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Introduction : l'allaitement maternel exclusif (AME) est le fait de donner le lait maternel au bébé sans rien d'autre jusqu'à l'âge de six mois. Il comble ses besoins nutritionnels et le protège des maladies. Mais cette pratique est de plus en plus délaissée pour diverses raisons. L'objectif de cette étude était d'analyser les facteurs qui influencent l'adoption puis le maintien de l'AME jusqu'à 6 mois dans la commune d'Aplahoué en 2020. Matériels et méthode : il s'agissait d'une étude d'observation transversale à visée analytique portant sur les mères d'enfants âgés de six à douze mois, vivant dans la commune pendant la période. Les variables dépendantes étaient « l'adoption de l'allaitement maternel (AM)¼ et son « maintien exclusivement jusqu'à 6 mois ¼. La mesure d'association utilisée était le rapport de prévalence (RP) à un seuil de significativité de 5%. Résultats : Les prévalences de l'adoption et du maintien à six mois de l'AME étaient respectivement de 96,9% et 56,6%. Les facteurs non favorables à l'adoption de l'AM étaient le célibat (RP=0,58 ; p< 0,01), la primiparité (RP=0,90 ; p< 0,01), la gêne d'allaiter (RP=0, 08 ; p< 0,01) et la césarienne (RP=0, 08 ; p< 0,01) alors que le tabagisme de la mère (RP=1,19 ; p< 0,01) était le seul facteur favorable. Ceux non favorables à son maintien jusqu'à six mois étaient l'âge moins de 20 ans (RP=0,17 ; p< 0,01), l'analphabétisme (RP=0,52 ; p< 0,02), le célibat (RP=0,28 ; p=0,008), le niveau de connaissance moyen vis-à-vis de l'AM (RP=0,70 ; p=0,02), le tabagisme (RP=0,73; p=0,02) alors que l'accouchement par la césarienne (RP=1,53 ; p=0,008) était le seul facteur favorable à ce maintien. Conclusion : il serait alors judicieux de renforcer la prévalence de l'AME en agissant sur les facteurs identifiés dans la présente étude comme associés à sa faible prévalence.

Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the act of giving breast milk to the baby without adding anything until the age of six months. It fills his nutritional needs and protects him from diseases. But this practice is increasingly neglected nowadays for various reasons. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the adoption and then the maintenance of the EBF for up to 6 months in the municipality of Aplahoué in 2020. Materials and method: It was a observational cross-sectional study with analytical purpose focusing on mothers of children aged six to twelve months, living in the municipality during the period. The dependent variables were the "adoption of the EBF" and its "maintenance exclusively up to 6 months". The association measure used was the prevalence ratio (PR) at a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of adoption and six-month maintenance of the EBF were respectively 96.9% and 56.6%. The factors that were not favorable for the adoption of the EBF were single motherhood (RP=0.58; p< 0.01), primiparity (RP=0.90; p< 0.01), the discomfort of breastfeeding (RP=0.08; p< 0.01) and cesarean section (RP=0.08; p< 0.01) while the mother's smoking (RP= 1.19; p< 0.01) was the only favorable factor. Those not in favor of maintaining it for up to six months were the age under 20 (RP=0.17; p< 0.01), single motherhood (RP=0.28; p=0.008), illiteracy (RP=0.52; p< 0.02), the average level of knowledge with regard to the AM (RP=0.70; p=0.02), smoking (RP=0.73; p=0.02) while delivery by caesarean section (RP=1.53; p=0.008) was the only factor favorable to this maintenance. Conclusion: It would then be wise to strengthen the prevalence of EBF by acting on the factors identified in the present study as associated with its low prevalence

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Resumo: Este trabalho de desenvolvimento tecnológico apresenta a produção do primeiro material registrado em nível nacional com a proposta didática intitulada "Meu plano de aleitamento materno", para educação, apoio e promoção, destinada a gestantes e lactantes. Teve como objetivo desenvolver tecnologia educacional pelo(a) enfermeiro(a) para subsidiar o público específico e levar a sociedade a compreender que o leite materno é capaz de melhorar substancialmente os desfechos de saúde. Trata-se de pesquisa metodológica, de produção tecnológica, desenvolvida em três fases: na primeira foi realizado o diagnóstico situacional; a segunda fase é denominada exploratória, por meio de revisão de literatura e contextualização da problemática na prática profissional; e a terceira fase caracterizou-se pela construção da tecnologia cuidativo-educacional. O período de estudo foi de março de 2022 a dezembro de 2023. Utilizou-se o software Canva para a construção do produto. Como resultado, produziu-se material didático composto de textos, imagens, disponibilidade de QR code e links para acessar vídeos, fundamentados em leis, políticas públicas nacionais, diretrizes e protocolos relacionados ao aleitamento materno. Concluiu-se que a tecnologia desenvolvida atende à necessidade dos profissionais para subsidiar a prática profissional como possibilidade de método para educação em saúde, sendo possível replicar para outros temas. A tecnologia desenvolvida é capaz de cumprir o propósito de auxiliar enfermeiros na aproximação de pacientes e respectivos familiares a fim de promover o preparo e a manutenção do aleitamento materno articulado entre a Atenção Primária à Saúde e o ambiente hospitalar, além de contemplar esclarecimentos importantes proporcionando benefícios a curto e longo prazo para a díade, sociedade e ambiente.

Abstract: This technological development work presents the production of the first material registered at national level with the didactic proposal entitled "My breastfeeding plan", for education, support and promotion, aimed at pregnant and breastfeeding women. The objective was to develop educational technology for nurses to support the specific public and lead society to understand that breast milk is capable of substantially improving health outcomes. This is methodological research, technological production, developed in three phases: in the first, the situational diagnosis was carried out; the second phase is called exploratory, through literature review and contextualization of the problem in professional practice; and the third phase was characterized by the construction of care-educational technology. The study period was from March 2022 to December 2023. Canva software was used to build the product. As a result, teaching material was produced consisting of texts, images, availability of QR code and links to access videos, based on laws, national public policies, guidelines and protocols related to breastfeeding. It was concluded that the technology developed meets the need of professionals to support professional practice as a possible method for health education, and can be replicated for other topics. The technology developed is capable of fulfilling the purpose of assisting nurses in approaching patients and their families in order to promote the preparation and maintenance of breastfeeding articulated between Primary Health Care and the hospital environment, in addition to providing important clarifications providing benefits short and long term for the dyad, society and environment.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of contamination by pesticides and their metabolites in the milk of lactating mothers in Latin America. METHODS In this systematic review, the PubMed, LILACS, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched up to January 2022 to identify observational studies. The Mendeley software was used to manage these references. The risk of bias assessment was evaluated according to the checklist for prevalence studies and writing design, by the Prisma guidelines. RESULTS This study retrieved 1835 references and analyzed 49 studies. 69.38% of the analyzed studies found a 100% prevalence of breast milk contamination by pesticides among their sample. Main pesticides include dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its isomers (75.51%), followed by the metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) (69.38%) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (46.93%). This study categorized most (65.30%) studies as having a low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS This review shows a high prevalence of pesticide contamination in the breast milk of Latin American women. Further investigations should be carried out to assess contamination levels in breast milk and the possible effects of these substances on maternal and child health.

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Aim: This cohort study aimed to investigate the exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) prevalence and its association with maternal EBF intention and other variables. Method: Pregnant women (n=653) in the third trimester of pregnancy filled out a questionnaire on EBF intention using the Infant Feeding Intentions scale and other variables. After delivery, mothers were contacted by phone at the first (T1; n=467), third (T3; n=333), and sixth (T6; n=217) month of the baby's life or until breastfeeding was terminated, to collect data on breastfeeding, delivery, the newborn, oral habits, and family variables. The associations between independent variables and the outcomes (EBF prevalence at T1, T3, and T6) were analyzed by simple and multiple logistic regression models (α =0.05). Results: EBF prevalence was 81.2% at T1, 64.0% at T3, and 35.9% at T6. Nott use baby bottle (OR=612.59; OR=139.08; OR=15.05) and no pacifier use (OR=2.94; OR=2.78; OR=2.93) were associated with the outcome at T1, T3, and T6, respectively. Other associated variables were strong EBF intention (OR=1.71) at T1; higher birth weight (OR=1.62), childcare support (OR=2.59), maternal age (OR=0.54), being married or having a partner (OR=1.82) at T3; and not returning to work (OR=2.39) at T6. Conclusion: The EBF prevalence was high at the first month of the baby's life and decreased over six months. The EBF intention affected EBF initiation. Variables related to the mother´s demographic characteristics, the baby´s birth weight, the childcare support or the baby bottle/pacifier use were associated with EBF

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze neonatal factors associated with early weaning. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between March and September 2023 with 180 women six months to two years postpartum, from a municipality in Bahia, Brazil. For bivariate analysis, Pearson's chi-square tests were used, considering p < 0.05. The adjusted analysis included variables with p < 0.20, keeping those with p < 0.05, using stepwise multiple logistic regression, with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The provision of pacifiers/bottles (OR: 18.96; 95% CI: 7.68-46.79; p < 0.001) and supplements in the maternity ward (OR: 4.44; 95% CI: 1.76-11.17; p: 0.002) were associated with greater likelihood of early weaning. Conclusion: Habits and beliefs, such as the use of bottles and pacifiers, and the introduction of infant formulas within the maternity ward with continued supplementation after hospital discharge were the neonatal factors associated with early weaning in this context.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores neonatales relacionados con el destete precoz. Método: Estudio transversal realizado entre marzo y septiembre de 2023 que incluyó a 180 mujeres con entre seis meses y dos años de posparto, en un municipio de Bahía, Brasil. Para el análisis bivariado se emplearon pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson, considerando un valor de p < 0,05. El análisis ajustado incluyó variables con p < 0,20, manteniendo las con p < 0,05, mediante regresión logística múltiple por pasos, con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: El uso de chupetes y biberones (OR: 18,96; IC 95%: 7,68-46,79; p < 0,001) y la administración de suplementos en la maternidad (OR: 4,44; IC 95%: 1,76-11,17; p: 0,002) se asociaron con una mayor probabilidad de destete precoz. Conclusión: Los hábitos y creencias, como el uso de biberones y chupetes, así como la introducción de fórmulas infantiles en la maternidad y la continuidad de la suplementación tras el alta hospitalaria, son factores neonatales asociados al destete precoz en este contexto.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores neonatais associados ao desmame precoce. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado entre os meses de março e setembro de 2023, com 180 mulheres entre seis meses e dois anos de pós-parto, de um município da Bahia. Para a análise bivariada, foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando p < 0,05. A análise ajustada incluiu as variáveis com valor de p < 0,20, mantendo aquelas com p < 0,05, utilizando-se a técnica de Stepwise para regressão logística múltipla, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A oferta de bicos artificiais chupetas/mamadeiras (OR: 18,96; IC 95%: 7,68-46,79; p < 0,001) e oferta de complemento ainda na maternidade (OR: 4,44; IC95%: 1,76-11,17; p: 0,002) estiveram associados a maiores chances de desmame precoce. Conclusão: Hábitos e crenças, como o uso de mamadeira e chupetas, e a introdução de fórmulas infantis ainda dentro da maternidade com continuidade da suplementação após a alta hospitalar foram os fatores neonatais associados ao desmame precoce no contexto estudado.

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ABSTRACT Objective To describe and analyze the donor mothers' profile and variables associated with breast milk donation at Human Milk Bank in the municipality of Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil. Methods This was a cross-sectional study obtained from information contained in the donor registration form between the period July 2013 (implementation of the service) to December 2019. The collected data were tabulated and descriptive analysis of variables and Chi-square and Fischer's exact association tests were performed. Results Of 1,491 records analyzed, this research identified that 70.73% of donors were between 20 to 34 years old; 67.69% had prenatal care at public health network and 61.37% have had cesarean delivery. Most mothers (61.44%) remained as donor for 29 days and 53.83% of them donated up to 500 ml of milk. In addition, statistically significant association was observed between milk volume donated and donation time for the following variables: prenatal place care, gestational age, child's birth weight, child age, and smoking. Maternal age was associated with a higher volume of donated milk. Conclusion The study's findings reinforce the approaching importance the possibility of human milk donation during prenatal care, with emphasis on private health service, and throughout the women's and children's health care network, as well as on the community.

RESUMO Objetivos Descrever e analisar o perfil de mães doadoras e as variáveis associadas à doação de leite materno em um Banco de Leite Humano no município de Guarapuava, Paraná, Brasil. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal obtido a partir de informações constantes no formulário de cadastro de doadoras entre o período de julho de 2013 (implementação do serviço) até o mês de dezembro de 2019. Os dados coletados foram tabulados e posteriormente foi feita a análise descritiva das variáveis e testes de associação do Qui-quadrado e exato de Fischer. Resultados Das 1.491 fichas analisadas, a presente pesquisa identificou que 70,73% das doadoras tinham entre 20 e 34 anos de idade; 67,69% realizaram o pré-natal na rede pública de saúde e 61,37% realizaram parto cesárea. A maioria das mães, 61,44%, permaneceu como doadora por 29 dias e 53,83% delas doaram o volume de até 500ml de leite. Além disso, observou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre o volume de leite doado e o tempo de doação para as seguintes variáveis: local de realização do pré-natal, idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, idade da criança e tabagismo. A idade materna se associou ao maior volume de leite doado. Conclusão Os achados do estudo reforçam a importância da abordagem ainda no pré-natal sobre a possibilidade de doação de leite humano, com ênfase no serviço privado de saúde, e, em toda a rede de atenção à saúde da mulher e da criança, bem como na comunidade.

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Resumo Objetivo Analisar as variáveis sociodemográficas das mulheres doadoras cadastradas em um Banco de Leite Humano associadas com o volume de leite doado. Método Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos de doadoras domiciliares cadastradas, bem como características de aleitamento entre 2017 e 2020 no Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís. O volume de leite doado foi utilizado como variável de desfecho sendo analisada sua associação com as demais variáveis expositivas. Resultados Ao final do estudo, 619 doadoras tiveram as fichas analisadas (N = 5253). A mediana de volume doado foi de 1.285 ml (IQ 300 - 3570ml). A idade materna, a amamentação exclusiva e a idade do bebê foram as características que demonstraram associação com o volume de leite doado (p < 0,05). Conclusão e Implicações para a Prática: Na amostra estudada, as idades materna e do bebê e a prática de aleitamento exclusivo estiveram associados com o volume de leite doado. O conhecimento dos fatores socioeconômicos das doadoras de leite humano e a sua relação com o volume de leite doado podem subsidiar o desenvolvimento de ações para o aumento de volume de leite distribuído ao recém-nascido prematuros.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar las variables sociodemográficas de las mujeres inscriptas como donantes de leche en un Banco de Leche Humana y evaluar su asociación con el volumen de leche donado. Método Se recopilaron datos sociodemográficos de las donantes domiciliarias inscriptas como también las características de la lactancia materna entre 2017 y 2020 en el Banco de Leche Humana del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Federal de Maranhão, São Luís. El volumen de leche donada se utilizó como variable de resultado y se analizó su asociación con otras variables de exposición. Resultados Al final del estudio, se analizaron los registros de 619 donantes. El volumen promedio donado fue de 1.285 ml (RIQ 300 - 3.570 ml). La edad materna, la lactancia materna exclusiva y la edad del bebé fueron las características que mostraron una asociación con el volumen de leche donado (p <0,05). Conclusión e Implicaciones para la Práctica: En la muestra estudiada, las edades maternas e infantiles y la lactancia materna exclusiva se asociaron con el volumen de leche donado. El conocimiento de los factores socioeconómicos de las donantes de leche materna y su relación con el volumen de leche donado puede respaldar el desarrollo de acciones para aumentar el volumen de leche distribuido a recién nacidos prematuros.

Abstract Objective To analyze the sociodemographic variables of women registered as milk donors at a Human Milk Bank and assess their association with the volume of milk donated. Method Sociodemographic data was collected from registered home donors, as well as breastfeeding characteristics between 2017 and 2020 at the Human Milk Bank of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís. The volume of donated milk served as the outcome variable and its association with other exposure variables were analyzed. Results At the end of the study, a total of 619 donors had their records analyzed. The median volume donated was 1,285 ml (IQR 300 - 3,570 ml). Maternal age, exclusive breastfeeding, and the baby's age were the characteristics that showed an association with the volume of milk donated (p <0.05). Conclusion and Practice Implications In the studied sample, maternal and infant age and exclusive breastfeeding practice were associated with the volume of milk donated. Knowledge of the sociodemographic factors of human milk donors and their relationship with the volume of milk donated can support the development of actions to increase the volume of milk distributed to premature newborns.

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Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre o desmame precoce e o desenvolvimento de alergias alimentares por meio de uma revisão integrativa. Método:Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada através das bases de dados Pubmed, Mesh e Scielo.Resultados:Através da busca pelos descritores determinados, foram selecionados 25 estudos científicos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Devido sua grande composição, o leite humano é responsável pela promoção do crescimento das bactérias com efeito bifidogênico, estando em quantidades superiores nos lactentes em AME. Conclusão: Apesar de alguns dos estudos não mostrarem resultados significativos em relação ao leite materno ser um fator protetor contra as alergias alimentares, nenhum deles deixoude incentivar o AM ou mostrar os seus benefícios já cientificamente comprovados.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between early weaning and the development of food allergies through an integrative review. Method: Integrative literature review performed through the Pubmed, Mesh and Scielo databases. Results: Through the search for the descriptors determined, 25 scientific studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Due to its large composition, human milk is responsible for promoting the growth of bacteria with bifidogenic effect, being in higher amounts in infants in EBF. Conclusion: Although some of the studies did not show significant results regarding breast milk being a protective factor against food allergies, none of them failed to encourage BF or show its scientifically proven benefits.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el destete precoz y el desarrollo de alergias alimentarias a través de una revisión integradora. Metodo:Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada a través de las bases de datos Pubmed, Mesh y Scielo. Resultados: A través de la búsqueda de los descriptores determinados, se seleccionaron 25 estudios científicos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Debido a su gran composición, la leche humana es responsable de promover el crecimiento de bacterias con efecto bifidogénico, estando en mayores cantidades en bebés en LME. Conclusión:Aunque algunos de los estudios no mostraron resultados significativos con respecto a que la leche materna sea un factor protector contra las alergias alimentarias, ninguno de ellos falló en fomentar la BF o mostrar sus beneficios científicamente probados.

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La leche humana es el estándar de oro para la nutrición del bebé y debe iniciarse en la primera hora de vida. La leche de vaca, de otros mamíferos o las bebidas vegetales no se deben ofrecer antes del año de vida. Sin embargo, algunos niños requieren, al menos en parte, de fórmulas infantiles. Aun con las sucesivas mejoras a lo largo de la historia mediante la incorporación de oliogosacáridos, probióticos, prebióticos, sinbióticos y postbióticos, las fórmulas infantiles siguen siendo perfectibles para reducir la brecha de salud entre los bebés amamantados y aquellos alimentados con fórmula. En este sentido, se espera que la complejidad de las fórmulas siga aumentando a medida que se conozca mejor cómo modular el desarrollo de la microbiota intestinal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión no sistemática del efecto de los diferentes escenarios lácteos sobre la microbiota intestinal.

Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition, and breastfeeding should be started within the first hour of life. Cow's milk, other mammalian milk, or plant-based beverages should not be offered before 1 year of age. However, some infants require, at least in part, infant formulas. Even with subsequent enhancements throughout history, with the addition of oligosaccharides, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, infant formulas still have room for improvement in reducing the health gap between breastfed and formula-fed infants. In this regard, the complexity of infant formulas is expected to continue to increase as the knowledge of how to modulate the development of the gut microbiota is better understood. The objective of this study was to perform a non-systematic review of the effect of different milk scenarios on the gut microbiota.

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A consecuencia de los cambios demográficos, epidemiológicos y especialmente los nutricionales de la población objetivo, en los últimos años se identificó la necesidad de reformular este programa. En particular, el trabajo realizado por el grupo asesor derivó en una serie de recomendaciones de cambios y mejoras al PNAC. De ellas, en este documento se abordan las relativas al PNAC Básico y Refuerzo en el segmento 12-71 meses, las que fueron implementadas en el primer semestre de 2023 en todo el país.

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Introducción. El grado de acidez Dornic (AD), medida indirecta del grado de contaminación de la leche humana cruda (LHC), proporciona información sobre la calidad de esta. Recién extraída, el valor oscila entre 1,0° y 4,0° (óptimo). Descalifica el consumo si es >8,0 °D. Se evaluó la correlación de la AD de la LHC de donantes internas (DI) y externas (DE) según el tiempo de conservación hasta la pasteurización, y se determinó la prevalencia de AD ≤4 ºD. Población y método. Estudio retrospectivo analítico. Resultados. Sobre 13 203 muestras, la AD a partir del día 14 de conservación fue menor en las donantes internas, de 2,92; (IC95% 2,69-3,15) versus 4,01 (IC95%: 3,94-4,08); p <0,001] con mayor proporción de AD ≤4 ºD (88 % en DI versus 76 % en DE); OR: 2,30 (IC95%: 1,25-4,24); p = 0,003. Coeficiente de correlación para las DI: R 2 :0; p = 1). Conclusión. La AD a partir del día 14 fue menor en DI, presentando mayor prevalencia de AD ≤ 4ºD. No existió correlación entre el tiempo de conservación y la AD en las DI.

Introduction. The degree of Dornic acidity (DA) is an indirect measure of milk contamination and quality. In freshly expressed milk, DA ranges between 1.0 and 4.0 (optimal). If DA is > 8.0 °D, it should be discarded. The correlation between DA in raw breast milk from internal donors (ID) and external donors (ED) based on storage time until pasteurization was assessed. Population and method. Retrospective, analytical study. Results. In 13 203 samples, DA was lower in IDs as of 14 days of storage: 2.92 (95% CI: 2.69­3.15) versus 4.01 (95% CI: 3.94­4.08), with a higher proportion of DA ≤ 4 °D (88% in IDs versus 76% in EDs); odds ratio: 2.30 (95% CI: 1.25­4.24). Conclusion. DA as of 14 days of storage was lower in IDs, with a higher prevalence of DA ≤ 4 °D. No correlation was observed between storage time and DA in ID samples.

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Introducción: La leche materna es considerada la vacuna perfecta de todos los tiempos y la mejor fuente de nutrición para los niños. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos de madres y padres sobre lactancia materna exclusiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 27 madres y 27 padres de lactantes con destete precoz, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente Camilo Torres Restrepo de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2021, para lo cual el instrumento empleado fue la encuesta. Resultados: Se halló que los conocimientos sobre lactancia materna fueron considerados altos en 13 madres (48,1 %) y medios en 11 padres (40,7 %). Todos los integrantes de la serie recibieron información sobre el tema y las vías fundamentales para ello fueron los medios de difusión masiva (85,0 %), seguidos de los familiares y amigos (55,0 %). Conclusiones: El conocimiento acerca de la lactancia materna exclusiva en los padres resultó insuficiente y, en las madres, fue necesario ampliar dichos conocimientos sobre las técnicas para amamantar.

Introduction: Breast milk is considered the perfect vaccine of all times and the best nutrition source for children. Objective: To determine the knowledge level of mothers and fathers on exclusive breast feeding. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out of 27 mothers and 27 fathers of early weaning infants. They were from the health area of Camilo Torres Restrepo Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from January to December, 2021, for which the survey was used. Results: It was found that knowledge on breast feeding was considered high in 13 mothers (48.1 %) and medium in 11 fathers (40.7 %). All members of the series received information on the topic and the fundamental ways were mass media (85.0 %), followed by relatives and friends (55.0 %). Conclusions: The knowledge about exclusive breast feeding in fathers was insufficient and, in mothers, it was necessary to increase this knowledge on the techniques to breastfeed.

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La leche materna donada es un recurso de alto valor que puede ser utilizado para la alimentación de neonatos hospitalizados y a término, por tanto, garantizar su inocuidad es imperativo. Esta revisión de literatura reúne los principales peligros de naturaleza física, química y microbiológica identificados en leche materna, con la intención de proveer una referencia que los consolide de tal forma que la información pueda ser utilizada por bancos de leche humana, gobiernos y agencias regulatorias para establecer mecanismos para su prevención y control. Se realizó una revisión de literatura entre agosto del 2021 y octubre del 2022, utilizando buscadores y descriptores específicos para peligros de transmisión alimentaria en leche materna. Se incluyeron estudios publicados en español o en inglés. Se identificaron 31 agentes biológicos patógenos incluyendo bacterias, virus y parásitos. Como peligros químicos se reportaron medicamentos, drogas, cafeína, infusiones herbales, micotoxinas, alérgenos, especias, suplementos nutricionales, contaminantes ambientales y desinfectantes. Se alerta sobre la presencia potencial de plástico y vidrio de tamaño menor a 7 mm proveniente del ambiente de extracción y recipientes. La presencia de peligros microbiológicos y químicos en leche materna puede darse por transmisión vertical, temperaturas inadecuadas durante el almacenamiento y contaminación en el proceso. La presencia de peligros físicos se relaciona con la manipulación de los implementos en etapas posteriores a la extracción. Se requiere prestar atención a los hábitos de la madre para prevenir peligros químicos, así como más investigación relacionada con micotoxinas en leche materna(AU)

Donated breast milk is a highvalue resource which can be used to feed hospitalized neonates and full-term infants, therefore, ensuring its safety is imperative. This literature review presents the main hazards of physical, chemical and microbiological nature identified in human milk, with the intention of providing a reference that consolidates the reported hazards reported, so the information can be used by human milk banks, governments and regulatory agencies to establish prevention and control mechanisms. A literature review was carried out between August 2021 and October 2022, using search engines and specific descriptors for foodborne hazards in breast milk. Studies published in Spanish and English were considered. 31 pathogenic biological agents including bacteria, viruses and parasites were identified. Medications, drugs, caffeine, herbal infusions, mycotoxins, allergens, spices, nutritional supplements, contaminants of environmental origin and disinfectants were reported as chemical hazards. No physical hazards were identified, however the potential presence of plastic and glass smaller than 7 mm from the extraction environment or containers is alerted. Presence of microbiological and chemical hazards can be due to vertical transmission, inadequate temperature of storing, contamination during extraction, packaging, and infant feeding. Whereas presence of physical hazards is related to implements handling after extraction. Attention to hygiene and habits of the mother to prevent chemical hazards and further research related to mycotoxins in human milk is required(AU)

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of auricular thumbtack needle on breast feeding and lactation function in primiparous women with cesarean section, and to explore its mechanism of action from the perspective of lactation-related gene expression.@*METHODS@#One hundred cases of primiparous women with cesarean section were randomly divided into an observation group (50 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a control group (50 cases, 2 cases were eliminated). The patients in the control group were treated with routine obstetric care. Based on the treatment of the control group, the patients in the observation group were treated with auricular thumbtack needle at Neifenmi (CO18), Xiong (AH10), Xiongzhui (AH11), Shenmen (TF4), and Jiaogan (AH6a), etc., with one side of auricular point selected, only once for a total of 3 d. The lactation initiation time, lactation adequacy rate at postpartum 72 h, exclusive breastfeeding rate at postpartum 42 d, and breastfeeding score after treatment were compared between the two groups. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot method were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of TDP-43, Btn1A1 and XDH.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the lactation initiation time in the observation group was earlier than that in the control group (P<0.01), and breastfeeding score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.01). The lactation adequacy rate at postpartum 72 h was 63.8% (30/47) in the observation group, which was higher than 41.7% (20/48) in the control group (P<0.05). The exclusive breastfeeding rate at postpartum 42 d was 72.3% (34/47) in the observation group, which was higher than 47.9% (23/48) in the control group (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of TDP-43 and Btn1A1 in breast milk in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.01), while there was no statistically significant difference in mRNA and protein expression of XDH in breast milk between the two groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The auricular thumbtack needle in addition to routine care could promote lactation initiation, improve lactation adequacy rate and exclusive breastfeeding rate in primiparous women with cesarean section, and the action mechanism may be related to up-regulation of TDP-43 and Btn1A1 expression.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES@#To study the effect of breastfeeding on immune function in infants with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 135 infants with HCMV infection who were admitted to Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2021 to May 2022, and all these infants received breastfeeding. According to the results of breast milk HCMV-DNA testing, the infants were divided into two groups: breast milk HCMV positive (n=78) and breast milk HCMV negative (n=57). According to the median breast milk HCMV-DNA load, the infants in the breast milk HCMV positive group were further divided into two subgroups: high viral load and low viral load (n=39 each). Related indicators were compared between the breast milk positive and negative HCMV groups and between the breast milk high viral load and low viral load subgroups, including the percentages of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells), CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IgG, IgM, IgA, and urine HCMV-DNA load.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in the percentages of CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, and CD19+ B cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IgG, IgM, IgA, and urine HCMV-DNA load between the breast milk HCMV positive and HCMV negative groups, as well as between the breast milk high viral load and low viral load subgroups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Breastfeeding with HCMV does not affect the immune function of infants with HCMV infection.