Gastroesophageal tube of the Iguana iguana (Iguanidae): histological description, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of 5-HT and SS cells / Tubo gastroesofágico da Iguana iguana (Iguanidae): descrição histológica, histoquímica e análise imunohistoquímica de células 5-HT e SS

Abstract The work aims were to describe the histological and histochemical structure of the gastroesophageal tube of Iguana iguana and verify the occurrence and distribution of immunoreactive serotonin (5-HT) and somatostatin (SS) cells. Fragments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of five iguanas were which underwent standard histological and immunohistochemistry technique. Immunoreactive cells for 5-HT and SS were quantified using the STEPanizer. The oesophagus has ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium with staining Alcian blue (AB) + and goblet cells highly reactive to periodic acid Schiff (PAS). In the cervical oesophagus, the numerical density of 5-HT cells per unit area (QA [5-HT cells]/µm2) was 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 and celomatic oesophagus presented QA = 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0. The epithelium of the stomach is simple columnar, PAS and AB +. The cranial and middle regions of the stomach presented (QA [5-HT cells]/µm2) = 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 and the caudal region, QA = 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2. The SS cells were only observed in the caudal stomach, with numerical density (QA [SS cells]/µm2) = 1.4x10-2 ± 0.9 In I. iguana, variation was observed in terms of the distribution of mucus secretions and the pattern of occurrence of serotonin and somatostatin-secreting enteroendocrine cells in the TGI, which possibly will result in an interspecific adaptive response.

Resumo Os objetivos do trabalho foram descrever a estrutura histológica e histoquímica do tubo gastroesofágico da Iguana iguana e verificar a ocorrência e distribuição de células serotonina (5-HT) e somatostatina (SS) imunorreativas. Fragmentos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) de cinco iguanas foram submetidos à técnica histológica e imunohistoquímica padrão. As células imunorreativas para 5-HT e SS foram quantificadas usando o STEPanizer. O esôfago apresenta epitélio pseudoestratificado colunar ciliado Alcian blue (AB) positivo, com células caliciformes altamente reativas ao ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No esôfago cervical, a densidade numérica de células 5-HT por unidade de área (QA [células 5-HT] / µm2) foi de 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 e o esôfago celomático apresentou QA = 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0. O epitélio do estômago é colunar simples, PAS e AB positivo. As regiões cranial e média do estômago apresentaram (QA [células 5-HT] / µm2) = 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 e a região caudal, QA = 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2. As células SS foram observadas apenas no estômago caudal, com densidade numérica (QA [células SS] / µm2) = 1.4x10-2 ± 0.9. Em I. iguana, foi observada variações em termos da distribuição das secreções de muco e padrão de ocorrência das células enteroendócrinas secretoras de serotonina e somatostatina no TGI, o que possivelmente reflete uma resposta adaptativa interespecifica.

Breast cancer molecular diagnostics in Rwanda: a cost-minimization study of immunohistochemistry versus a novel GeneXpert® mRNA expression assay

Objective To compare the financial and time cost of breast cancer biomarker analysis by immunohistochemistry with that by the Xpert® STRAT4 assay. Methods We estimated costs (personnel, location, consumables and indirect) and time involved in breast cancer diagnosis at the Butaro Cancer Centre of Excellence, Rwanda, using time-driven activity-based costing. We performed a cost-minimization analysis to compare the cost of biomarker analysis for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status with immunohistochemistry versus STRAT4. We performed sensitivity analyses by altering laboratory-specific parameters for the two methods. Findings We estimated that breast cancer diagnosis in Rwanda costs 138.29 United States dollars (US$) per patient when conducting biomarker analysis by immunohistochemistry. At a realistic immunohistochemistry antibody utilization efficiency of 70%, biomarker analysis comprises 48.7% (US$ 67.33) of diagnostic costs and takes 33 min. We determined that biomarker analysis with STRAT4 yields a reduction in diagnosis cost of US$ 7.33 (10.9%; 7.33/67.33), and in pathologist and technician time of 20 min (60.6%; 20/33), per patient. Our sensitivity analysis revealed that no cost savings would be made in laboratories with antibody utilization efficiencies over 90%, or where only estrogen and/or progesterone receptor status are assessed; however, such operational efficiencies are unlikely, and more laboratories are pursuing human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 analysis as targeted therapies become increasingly available. Conclusion Breast cancer biomarker analysis with STRAT4 has the potential to reduce the required human and capital resources in subSaharan African laboratories, leading to improved treatment selection and better clinical outcomes.

Angiosarcoma primario de mama. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Primary breast angiosarcoma. A case report and literature review

Introducción. El angiosarcoma primario de la mama es una neoplasia maligna derivada de las células endoteliales de los vasos sanguíneos, potencialmente agresiva independientemente de su grado histológico, por lo que su pronóstico es malo. Su diagnóstico prequirúrgico es difícil, ya que las características clínicas e imagenológicas son inespecíficas, y el diagnóstico definitivo únicamente se realiza por estudios de patología. Para su tratamiento generalmente se requiere de resección quirúrgica, radioterapia y, ocasionalmente, quimioterapia.Caso clínico. Paciente de 49 años sin antecedentes, que consultó por cuadro clínico de 5 meses de evolución de aparición y rápido crecimiento de masa en mama izquierda. Se realizaron estudios imagenológicos que reportaron lesión BIRADS 4a y diagnóstico histológico de lesión vascular con atipía, por lo cual fue llevada a mastectomía simple, con informe final de patología de angiosarcoma primario de mama; tuvo que ser reintervenida por márgenes positivos. Completó 33 ciclos de radioterapia y dos años después de la cirugía presentó cambios inflamatorios en la cicatriz quirúrgica, de la cual se tomó biopsia con reporte de lesión vascular atípica, por lo que fue operada nuevamente, con reporte histológico negativo para angiosarcoma residual. Actualmente la paciente está en seguimiento imagenológico, sin evidencia de recaída tumoral. Conclusión. Los angiosarcomas primarios de la mama son neoplasias raras y muy agresivas, independientemente de su grado histológico, por lo cual es importante hacer un diagnóstico histológico y tratamiento oncológico oportunos.

Introduction. Primary breast angiosarcoma is a malignant pathology derived from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels of the breast. They are potentially aggressive regardless of histological grade, reason why its prognosis is poor and treatment requires surgical resection plus radiation therapy and occasionally chemotherapy depending on the degree. Its pre-surgical diagnosis is difficult since the clinical and imaging characteristics are nonspecific, and the definitive diagnosis is only made by means of pathology studies. Clinical case. A 49-year-old patient was admitted to the breast surgery outpatient clinic due to clinical symptoms of 5 months of evolution consisting of the appearance of a painful mass in the left breast. Imaging of the lesion with ultrasound report BIRADS 4a and a tricot biopsy was taken with histological diagnosis of vascular lesion with atypia. It was decided to take the patient to a simple mastectomy, with a final report of breast angiosarcoma but with a margin compromised by a tumor for which she was reoperated. She received 33 cycles of radiotherapy and continued in follow-up for two years. During this period, the patient presented inflammatory changes in the surgical scar for which a punch biopsy was done with histological report of vascular atypical lesion. Surgical resection was performed with final report of negative pathology for residual angiosarcoma. Nowadays the patient continues imaging follow-up without evidence of a tumour relapse. Conclusion. Primary breast angiosarcomas are a rare malignant pathology, very aggressive regardless of its histological grade, for which it is important to perform a timely histological diagnosis and oncological treatment

Tumor fibroso solitario de mediastino anterior adherido a pericardio. Reporte de un caso / Solitary fibrous tumor of anterior mediastinum adhered to pericardium. A case report

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 82 años, con tumor intratorácico de crecimiento rápido, con aumento progresivo de la disnea, antecedentes de enfermedad coronaria y baja función cardíaca, obesidad y síndrome de apnea de sueño, quien fue sometido a toracotomía y a quien se le diagnosticó un tumor solitario fibroso de la pleura, tumor de muy baja frecuencia, adherido en forma sésil al pericardio, lo cual lo hace aún menos frecuente. Se hace una revisión general de las posibilidades terapéuticas, el diagnóstico histológico y por inmunohistoquímica, así como los criterios de benignidad y malignidad para este tipo de tumor, que son en su mayoría de buen pronóstico.

We present the case of an 82-year-old patient with a rapidly growing intrathoracic tumor, progressive increase in dyspnea, and a history of coronary heart disease and low cardiac function, obesity, and sleep apnea syndrome, who underwent thoracotomy and who was diagnosed with a Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura, a very low frequency tumor, adhered in sessile form to the pericardium, which makes it even less frequent. A general review is made of the therapeutic possibilities, the histological and immunohistochemical diagnosis, as well as the criteria of benignity and malignancy for this type of tumor, most of which have a good prognosis.

Inmunohistochemical detection of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 antigens in lung tissue / Detección inmunohistoquímica de antígenos de SARS-CoV-2 en tejido pulmonar

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has generated globally more than 110.7 million infections and 2.4 million deaths. The severity of this infection can range from asymptomatic, mild to severe. To know the possible associations between the presence of the virus and histopathological alterations found in tissues of fatal cases of COVID-19, the presence of the virus in the lung tissue of a patient with a clinical history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was evaluated. Lung tissue was histologically processed for immunohistochemical detection of SARS- CoV-2. In the histopathological study, morphological changes associated with pneumonitis of viral origin were observed. Likewise, the location of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was observed mainly in the cytoplasm of the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate.

La pandemia de COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 ha generado más de 110,7 millones de infecciones y 2,4 millones de muertes a nivel mundial. Esta infección puede ser asintomática y sus manifestaciones clínicas pueden variar entre leves y graves. Para conocer las posibles asociaciones entre la presencia del virus y las alteraciones histopatológicas encontradas en los tejidos de casos fatales de COVID-19, se evaluó la presencia del virus en el tejido pulmonar de un paciente con antecedentes clínicos de infección por SARS-CoV-2. La muestra se procesó para la detección inmunohistoquímica del virus. En el estudio histopatológico, se observaron cambios morfológicos asociados con neumonitis de origen viral. Asimismo, el virus se localizó principalmente en el citoplasma de las células del infiltrado inflamatorio.

Paraganglioma cuerpo carotídeo: experiencia en 20 años y revisión de la literatura / Carotid body paraganglioma: 20-year experience and literature review

Resumen El paraganglioma carotideo es un tumor infrecuente, originado de las células de la cresta neural. Raramente son secretores y tienen un bajo potencial maligno. El diagnóstico es difícil y requiere una alta sospecha clínica, combinada con estudios imagenológicos. Su tratamiento está basado en la cirugía, con especial cuidado de las estructuras vasculonerviosas que se encuentran en intimo contacto. Se describe la casuística de paragangliomas de cuerpo carotídeo en Clínica Las Condes y compararla con una revisión de la literatura actualizada del tema.

Abstract Carotid paraganglioma is a rare tumor, originated from neural crest cells. Usually they lack hormone secretion function, and have a low malignant potential. Diagnosis is difficult, and requires high clinical suspicious, combined with image and pathologic findings. Its treatment is based on surgery, with special care of close anatomic relation with important vascular-nervous structures. Here, we present cases of carotid paragangliomas evaluated at Clinica Las Condes comparing them with an updated literature review.

Granuloma ulcerativo traumático con eosinoflia estromal: lesión simuladora de difícil diagnóstico. Presentación de caso / Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia: Simulator lesión of difcult diagnosis. Presentation of a case

Introducción: el granuloma ulcerativo traumático con eosinofilia estromal es una afección benigna, crónica y autolimitante, que por su evolución clínica puede estar sujeta a confusión diagnóstica. Por ello, el caso que aquí se comparte expone particularidades de esta afección y su respuesta al tratamiento para permitir un mejor conocimiento de esta lesión. Se describen las características clínicas e histopatológicas y su evolución ante la terapéutica empleada. Se presenta una paciente femenina de seis años, con antecedentes de salud y de dientes neonatales, que hace tres meses manifiesta dos úlceras en mucosa sublingual que no cicatrizan ni mejoran al tratamiento anterior. Se indicaron estudios hematológicos, se realizó biopsia incisional de la lesión con su estudio histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico. Se obtuvo eosinofilia estromal y ausencia de linfocitos anómalos CD30. El tratamiento incluyó aplicación de corticosteroides tópicos e intralesionales, experimentando remisión de la lesión. Se mantiene la paciente bajo seguimiento clínico, sin recidiva de lesión. Conclusiones: el granuloma ulcerativo traumático con eosinofilia estromal es una lesión autolimitante que puede ser confundida con otras lesiones ulcerativas de la cavidad bucal, por lo que su estudio histopatológico resulta imprescindible para su diagnóstico. Asimismo, su análisis inmunohistoquímico es indispensable para precisar su naturaleza y probable evolución. El adecuado y exhaustivo proceso diagnóstico constituye una herramienta vital para lograr su identificación.

Background: Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia is a benign, chronicle and self-healing lesion, which can be misdiagnosed for its clinical evolution, for this reason, this case report is carried out, showing particularities of this disease and its response in front to the treatment, giving a better identifcation of the lesion, were described the clinical and histopathological fndings of a case. A feminine patient, six years old, with neonatal health and dental history. She has presented during three months two ulcerative lesions in sublingual mucosa, which do not improve with the previous treatment. Hematological studies and biopsy were carried out, the incisional biopsy was analyzed with immunohistochemical test, the results were stromal eosinophilia and absence of anomalous lymphocytes CD30. She was treated with topical and intralesional corticosteroids, experiencing remission of the lesion. The patient had a long clinical follow up without recidive. Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia is a self-healed lesion that needs a histopathological and inmunohistochemical analysis for an adequate diagnosis. The correct diagnostic sequence is a vital tool to achieve its identification.

Hemangioma capilar lobular: granuloma piógeno en lengua / Lobular capillary hemangioma: pyogenic granuloma of tongue

El granuloma piógeno es una lesión benigna, reactiva y multifactorial que resulta de le- siones repetitivas, microtraumatismos e irritación local en piel o mucosas y cambio hormonal. Cuando aparece en la cavidad oral tiene predilección por la encía vestibular, pero es importante que el odontólogo esté consciente y familiarizado con el hecho de que puede estar localizado en otras áreas anatómicas. Clínicamente se presenta como lesión hiperplásica altamente vascularizada, de tamaño generalmente no mayor a 2 cm, pediculada en la base o sésil y de lento crecimiento. Sin mostrar preferencia por edad o sexo, tiende a aparecer principalmente en encías, labios y mucosa oral, siendo muy pocos los casos reportados en el área lingual. Es por ello que, en este artículo, nos referimos a un caso de ubicación inusual, en conjunto con una revisión de la literatura (AU)

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign, reactive, and multifactorial lesion caused by repetitive injuries, microtrauma and local irritation on the skin or mucous membranes, and hormonal change. When it appears in the oral cavity, it has a predilection for the vestibular gingiva, but the dentist must be aware and familiar with the fact that it can be present in other anatomi- cal areas. Clinically, it is presented as a hyperplasic injury highly vascular-related, with a size generally no bigger than 2 cm, pedunculated in base or sessile, and slow in growth. Without showing any preference in age or gender, it tends to appear mainly on the gums, lips, and oral mucosae, with very few, reported cases in the lingual area. Therefore, in this study, we refer to a case of unusual localization with a literature review (AU)

PTEN e p53 no adenoma pleomórfico e no carcinoma ex-adenoma pleomórfico: expressão imuno-histoquímica / PTEN and p53 in pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma: immunohistochemical expression

As neoplasias de glândula salivar são um grupo extenso e complexo de entidades benignas e malignas que atingem tanto as glândulas salivares maiores quanto as menores. Essas patologias representam um desafio para os profissionais tanto pelos seus aspectos de diagnóstico quanto de tratamento, apresentando uma gama de comportamentos biológicos e aspectos histológicos semelhantes. Por este motivo, compreender melhor a biologia desses tumores é fundamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, por meio da imuno-histoquímica, a presença e distribuição das proteínas PTEN e p53 de maneira qualitativa e quantitativa, em 20 casos de adenoma pleomórfico e 5 casos carcinoma ex-adenoma pleomórfico (CXAP), além de analisar a morfologia de cada caso, assim como os dados clínicos. A maioria dos pacientes foi de mulheres leucodermas, sendo que os pacientes de CXAP eram mais velhos que os de adenoma pleomórfico. A proteína PTEN foi observada em 80% dos casos do estudo, sendo que houve predominância de expressão citoplasmática sobre a nuclear. Não houve padrão de expressão para a proteína, sendo que células de todas as diferenciações e morfologias expressaram o marcador. A proteína p53 esteve presente em 45% dos casos de adenoma pleomórfico, mas todos os casos de CXAP do estudo foram positivos para o marcador, entretanto, em todos os casos positivos menos de 5% das células exibiram a marcação. Em conclusão, não houve um perfil de expressão para PTEN ou p53 nas neoplasias estudadas. Embora a p53 tenha sido mais expressa no CXAP, a quantidade de células com marcação nos casos positivos foi muito baixa.

Tumor miofibroblástico inflamatorio de laringe: a propósito de un caso / Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the larynx: a case report

Resumen El tumor miofibroblástico inflamatorio (TMI) es una patología muy poco frecuente. Los TMI localizados en laringe pueden ocasionar disfonía o sensación de cuerpo extraño. El diagnóstico se realiza a través de pruebas de imagen y visualización directa con obtención de muestras para estudio histopatológico. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 43 años, con antecedentes personales de carcinoma indiferenciado de nasofaringe, tratado con radioterapia y quimioterapia, que acude a revisiones periódicas en consulta de otorrinolaringología. Se objetiva por nasofibroscopia una lesión rugosa en cuerda vocal izquierda. Se realiza biopsia con fibroscopio de canal, compatible con tumoración fusocelular atípica, con áreas celulares y mixoides, sospechosa de malignidad, con necesidad de completar estudio inmunohistoquímico. En comité de tumores de cabeza y cuello se decide cirugía programada (laringectomía supracricoidea con cricohioidoepiglotopexia) y posterior tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia y/o radioterapia, según resultados del estudio histopatológico. Como conclusión, el TMI es una patología que se encuentra predominantemente en el pulmón, siendo rara la afectación laríngea. Su pronóstico es favorable y el diagnóstico histopatológico es de vital importancia. El diagnóstico correcto va seguido de una escisión local amplia para prevenir la recurrencia, sin embargo, el tratamiento debe adaptarse a la ubicación del tumor y al estado del paciente.

Abstract Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a very rare pathology. IMTs located in the larynx can cause dysphonia or foreign body sensation. The diagnosis is made through imaging tests and direct visualization and confirmation with samples for histopathological study. We present the case of a 43-year-old woman with a personal history of undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, who attended periodic check-ups in an otolaryngology clinic. A rough granulomatous lesion was observed by nasofibrolaryngoscopy in the left vocal cord. A canal fibroscope biopsy is performed, compatible with an atypical spindle cell tumor, with cellular and myxoid areas, suspicious of malignancy, requiring an immunohistochemical study to be completed. The head and neck tumor committee decides on scheduled surgery (supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy) and subsequent adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, according to the results of the histopathological study. As a conclusion finally, the IMT is a pathology found predominantly in the lung, laryngeal involvement being rare. Its prognosis is favorable and the histopathological diagnosis is of vital importance to be able to be differentiated from other malignant neoplasms. The correct diagnosis is followed by a wide local excision to prevent recurrence, however, treatment must be tailored to the location of the tumor and the condition of the patient.

Expression of the homeobox proteins Dlx-5 and TLX1 during the development of cat testis / Expresión de las proteínas homeobox Dlx-5 y TLX1 durante el desarrollo del testículo de gato

SUMMARY: Recent studies have shown that homeobox proteins play an important role in the formation and development of tissues and organs in the embryonic period. In our study, the distribution of Dlx-5 and TLX proteins, which are members of the homeobox family, in the testis, epididymis and ductus deferens ducts of some cat breeds were investigated. For this purpose, in the study, 18 testes younger than six months (immature) and older than one year (mature) were examined under a light microscope using an immunohistochemical method (indirect streptavidin-biotin complex). While it was determined that Dlx-5 and TLX1 proteins were expressed at varying levels in cells in immature and mature cat testicles, epithelial cells of ductus epididymis and ductus deferens, and smooth muscle cells of ductus deferens, no differences were observed between cat breeds. Dlx-5 immunoreactivity was more intense in the testes, epididymis and deferens ducts of immature and mature compared to TLX1. These results suggested that both proteins play important roles in the development of male feline genital organs and in the secretion and differentiation of cells, and also further observation of Dlx-5 expression suggested that this protein may be more effective than TLX1 in testicular development and physiological processes.

RESUMEN: Estudios recientes han demostrado que las proteínas homeobox juegan un papel importante en la formación y desarrollo de tejidos y órganos en el período embrionario. En nuestro estudio, se investigó la distribución de las proteínas Dlx-5 y TLX, que son miembros de la familia homeobox, en los testículos, en el epidídimo y en los conductos deferentes de algunas razas de gatos. En el estudio fueron examinados, 18 testículos de animales menores de seis meses (inmaduros) y mayores de un año (maduros) bajo un microscopio óptico utilizando un método inmunohistoquímico (complejo indirecto de estreptavidina-biotina). Si bien se determinó que las proteínas Dlx-5 y TLX1 se expresaron en niveles variables en las células de los testículos de gatos inmaduros y maduros, las células epiteliales del epidídimo y del conducto deferente y las células del músculo liso del conducto deferente, no se observaron diferencias entre las razas de gatos. La inmunorreactividad de Dlx-5 fue más intensa en los testículos, epidídimo y conductos deferentes de gatos inmaduros y maduros en comparación con TLX1. Estos resultados sugieren que ambas proteínas tienen un rol importante en el desarrollo de los órganos genitales felinos masculinos y en la secreción y diferenciación de células, y también la observación de la expresión de Dlx-5 sugirió que esta proteína puede ser más efectiva que TLX1 en el desarrollo testicular y en los procesos fisiológicos.

mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in the sphenomandibularis portion of the temporalis muscle / Expresión de ARNm de las isoformas de la cadena pesada de la miosina en la porción esfenomandibular del músculo temporal

SUMMARY: The main objective of this study was to analyze by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) the expression patterns of the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (MHC-I, MHC-IIa, MHC-IIx) in the sphenomandibularis portion of the temporalis muscle. We expected to find differences between the sphenomandibularis and the other portions of the temporalis that could be related to the functional characteristics of the sphenomandibularis identified by electromyography. We dissected the right temporalis muscle of ten adult human individuals (five men and five women). Samples of the anterior and posterior temporalis and of the sphenomandibularis portion were obtained from each dissected muscle. These samples were analyzed by RT-qPCR to determine the percentages of expression of the MHC-I, MHC-IIa and MHC-IIx isoforms. No significant differences were identified between the anterior and the posterior temporalis in the expression patterns of the MHC-I, MHC-IIa and MHC-IIx isoforms. However, there were significant differences between the sphenomandibularis and the anterior temporalis. Specifically, the sphenomandibularis portion had a higher percentage of expression of the MHC-I isoform (P=0.04) and a lower percentage of expression of the MHC-IIx isoform (P=0.003). The pattern of expression that we observed in the sphenomandibularis reflects a greater resistance to fatigue, a lower contraction speed, and a lower capacity of force generation in the sphenomandibularis compared to the anterior temporalis. These characteristics are consistent with electromyographic findings on the functional differences between these two portions.

RESUMEN: El principal objetivo de este estudio fue analizar mediante real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) los patrones de expresión de las isoformas de la cadena pesada de la miosina (MHC-I, MHC-IIa y MHC-IIx) en la porción esfenomandibular del músculo temporal. Se esperó encontrar diferencias entre el esfenomandibular y las otras porciones del músculo temporal que se pudieran relacionar con las características funcionales del esfenomandibular, identificadas mediante electromiografía. Para obtener estos resultados, se diseccionó el músculo temporal derecho en diez humanos adultos (cinco hombres y cinco mujeres) y se obtuvieron muestras de la porción anterior y posterior del músculo temporal y de su porción esfenomandibular. Estas muestras fueron analizadas mediante RT-qPCR para determinar los porcentajes de expresión de las isoformas MHC-I, MHC- IIa y MHC-IIx. No se identificaron diferencias significativas de los patrones de expresión entre la porción anterior y la porción posterior del músculo temporal, pero sí que se observaron diferencias significativas entre la porción anterior del músculo temporal y su porción esfenomandibular. Concretamente, la porción esfenomandibular presentó un mayor porcentaje de expresión de la isoforma MHC-I (P=0.04) y un menor porcentaje de expresión de la isoforma MHC-IIx (P=0.003). El patrón de expresión que hemos observado en la porción esfenomandibular del músculo temporal refleja una mayor resistencia a la fatiga, una velocidad de contracción más lenta y una menor capacidad de generar fuerza si se compara esta porción con la porción anterior del músclo temporal. Estas características son consistentes con las diferencias funcionales que presentan estas dos porciones, que han sido descritas mediante electromiografía.

Regulation of Notch1 and Foxp1 by MiR-34a in psoriasis vulgaris / Regulación de Notch1 y Foxp1 por MiR-34ª en psoriasis vulgaris

SUMMARY: This study is to investigate the regulation of Notch1 and Foxp1 by miR-34a in the development of psoriasis vulgaris. RT-PCR was used to compare the levels of miR-34a in the skin lesions of 20 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 20 normal skin tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Notch1 and Foxp1 in 51 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, which were further compared with that in 29 normal control tissues. In addition, in HaCaT cells, we used miR-34a mimics and inhibitors to overexpress and inhibit miR-34a, respectively, and detected the mRNA and protein levels of miR-34a, Notch1, and Foxp1. The level of miR-34a in the skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris was significantly higher than that in normal skin tissues (t=2.192, P<0.05). The positive rate of Notch1 in the skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris was 76.47 %, which was significantly higher than that in normal skin tissues (13.79 %) (t=29.215, P<0.01). The positive rate of FOXP1 in the psoriasis vulgaris group was 92.16 %, which was also significantly higher than that in the normal skin group (65.52 %) (t=9.087, P<0.01). In addition, overexpression of miR-34a significantly promoted the expression of Notch1 and Foxp1. However, inhibition of miR-34a significantly reduced Notch1 and Foxp1 levels. miR- 34a is highly expressed in the skin tissues of patients with psoriasis vulgaris, and may participate in the development of psoriasis vulgaris by regulating Notch1 and Foxp1.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la regulación de Notch1 y Foxp1 por miR-34a en el desarrollo de la psoriasis vulgar. Se utilizó RT-PCR con el fin de comparar los niveles de miR-34a en las lesiones cutáneas de 20 pacientes con psoriasis vulgar y 20 tejidos de piel normales. Se utilizó inmunohistoquímica para detectar la expresión de Notch1 y Foxp1 en 51 pacientes con psoriasis vulgar, que se compararon además con la de 29 tejidos normales control. Además, en las células HaCaT, usamos miméticos e inhibidores de miR-34a para sobreexpresar e inhibir miR-34a, respectivamente, y detectamos los niveles de ARNm y proteína de miR-34a, Notch1 y Foxp1. El nivel de miR- 34a en las lesiones cutáneas de pacientes con psoriasis vulgar fue significativamente mayor que en los tejidos normales de la piel (t=2,192, P<0,05). La tasa de positividad de Notch1 en las lesiones cutáneas de pacientes con psoriasis vulgar fue del 76,47 %, que fue significativamente mayor que la de los tejidos normales de la piel (13,79 %) (t=29,215, P<0,01). La tasa positiva de FOXP1 en el grupo de psoriasis vulgar fue del 92,16 %, que también fue significativamente mayor que la del grupo de piel normal (65,52 %) (t=9,087, P<0,01). Además, la sobreexpresión de miR-34a promovió significativamente la expresión de Notch1 y Foxp1. Sin embargo, la inhibición de miR-34a redujo de manera importante los niveles de Notch1 y Foxp1. miR-34a se expresa en gran medida en los tejidos de la piel en pacientes con psoriasis vulgar y puede participar en el desarrollo de la psoriasis vulgar mediante la regulación de Notch1 y Foxp1.

Application of lectins for detection of glycomic differences in the epididymal duct in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) / Aplicación de lectinas para la detección de diferencias glucómicas en el conducto epididimario en búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis) y dromedarios (Camelus dromedarius)

SUMMARY: The present study was conducted to detect the differences in glycohistochemical features in the epididymal duct of the dromedary camel and the water buffalo. Epididymal sections (caput, corpus and cauda) from both species were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated lectins. Binding sites for five lectins (DBA, GSA-1, HPA, PNA and WGA) have been found in both species. The binding sites of different lectins showed significant variations in the pattern of distribution in both a species. This included both species-specific and region-specific order. Additionally, only three (GSA-1, PNA and WGA) out the five lectins studied exhibited binding sites in all epididymal regions in both species. The other two lectins (DBA and HPA) followed the same order recorded for the other three (GSA-1, PNA and WGA) in buffalo, but failed to show any binding sites in cauda epididymis in camel. In conclusion, the variable regional and species-specific distribution features of lectins revealed that both species have diverse glycomic characteristics that may be related to their different reproductive patterns. However, the glycome-associated functional capacities remain obscured and need further profound investigations.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio se realizó para detectar las diferencias en las características glicohistoquímicas del conducto epididimal del dromedario y el búfalo de agua. Las secciones del epidídimo (cabeza, cuerpo y cola) de ambas especies se tiñeron con lectinas conjugadas con isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FITC). Se encontraron sitios de unión para cinco lectinas (DBA, GSA-1, HPA, PNA y WGA) en ambas especies. Los sitios de unión de diferentes lectinas mostraron variaciones significativas en el patrón de distribución en ambas especies. Esto incluía tanto el orden específico de la especie como el específico de la región. Además, solo tres (GSA-1, PNA y WGA) de las cinco lectinas estudiadas exhibieron sitios de unión en todas las regiones del epidídimo en ambas especies. Las otras dos lectinas (DBA y HPA) siguieron el mismo orden registrado para las tres restantes (GSA-1, PNA y WGA) en búfalos, pero no mostraron ningún sitio de union en la cola del epidídimo en camellos. En conclusión, las características de distribución regionales y específicas de especies variables de las lectinas revelaron que ambas especies tienen características glucómicas diversas que pueden estar relacionadas con sus diferentes patrones reproductivos. Sin embargo, las capacidades funcionales asociadas con el glicoma permanecen desconocidas y requieren mayor investigación.

Curcumin-rich extract from Central Brazil Curcuma longa protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells under oxidative stress / Extrato rico em Curcumina do Brasil Central Curcuma longa protege células endoteliais de veias umbilicais humanas sob estresse oxidativo

INTRODUCTION: In vascular diseases, the interruption of the local blood flow and the subsequent reperfusion of oxygen can cause deleterious oxidative effects on the cells. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) presents the capacity to neutralize free radicals along with preventive and therapeutic effects for several diseases. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract of Curcuma (EEC), to evaluate its effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and to analyze its effect on cellular signaling pathways. METHODS: Cells were exposed to different concentrations of EEC for 24, 48, and 72 h. Folin-Ciocalteau test, HPLC-Fluorescence analysis, and DPPH method were used to determine the phenolic compounds, curcumin content, and antioxidant action, respectively; the tetrazolium salt reduction to obtain cell viability, cytotoxicity, and the concentration that inhibits 50% of cell viability; and the immunocytochemistry technique to analyze the expression of caspase3, SIRT1, and mTOR. RESULTS: We found the presence of polyphenols in the classes of phenolic acids and curcuminoids in EEC, with 16.7% curcumin content. The number of antioxidants needed to reduce the initial DPPH concentration by 50% was 18.1 µmol/g. The extract mitigated cell damage at a dosage of 100 µg/ml, decreased the immunoexpression of caspase3, and promoted the signaling of the SIRT1 and mTOR survival pathways. CONCLUSION: EEC had a protective effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, subjected to oxidative stress, with decreased apoptosis (caspase3) at lower concentrations, cytoprotection by maintaining essential cell functions (mTOR), and signaling of the survival pathway (SIRT1).

INTRODUÇÃO: Em doenças vasculares, a interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo locale subsequente reperfusão de oxigênio pode causar efeitos deletérios e danos irreparáveis às células. Curcuma (Curcuma longa L.) neutraliza radicais livres além de apresentar efeitos preventivos e terapêuticos. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os compostos bioativos e a capacidade antioxidante do extrato etanólico de cúrcuma (EEC); avaliar seu efeito nas células endoteliais da veia umbilical humana, e analisar a expressão de vias de sinalização celular. MÉTODOS: As células foram expostas a diferentes concentrações de EEC por 24, 48 e 72 horas. Utilizamos o teste de Folin-Ciocalteau, análise por HPLC-Fluorescência e método DPPH para determinar os compostos fenólicos, conteúdo de curcumina e ação antioxidante, respectivamente; o método de redução de tetrazólio para viabilidade celular, a citotoxicidade e a concentração que inibe 50% da viabilidade celular; e a técnica de imunocitoquímica para analisar a expressão de caspase3, SIRT1 e mTOR. RESULTADOS: Observou-se presença de polifenóis nas classes de ácidos fenólicos e curcuminóides no EEC, com teor de curcumina de 16,7%. A quantidade de antioxidante necessária para reduzir a concentração inicial de DPPH em 50% foi de 18,1 µmol/g. O extrato mitigou o dano celular na dosagem de 100 µg/ml, diminuiu a imunoexpressão da caspase3 e promoveu a sinalização das vias de sobrevivência SIRT1 e mTOR. CONCLUSÃO: O EEC teve efeito protetor nas células endoteliais de veia umbilical humana, submetidas ao estresse oxidativo, com diminuição da apoptose (caspase3) em concentrações mais baixas, citoproteção pela manutenção das funções celulares essenciais (mTOR) e sinalização da via de sobrevivência (SIRT1).

Avaliação da expressão da filagrina em biópsias esofágicas de pacientes com esofagite eosinofílica / Evaluation of philagrin expression in esophageal biopsies of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis

Introdução: Mutações do gene da filagrina vêm sendo associadas, classicamente, a alterações da barreira epitelial em doenças alérgicas com comprometimento da pele e das superfícies mucosas. Particularmente na dermatite atópica, a relação entre filagrina, mecanismo fisiopatológico e evolução clínica tem sido demonstrada. Recentemente, alterações da barreira epitelial com redução da expressão da filagrina, também têm sido associadas a mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos na patogênese da esofagite eosinofílica. Devido a disfunções na barreira epitelial, microrganismos e alérgenos são capazes de penetrarem no epitélio da mucosa esofágica, assim como na dermatite atópica. Objetivo: Avaliar a possível correlação da expressão da filagrina com os achados histopatológicos em biópsias esofágicas de pacientes com esofagite eosinofílica. Métodos: A expressão da filagrina foi investigada in situ, por imuno-histoquímica, em biópsias esofágicas nos seguintes grupos: Grupo I, controle (n=8), amostras provenientes de pacientes saudáveis; Grupo II (n=27), amostras provenientes de pacientes com esofagite eosinofílica. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram uma diminuição da expressão da filagrina na mucosa do esôfago de portadores de esofagite eosinofílica. Adicionalmente, a intensidade da marcação imuno-histoquímica foi menor na mucosa esofágica com maior infiltração de eosinófilos. Conclusão: A diminuição da expressão de filagrina pode ser um fenomeno fisiopatológico associado ao aumento da quantidade de eosinófilos na mucosa esofágica, podendo impactar na evolução clínica da esofagite eosinofílica.

Introduction:Filaggrin gene mutations have been classically associated with changes in the epithelial barrier in allergic diseases involving the skin and mucosal surfaces. Particularly in atopic dermatitis, the relationship between filaggrin, pathophysiological mechanism and clinical evolution hás been demonstrated. Recently, changes in the epithelial barrier with reduced expression of filaggrin have also been associated with immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Due to dysfunction in the epithelial barrier, microorganisms and allergens are able to penetrate the epithelium of the esophageal mucosa, as well as in atopic dermatitis. Objective: To evaluated the possible correlation of filaggrin expression with histopathological findings in esophageal biopsies of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Methods: Filaggrin expression was investigated in situ by immunohistochemistry in esophageal biopsies in the following groups: Group I, control (n = 8), samples from healthy patients; Group II (n = 27), samples from patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Results: The results demonstrated a decrease in the expression of filaggrin in the esophageal mucosa of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Additionally, the intensity of the immunohistochemical labeling was lower in the esophageal mucosa with greater infiltration of eosinophils. Conclusion: The reduction of filaggrin expression may be a pathophysiological phenomenon associated with an increase in the quantity of eosinophils in the esophageal mucosa, which may impact on the clinical evolution of eosinophilic esophagitis.

Activación de la microglía en el hipocampo asociada con lesión del nervio facial / Facial nerve injury-associated hippocampal microglíal activation

Introducción. Las lesiones del nervio facial afectan la plasticidad a largo plazo en el hipocampo, así como la memoria de reconocimiento de objetos y la memoria espacial, dos procesos dependientes de esta estructura. Si bien se ha descrito una activación de la microglía en la corteza motora primaria asociada con esta lesión, no se conoce si ocurre algo similar en el hipocampo. Objetivo. Caracterizar en ratas el efecto de la lesión unilateral del nervio facial sobre la activación de células de la microglía en el hipocampo contralateral. Materiales y métodos. Se hicieron experimentos de inmunohistoquímica para detectar células de la microglía en el hipocampo de ratas sometidas a lesión irreversible del nervio facial. Los animales se sacrificaron en distintos momentos después de la lesión, para evaluar la evolución de la proliferación (densidad de células) y la activación (área celular) de la microglía en el tejido del hipocampo. Los tejidos cerebrales de los animales de control se compararon con los de animales lesionados sacrificados en los días 1,3, 7, 21 y 35 después de la lesión. Resultados. Las células de la microglía en el hipocampo de animales con lesión del nervio facial mostraron signos de proliferación y activación a los 3, 7 y 21 días después de la lesión. Sin embargo, al cabo de cinco semanas, estas modificaciones se revirtieron, a pesar de que no hubo recuperación funcional de la parálisis facial. Conclusiones. La lesión irreversible del nervio facial produce proliferación y activación temprana y transitoria de las células de la microglía en el hipocampo. Estos cambios podrían estar asociados con las modificaciones electrofisiológicas y las alteraciones comportamentales dependientes del hipocampo descritas recientemente.

Introduction: Facial nerve injury induces changes in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and affects both object recognition memory and spatial memory consolidation (i.e., hippocampus-dependent tasks). Although facial nerve injury-associated microglíal activation has been described regarding the primary motor cortex, it has not been ascertained whether something similar occurs in the hippocampus. Peripheral nerve injury- associated microglíal changes in hippocampal tissue could explain neuronal changes in the contralateral hippocampus. Objective: To characterize the effect of unilateral facial nerve injury on microglíal proliferation and activation in the contralateral hippocampus. Materials and methods: Immunohistochemical experiments detected microglíal cells in the hippocampal tissue of rats that had undergone facial nerve injury. The animals were sacrificed at specific times after injury to evaluate hippocampal microglíal cell proliferation (cell density) and activation (cell area); sham-operated animals were compared to lesioned animals sacrificed 1,3, 7, 21, or 35 days after injury. Results: Facial nerve-injured rats' hippocampal microglíal cells proliferated and adopted an activated phenotype 3- to 21-days post-lesion. Such modifications were transient since the microglíal cells returned to their resting state five weeks after injury, despite the injury's irreversible nature. Conclusions: Facial nerve injury causes the transient proliferation and activation of microglíal cells in the hippocampus. This finding might partly explain the morphological and electrophysiological changes described for CA1 pyramidal neurons and the impairment of spatial memory consolidation which has previously been observed in facial nerve-injured rats.

4-hydroxy-2-nonenal as a marker of the oxidative stress in brains of dogs with canine distemper / 4-hidroxi-2-nonenal como marcador de estresse oxidativo no cérebro de cães com cinomose

Canine Distemper is a disease caused by Canine morbillivirus (CM), a pantropic virus that can affect the central nervous system (CNS), causing demyelination. However, the pathogenesis of this lesion remains to be clarified. Brain samples of 14 naturally infected dogs by CM were analyzed to evaluate the presence of oxidative stress and demyelination. RT-PCR assay was performed to confirm a diagnosis of canine distemper in the brain, immunohistochemistry anti-CM was used to localize the viral proteins in the tissue, and anti-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) was a marker of a product of lipid peroxidation. The results showed the presence of viral proteins in the demyelinated area with the presence of 4-HNE. Our results suggest that the CM virus infection causes oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation, which causes tissue damage and demyelination. In conclusion, oxidative stress plays a significant role in canine distemper pathogenesis in the CNS.(AU)

A cinomose canina é uma doença causada pelo Morbilivírus canino (CM), um vírus pantrópico que pode afetar o sistema nervoso central (SNC), causando desmielinização. No entanto, a patogênese dessa lesão não está totalmente esclarecida. RT-PCR e imuno-histoquímica foram realizadas para confirmação do diagnóstico de cinomose em amostras de encéfalo de 14 cães naturalmente infectados. Após confirmação, foi realizada uma avaliação do estresse oxidativo por imuno-histoquímica com uso de anti-4-hidroxi-nonenal (4HNE) como marcador de produtos resultantes da peroxidação lipídica. Os resultados sugerem que a infecção pelo CM causa estresse oxidativo no tecido, levando a peroxidação lipídica, a qual causa danos ao tecido, culminando com desmielinização. Conclui-se que o estresse oxidativo tem papel importante na patogênese da cinomose canina no sistema nervoso central.(AU)

Tumor fibroso solitario gigante de pleura / Giant solitary fibrous tumor of the Pleura

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar el caso de una masa gigante en hemitórax izquierdo de 19 cm de diámetro en un paciente de 59 años que debutó con disnea, tos y dolor torácico, confirmándose por estudio imagenológico. Materiales y Método: Registro clínico de un paciente al cual se le diagnostica tumor fibroso solitario de pleura, siendo intervenido quirúrgicamente para exéresis de la lesión. Resultados: Se realiza toracotomía posterolateral izquierda para exéresis de tumor gigante, requiriendo además, resección de diafragma y pericardiectomía parcial con evolución favorable. Discusión: El tumor fibroso solitario es una neoplasia rara derivada del mesénquima que afecta más comúnmente a la pleura, típicamente bien circunscrita, pediculada, con vasos dentro del pedículo tumoral, pudiendo llegar a ser de gran tamaño, siendo considerados gigantes cuando tienen más de 15 cm de diámetro. Conclusión: El diagnóstico correcto es de vital importancia, ya que con la resección quirúrgica es potencialmente curable. El tratamiento quirúrgico puede efectuarse por toracotomía o videotoracoscopia, dependiendo del tamaño del tumor. A pesar del comportamiento benigno, requiere seguimiento a largo plazo debido a la tendencia a la recidiva.

Aim: To report the case of a 19 cm diameter giant mass in the left hemithorax in a 59-year-old patient who presented with dyspnea, cough and chest pain, confirmed by imaging study. Materials and Method: Clinical record of a patient who was diagnosed with a solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura, undergoing surgery to excise the lesion. Results: A left posterolateral thoracotomy was performed to excise the giant tumor, also requiring resection of the diaphragm and partial pericardiectomy with favorable evolution. Discussion: The solitary fibrous tumor is a rare neoplasm derived from the mesenchyme that most commonly affects the pleura, typically well circumscribed, pedunculated, with vessels within the tumor pedicle, and can become large, being considered giant when they are larger than 15 cm diameter. Conclusión: The correct diagnosis is of vital importance, since surgical resection it a potentially curable treatment. Surgical treatment can be performed by thoracotomy or videothoracoscopy, depending on the size of the tumor. Despite the benign behavior, it requires long-term follow-up due to the tendency to recur.