidianas. La validación con 10 jueces expertos dio como resultado un índice de validez de contenido de 0,90. CONCLUSIÓN: El instrumento elaborado fue considerado adecuado por los jueces y se presenta como un dispositivo educativo para evaluar el conocimiento de los adultos mayores y, por ende, favorece las intervenciones de educación para la salud relacionadas con la prevención del VIH/SIDA.

Sociodemographic and pharmacoepidemiological profile of people on antiretroviral therapy in the coast of the state of Paraná

The aim of this study was to investigate possible factors related to antiretroviral therapy (ART) that contribute to the understanding of the highest rate of Aids detection on the coast of the state of Paraná, a port region identified administratively as the 1stRegional Health Division (1stHD) in the state of Paraná. Data on the sociodemographic profile of the population undergoing antiretroviral treatment (ART), medication changes, dropout of therapy, proportion of the population undergoing treatment and viral load were obtained through computerized systems. Between July 1, 2018 and June 31, 2019, 1,393 people were on ART in the 1stRS. Of these, 57.6% were male. During this period, 110 people started ART with a predominance of the age group between 30 and 39 years old. ART was switched for169 people and 211 patient dropouts were detected. The proportion of people diagnosed with HIV without treatment (gap) is still high, however 92.7% people on ART have suppressed viral load. It can be concluded that the lower educational level of the population undergoing treatment, the late diagnosis of those infected and the treatment gapprobably contribute to the highest rate of Aids detection in the 1stRS.

Social interaction of women exposed to HIV/AIDS: a representative model / Interacción social de mujeres expuestas al VIH/Sida: un modelo representativo / Interação social de mulheres com exposição ao HIV/aids: um modelo representativo

ABSTRACT Objective: to present the representative model of the social interaction of women exposed to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS based on the meanings attributed by them. Method: an interpretative and qualitative research study carried out in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2017 to 2018, through semi-structured interviews with 17 women who made up four sample groups, in the period between June 2017 and January 2018. The framework for data analysis is the Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism, and the study was ethically approved as required by the National Health Council. Results: for women, the representative model of the social interaction process of exposure to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS means "not protecting themselves" and "not being protected by the other". It is seen as a sloppy, irresponsible and reckless act. The women know the measures to prevent exposure; however, they do not use condoms and acknowledge that they are both exposed and exposing others simultaneously. The central category entitled "Neglecting one's own life although being aware of exposure to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS" stands out. Conclusion: understanding this social interaction can contribute to the apprehension of the main factors that influence the construction of these meanings by women, thus helping them to give a new meaning to this exposure and allowing them to modify their actions to protect themselves and others against AIDS. Consequently, effective assistance based on preservation of life is encouraged, with a view to comprehensive care to women and reducing their exposure to infection.

RESUMEN Objetivo: presentar un modelo representativo de la interacción social de mujeres expuestas al Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana y al SIDA a partir de los significados que ellas les atribuyen. Método: investigación interpretativa y cualitativa realizada en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, entre 2017 y 2018, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 17 mujeres que conformaron cuatro grupos muestrales, entre junio de 2017 y enero de 2018. El marco referencial para el análisis de los datos está compuesto por la Grounded Theory y por el Interaccionismo Simbólico, y el estudio contó con la debida aprobación ética según lo exigido por el Consejo Nacional de Salud. Resultados: para las mujeres, el modelo representativo del proceso de interacción social, con exposición al Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana y al SIDA significa "no protegerse" y "no ser protegida por la otra persona". Se considera como una acción descuidada, irresponsable e imprudente. Las mujeres conocen las medidas de prevención para evitar la exposición; sin embargo, no usan preservativos y reconocen que están expuestas y exponiendo a los demás simultáneamente. Se destaca la categoría central: "Descuidar la vida propia a pesar de ser conscientes de la exposición al Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana y al SIDA". Conclusión: entender este proceso de interacción social podrá contribuir para aprehender los principales factores que influencian la elaboración de estos significados por parte de las mujeres, proporcionándoles así ayuda para atribuir un nuevo significado a esta exposición y permitiendo que modifiquen sus acciones para protegerse del SIDA. De este modo, se fomenta una asistencia efectiva basada en preservar la vida, vislumbrando atención integral a las mujeres y reduciendo su exposición a la infección.

RESUMO Objetivo: apresentar o modelo representativo da interação social de mulheres com a exposição ao Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e Aids a partir dos significados por elas atribuídos. Método: pesquisa interpretativa e qualitativa, realizada no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de 2017 a 2018, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 17 mulheres que formaram quatro grupos amostrais, no período entre junho de 2017 e janeiro de 2018. O referencial para a análise de dados é a Grounded Theory e o Interacionismo Simbólico e o estudo foi aprovado eticamente como exigido pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Resultados: o modelo representativo do processo de interação social, exposição ao Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e Aids significa, para as mulheres, "não se proteger" e "não ser protegida pelo outro". É tido como ato desleixado, irresponsável, imprudente. As mulheres conhecem as medidas de prevenção à exposição, entretanto, não usam preservativos e reconhecem que estão, ao mesmo tempo, expostas e expondo outros. Destaca-se a categoria central: "Descuidando da própria vida apesar da consciência da exposição ao Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e Aids". Conclusão: entender esse processo de interação social poderá contribuir para a apreensão dos principais fatores que influenciam a construção desses significados pela mulher, assim, proporcionando auxílio a ela na ressignificação dessa exposição e permitindo que ela modifique suas ações para a proteção contra a Aids. Desse modo, fomenta-se uma assistência efetiva baseada na preservação da vida, vislumbrando um atendimento integral à mulher e diminuindo sua exposição à infecção.

Agente penitenciário na assistência em HIV/Aids no sistema prisional: revisão de literatura / Agente penitenciario en la asistencia al VIH/sida en el sistema penitenciario: revisión de literatura / Correctional officers in HIV/AIDS care in the prison system: a literature review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o papel do agente de segurança penitenciária na assistência em HIV/aids no sistema prisional. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, cuja busca bibliográfica foi realizada com a utilização de vocabulários controlados e livres, derivados das palavras "agente de segurança penitenciária" e HIV/aids. O levantamento foi realizado nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, Cinahl e Scopus, Academic Search Premier e SocINDEX com a utilização dos operadores booleanos AND e OR. Os critérios de inclusão das produções científicas foram: estudos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol e que respondiam à questão norteadora do estudo. Excluíram-se os artigos duplicados, aqueles que não respondiam à pergunta do estudo e os estudos secundários. Resultados Foram recuperadas 3.036 publicações que passaram por três etapas de seleção, o que resultou em nove estudos incluídos na revisão. Quatro principais papéis desempenhados pelos agentes de segurança penitenciária na assistência em HIV/aids no sistema prisional foram identificados: regulação do acesso aos serviços médicos; colaboração e realização de atividade de prevenção à transmissão do HIV nos presídios, como distribuição de preservativos; realização de ações de educação em saúde; acompanhamento dos detentos em consultas, exames e internações externas à prisão; e planejamento de reposição de medicamentos. Conclusão Ao agente de segurança penitenciária, está previsto o auxílio aos profissionais de saúde na prevenção e tratamento do HIV/aids, encaminhamento e acompanhamento dos detentos aos atendimentos dentro e fora do sistema prisional, distribuição de preservativos, realização de ações de educação em saúde e ajuda na previsão de medicamentos.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar el papel del agente de seguridad penitenciaria en la asistencia al VIH/sida en el sistema penitenciario. Métodos Se trata de una revisión narrativa de la literatura en la que la búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó con la utilización de vocabularios controlados y libres, derivados de las palabras "agente de seguridad penitenciaria" y VIH/sida. Se realizó el análisis en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, Cinahl y Scopus, Academic Search Premier y en SocINDEX, con la utilización de los operadores booleanos AND y OR. Los criterios de inclusión de las producciones científicas fueron: estudios publicados en portugués, inglés y español que respondían a la pregunta orientadora del estudio. Se excluyeron los artículos duplicados, los que no respondían a la pregunta del estudio y a los estudios secundarios. Resultados Se recuperaron 3.036 publicaciones que pasaron por tres etapas de selección, lo que resultó en nueve estudios incluidos en la revisión. Se identificaron cuatro principales papeles desempeñados por los agentes de seguridad penitenciaria en la asistencia al VIH/sida en el sistema penitenciario: regulación del acceso a los servicios médicos; colaboración y realización de actividad de prevención a la transmisión del VIH en los presidios, como la distribución de preservativos; realización de acciones de educación en salud; acompañamiento de los detenidos en consultas, exámenes e internaciones externas a la prisión; y planificación de la reposición de medicamentos. Conclusión Se prevé que el agente de seguridad penitenciaria auxilie a los profesionales de salud en la prevención y tratamiento del VIH/sida, encaminar y acompañar a los detenidos en las atenciones dentro y fuera del sistema penitenciario, distribución de preservativos, realización de acciones de educación en salud y ayuda en la previsión de medicamentos.

Abstract Objective To analyze correctional officers' role in HIV/AIDS care in the prison system. Methods This is a narrative literature review, whose bibliographical search was carried out using controlled and free vocabularies, derived from the words "correctional officer" and HIV/AIDS. The survey was carried out in the LILACS, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus, Academic Search Premier and SocINDEX databases using the Boolean operators AND and OR. Studies published in Portuguese, English and Spanish that answered the study's guiding question were included. Duplicate articles, those that did not answer the study question and secondary studies were excluded. Results A total of 3,036 publications were retrieved that went through three selection stages, which resulted in nine studies included in the review. Four main roles played by correctional officers in HIV/AIDS care in the prison system were identified: regulation of access to medical services; collaboration and performance of HIV transmission prevention activities in prisons such as condom distribution; carrying out health education actions; monitoring inmates in consultations, examinations and admissions outside the prison; and drug replacement planning. Conclusion Correctional officers are expected to assist healthcare professionals in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, referral and monitoring of inmates to care within and outside the prison system, distribution of condoms, carrying out health education actions and help in forecasting of medicines.

Evaluation of China Comprehensive AIDS Response Program in 2020 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the work indicators of China Comprehensive AIDS Response Program (China CARES) and provide reference for future work of the program. Methods: The scores of each indicator were calculated, and different scores among different types of program areas were compared. The M(Q1,Q3) was used to describe the score of each indicator. The entropy weight method was used to calculate the composite score of each indicator and the composite score was translated into a 100-point system and compared among indicators. Results: In terms of the first-level indicators, organizational leadership and management (96.0 points), publicity and education (94.0 points), and innovative strategies and measures (98.0 points) got relatively high scores; while comprehensive social governance of AIDS prevention (72.0 points) was with the lowest score. The scores of publicity and education and comprehensive intervention in county-level program areas were significantly lower than those in urban areas. For secondary indicators, the indicator with relatively lower scores included "condom use among female sex workers last time" (70.0 points)", "at least one local key population has an increase in the number of people receiving HIV testing compared with the previous year" (70.0 points)", "colleges and occupational schools set up AIDS-related self-service facilities" (65.0 points), "HIV testing among the arrested people suspected of prostitution, adultery, drug users and traffickers" (55.0 points) and "condom use among men who have sex with men during last episode" (50.0 points). The "indicator 3 comprehensive intervention" contributed most to the evaluation, while "indicator 7 innovation strategies and measures" played a minor role in the evaluation results. Conclusions: The overall situation of AIDS Response Program in 2020 was good, but the progress in different word areas was not yet balanced. The two areas of comprehensive intervention and comprehensive social governance of AIDS prevention should be strengthened. It is also suggested that relevant indicators be adjusted appropriately to improve evaluation indicators system and comprehensively promote the program.

Progress on application of spatial epidemiology in HIV/AIDS control and prevention / 中华流行病学杂志

Spatial epidemiology focuses on the use of geographic information systems and spatial analysis to study spatial distribution and change tendency of diseases and explore the health status of specific populations. In recent years, spatial epidemiology has been applied in the field of HIV/AIDS prevention and control. This review summarizes the progress in the application of spatial epidemiology in the analysis of spatiotemporal distribution, non-monitoring area data estimation, influencing factors of AIDS and health resource allocation and utilization to provide reference for its application in the prevention and control of AIDS in the future.

Condom stigma among men who have sex with men population: Concept synthesis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) is severe in China. And MSM has now become a key population for the infection and transmission of AIDS. At present, the bottleneck of AIDS prevention and control among MSM population is low rate of continuous condom use and high incidence of unsafe sexual behavior. Inductive summarization of the literature revealed that the most critical reason for low rate of continuous condom use among the MSM population was condom-related stigma. Although many studies mentioned condom-related stigma among MSM populations, there has been no any definition of MSM-related condom stigma and no measurement for it. Therefore, the paper aims to explore barriers to condom use among MSM, then construct the conceptual and operational definition of "MSM-related condom stigma" through Meta synthesis and concept synthesis, and provide a new perspective for AIDS prevention and control among MSM.@*METHODS@#Based on evidence-based method, "PICoS" framework and Meta-synthesis was used to include the literatures. Then, we used synthesized qualitative evidence from included studies to construct the concept and operational definition of MSM-related condom stigma by the means of thematic analysis and concept synthesis.@*RESULTS@#According to the results of the concept synthesis, MSM-related condom stigma refers to any taboos or misbeliefs about condom use or feeling ashamed or embarrassed to talk about using condoms which perceived by individuals at the individual, interpersonal, and social levels.It was demonstrated through 4 sub-themes at operational level: a symbol of distrust, a symbol of HIV/sexual transmitted infections (STIs) prevention, a symbol of an embarrassing topic, and a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse. According to the Social-ecological Model (SEM), a symbol of distrust refers to that the MSM population believes that not using condoms represents mutual trust between sexual partners, while using condoms is difficult to express intimacy, trust and loyalty between sexual partners. A symbol of HIV/STIs prevention at the interpersonal level refers to that the MSM population believes that condom use is a "symbol" for the prevention or infection of AIDS; on the one hand, if someone proposes to use condoms, he may be considered infected with HIV or have unsafe sex experiences, thus, making it difficult to propose condom use; on the other hand, if they believe that sexual partners are "AIDS free" (often a wrong perception, such as sexual partners may have the risk of AIDS infection although they do not have AIDS), it is considered that condom use is completely unnecessary. The environmental level includes a symbol of an embarrassing topic and a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse. A symbol of an embarrassing topic refers to the MSM population feels shame about topics related to sexual behavior and is embarrassed to carry/buy/propose condom use or be ashamed to engage in conversations about whether to use condoms during sexual behavior. And a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse: The MSM population have limitations in their perception of "sex" or "sexual behavior" and believe that real sex (behavior) is unobstructed contact between the bodies and exchange between all body fluids.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The concept of MSM-related condom stigma is proposed for the first time, and its operational definition is given. The concept includes 3 levels and 4 dimensions. It is helpful to understand MSM people's attitude and cognition towards condoms, and adds indicators with cultural sensitivity and behavioral sensitivity to the behavioral intervention for AIDS in the future.

"Mi Dragón Dormido", herramienta terapéutica y psicoeducativa para la revelación del diagnóstico de VIH/SIDA a niños y prevención del estigma social / "Mi Dragón Dormido" ("My Sleeping Dragon"), therapeutic and psychoeducational tool for the HIV/AIDS diagnosis disclosure to children and prevention of social stigma

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Académica Americana de Pediatría sugieren revelar el diagnóstico de VIH a niños. Sin embargo, esto no es una práctica consolidada en Colombia; a menudo esto ocurre porque los cuidadores no tienen una metodología adecuada para llevar a cabo este proceso. OBJETIVO: Se presenta la evaluación de la eficacia de la historia "Mi Dragón Dormido" para el proceso de educación y revelación del diagnóstico de VIH/SIDA a niños. MÉTODO: Mediante muestreo no probabilístico intencional; se administraron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 40 niños, seropositivos (n = 20) y seronegativos (n = 20) para VIH/SIDA. Se trató de un estudio cualitativo y diseño sistemático. Se realizó análisis cualitativo mediante el software NVivo 10 con codificación tipo Nodos de Árbol. RESULTADOS: Los datos cualitativos aportaron aproximaciones necesarias para mejorar el contenido y el diseño de la herramienta e indicaron que refleja la realidad de los niños y permite identificar temores y preguntas frecuentes frente a la condición crónica de salud del VIH. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados aportan información importante a considerar en el proceso de revelación del diagnóstico y su manejo por parte del personal de salud.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization and the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest disclose the HIV diagnosis to children. However, the disclosure of HIV/AIDS diagnosis to children and adolescents, it is not a consolidated practice in Colombia, often this occurs because caregivers do not have an adequate methodology to carry out this process. AIM: We present the efficiency components validation of "Mi dragon Dormido" history in the educational process and revelation ofAIDS diagnosis to boys and girls. METHOD: By means of purposive non-probability sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 children, with an equal number of children who were seropositive (n = 20) and seronegative (n = 20) for HIV/ AIDS. A qualitative study with the approach of grounded theory and systematic design was conducted. We conducted the qualitative study through the NVivo software, with the codification type being Tree Nodes. RESULTS: The qualitative data provided necessary approximations to improve the content and design of the tool and showed that it reflects the reality of children and allows them to identify frequent fears and questions regarding to chronic health condition of HIV. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide important information to be considered in the process of diagnosis revelation and its management by health personnel.

Sexualidade e prevenção entre homens que fazem sexo com homens nos contextos das pandemias de AIDS e da Covid-19 / Sexuality and prevention among men who have sex with men in the contexts of the AIDS and COVID-19 pandemics

Resumo Este ensaio reflete sobre práticas sexuais e prevenção nos contextos das pandemias de AIDS e da COVID-19. Analisa dados coletados entre julho e outubro de 2020, por meio de observação participante, no âmbito de uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre vulnerabilidade e prevenção ao HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens da Região Metropolitana do Recife. Os resultados apontam para a relevância da aparência corporal e da vinculação afetiva entre os parceiros no engendramento de emoções que medeiam a lida com risco de infecção em ambas as pandemias. Sinaliza para a necessidade de incorporar essas dimensões comunicacionais em materiais informativos, de modo a torná-los mais eficazes.

Abstract This essay reflects on sexual practices and prevention in the contexts of the AIDS and COVID-19 pandemics. It analyses data collected between July and October 2020 through participant observation, as part of an ethnographic research project on HIV vulnerability and prevention among men who have sex with men in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, state of Pernambuco (PE), Brazil. The results point to the relevance of physical appearance and the affective bond between partners in engendering emotions that mediate coping with the risk of infection during both pandemics. It indicates the need to incorporate those communicational dimensions into informational materials to make them more effective.