Vivencias subjetivas relativas al cuerpo, percepción respecto a las intervenciones y empatía del equipo de salud en adolescentes con exceso de peso / Subjective body-related experiences, and perception of the interventions and empathy of the healthcare team in adolescents with overweight

Introducción. Adolescentes con exceso de peso confrontan a diario con estereotipos que condicionan su imagen corporal, autoestima y ánimo. Objetivos. Describir, en adolescentes con exceso de peso, las vivencias subjetivas relativas al cuerpo en la vida diaria y sus percepciones respecto a las intervenciones y empatía del equipo de salud. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a adolescentes entre 11 y 18 años con índice de masa corporal (IMC) ≥ 26 autorreferenciado y/o que refirieran seguimiento médico o nutricional por exceso de peso, asistidos en el Servicio de Adolescencia de un hospital de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, entre el 1 de octubre de 2021 y el 31 de mayo de 2022. Resultados. Se evaluaron 20 adolescentes, con mediana de edad de 13,5 años, mayoritariamente de sexo femenino (16/20). La totalidad refirió insatisfacción corporal desde edades tempranas (edad mediana: 10 años). Mencionan dificultad para vestirse por falta de talles; limitan incluso la práctica deportiva. Padecieron humillación corporal relacionada con el peso en la escuela, la familia o la vía pública (15/20). Percibieron el control de peso de manera dual: su descenso fue el principal estímulo del tratamiento, pero su centralidad en las consultas generó malestar. Las principales causas de abandono terapéutico fueron la imposibilidad de sostener temporalmente las recomendaciones y la falta de descenso de peso. Se percibió del equipo tratante buena predisposición y escucha, pero cierta incomprensión sobre las vivencias cotidianas, condicionamientos físicos, materiales, estéticos, sociales, de sus creencias y percepciones.

Introduction. Overweight adolescents are confronted daily with stereotypes that condition their body image, self-esteem, and mood. Objectives. To describe, in adolescents with overweight, the subjective experiences related to the body in daily life and their perceptions regarding the interventions and empathy of the health team. Population and methods. Descriptive study with qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescents aged 11 to 18 years with selfreported mass index (BMI) ≥ 26 and referring to medical or nutritional follow-up for overweight, attended at the Adolescence Service of a hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, between October 1, 2021, and May 31, 2022. Results. Twenty adolescents were evaluated, with a median age of 13.5 years, most of them from female sex (16/20). All reported body dissatisfaction from an early age (median age: 10 years old). They mention difficulty dressing due to the lack of different sizes; they even limit sports practice. They suffered weightrelated body humiliation at school, in the family, or public (15/20). They perceived weight control in a dual way: weight loss was the primary stimulus for treatment, but its centrality in the consultations generated discomfort. The leading causes of therapeutic abandonment were the impossibility of temporarily sustaining the recommendations and the lack of weight loss. The treating team was willing to listen to the patients but needed to understand their daily experiences, physical, material, esthetic, social conditioning, beliefs,and perceptions. Conclusion. The adolescents included in this study perceived specific interventions of the healthcare team as beneficial, with empathic deficiencies

Interventions to prevent obesity in the first 1000 days: scoping review

Introduction: The global prevalence of childhood obesity is a public health challenge. Early intervention, including during pregnancy, is essential to prevent this health problem. Objective: Identify and characterize interventions during the first 1000 days of life that effectively prevent overweight and obesity. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was carried out following the methodology proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. SCOPUS, EBSCOHost and PubMed databases were searched to select relevant articles. The analysis focused on articles published between January 2012 and December 2022. Results: Fourteen articles with 10 interventions were included. These interventions were implemented in high-income countries and in racial and ethnic groups. Three interventions, involving 1013 women and their children, reported significant effects on preventing overweight and obesity at 18 and 24 months of the child's life. Discussion: The interventions were characterized as multi-component, educational and based on theories of behavior change, parenting and sensory feeding. They addressed risk factors such as breastfeeding, complementary feeding, physical activity and sleep. There is an increasing use of digital technology in their delivery. Conclusion: Promising results have been found for the prevention of obesity in the early years of life; therefore, implementation of interventions in low- and middle-income countries is of paramount importance.

Introducción: La prevalencia mundial de la obesidad infantil plantea un desafío para la salud pública. Para prevenir este problema de salud, es crucial intervenir tempranamente, incluso durante el embarazo. Objetivo: Identificar y caracterizar intervenciones realizadas durante los primeros 1000 días de vida que eviten de manera efectiva el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de alcance siguiendo la metodología propuesta por Arksey y O'Malley. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos SCOPUS, EBSCOHost y PubMed para seleccionar artículos relevantes. El análisis se centró en artículos publicados entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2022. Resultados: Se incluyeron 14 artículos que integraban 10 intervenciones. Estas fueron implementadas en países de altos ingresos y con grupos raciales/étnicos. Tres intervenciones, conformadas por 1013 mujeres y sus hijos, reportaron efectos significativos en la prevención de sobrepeso y obesidad a los 18 meses y 24 meses de edad del niño. Discusión: Las intervenciones se caracterizaron por ser multicomponentes, educativas, basadas en teorías de cambio de comportamiento, crianza de los hijos y alimentación perceptiva. Abordaron factores de riesgo como la lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria, actividad física y el sueño. Existe una creciente incorporación de tecnología digital en su implementación. Conclusión: Se han observado resultados prometedores para la prevención de la obesidad en los primeros años de vida. Implementar intervenciones en países de bajos y medianos ingresos resulta primordial.

Introdução: A prevalência global da obesidade infantil representa um desafio para a saúde pública. Para prevenir este problema de saúde é fundamental intervir precocemente, mesmo durante a gravidez. Objetivo: Identificar e caracterizar intervenções realizadas durante os primeiros 1000 dias de vida que previnam eficazmente o excesso de peso e a obesidade. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo seguindo a metodologia proposta por Arksey e O'Malley. As bases de dados SCOPUS, EBSCOHost e PubMed foram pesquisadas para selecionar artigos relevantes. A análise centrou-se em artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2022. Resultados: Foram incluídos 14 artigos que integraram 10 intervenções. Estas foram implementadas em países de rendimento elevado e com grupos raciais/étnicos. Três intervenções, compostas por 1.013 mulheres e seus filhos, relataram efeitos significativos na prevenção do sobrepeso e da obesidade aos 18 meses e aos 24 meses de idade da criança. Discussão: As intervenções caracterizaram-se como multicomponentes, educativas, baseadas em teorias de mudança de comportamento, parentalidade e alimentação responsiva. Abordaram fatores de risco como amamentação, alimentação complementar, atividade física e sono. Há uma crescente incorporação da tecnologia digital na sua implementação. Conclusão: Resultados promissores foram observados para a prevenção da obesidade nos primeiros anos de vida. A implementação de intervenções em países de baixo e médio rendimento é essencial.

Estado nutricional y densidad mineral ósea de mujeres mayores de 20 años procedentes de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras / Nutritional status and bone mineral desinty of woman over 20 years of age from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras

Introducción: El estado nutricional influye en el riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT), como la osteoporosis, una epidemia silenciosa global, cuya prevalencia aumenta con la edad. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el estado nutricional y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de mujeres mayores de 20 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo con muestra de conveniencia de 77 mujeres provenientes de El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras, con datos recolectados en 2022-2023. Para evaluar el estado nutricional se utilizó equipo de bioimpedancia eléctrica mBCA514 SECA™ y el Sunlight MiniOmni™ para medir la DMO. Se analizaron los datos con estadística descriptiva,con el programa SPSS versión 29.0.1.0. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 34,8±7,8 años. Según el Índice de Masa Corporal, la prevalencia de sobrepeso (SP) y obesidad (OB) fue de 33,8% y 23,4%, respectivamente. El 31,2% se estimó con un rango elevado de grasa corporal y el 20,8% un rango alto, según el Índice de Masa Grasa. El 39% se estimó con grasa visceral elevada o alta y el 44,2% no presentó riesgo cardiovascular según la circunferencia de cintura. El Índice de Masa Magra y el ángulo de fase se estimó normal en la mayoría de las mujeres. La proporción de DMO alterada fue 5,1%. Conclusiones: La evaluación de la composición corporal demuestra una alta proporción de SO y OB en las mujeres procedentes de los tres países, confirmando la necesidad de su control fomentando estilos de vida saludables y el mejoramiento de su calidad de vida previniendo las ENT relacionadas

Introduction: Nutritional status influences the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as osteoporosis, a silent global epidemic whose prevalence increases with age. This study aimed to describe the nutritional status and bone mineral density (BMD) of women over 20 years old. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 77 women from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, with data collected in 2022-2023. To evaluate nutritional status, mBCA514 SECA™ electrical bioimpedance equipment was used and the Sunlight MiniOmni™ was used to measure BMD. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, with the SPSS program version 29.0.1.0.Results: The average age was 34.8±7.8 years. According to the Body Mass Index, the prevalence of overweight (SP) and obesity (OB) was 33.8% and 23.4%, respectively. 31.2% were estimated to have an elevated range of body fat and 20.8% a high range, according to the Fat Mass Index. 39% were estimated to have elevated or high visceral fat and only 44.2% did not present cardiovascular risk according to waist circumference. The Lean Mass Index and phase angle were estimated to be normal in most women. The proportion of altered BMD was 5.1%. Conclusions: Body composition assessment demonstrates a high proportion of OW/OB in women from all three countries, confirming the need for control by promoting healthy lifestyles and improving their quality of life by preventing related NCDs

Predicción de la valoración del recién nacido según el estado nutricional materno: modelo basado en árboles de decisión / Prediction of newborn assessment according to maternal nutritional status: a model based on decision trees

Objetivo: Determinar si es posible predecir la valoración del recién nacido según el estado nutricional materno a través de un modelo de árbol de decisión. Métodos: Estudio analítico transversal. Se revisaron 326 historias clínicas de gestantes de un hospital público peruano, 2021. Se valoró el recién nacido mediante el puntaje APGAR, edad gestacional al nacer, peso al nacer, peso y talla para la edad gestacional. El estado nutricional materno incluyó el índice de masa corporal pregestacional y la ganancia de peso gestacional. La predicción se realizó mediante un modelo de aprendizaje automático supervisado denominado "árbol de decisión". Resultados: No fue posible predecir mediante el estado nutricional materno, el puntaje APGAR al minuto y la talla para la edad gestacional. La probabilidad de tener edad gestacional a término al nacer es de 97,2 % cuando la ganancia de peso gestacional es > 5,4 Kg (p = 0,007). Las probabilidades más altas de peso adecuado al nacer fueron con ganancia de peso gestacional entre 4,5 Kg (p < 0,001) y 17 Kg (p < 0,001) y con índice de masa corporal pregestacional ≤ 36,523 Kg/m2 (p = 0,004). Finalmente, la mayor probabilidad de peso adecuado para la edad gestacional es cuando la ganancia de peso gestacional es ≤ 11,8 Kg (p < 0,001) y con un índice de masa corporal pregestacional ≤ 36,523 Kg/m2 (p = 0,005). Conclusiones: Es posible predecir la valoración del recién nacido a partir del estado nutricional materno mediante un aprendizaje automático(AU)

Objective: To determine whether it is possible to predict the assessment of the newborn according to maternal nutritional status through a decision tree model. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study. A total of 326 medical records of pregnant women from a Peruvian public hospital were reviewed, in 2021. The newborn was assessed using the APGAR score, gestational age at birth, birth weight, weight and height for gestational age. Maternal nutritional status included pregestational body mass index and gestational weight gain. The prediction was made using a supervised machine learning model called a "decision tree." Results: The APGAR score at one minute and height for gestational age were not possible to predict by maternal nutritional status. The probability of having full-term gestational age at birth is 97.2% when gestational weight gain is > 5.4 kg (p = 0.007). The highest probabilities of adequate birth weight were with gestational weight gain between 4.5 kg (p < 0.001) and 17 kg (p < 0.001) and with pregestational body mass index ≤ 36.523 kg/m2 (p = 0.004). Finally, the highest probability of adequate weight for gestational age is when gestational weight gain is < 11.8 Kg (p < 0.001) and with a pregestational body mass index ≤ 36.523 Kg/m2 (p = 0.005). Conclusions: It is possible to predict the assessment of the newborn based on the mother's nutritional status using machine learning(AU)

Asociación del índice de masa corporal con la insatisfacción corporal en escolares / Association of body mass index with body dissatisfaction in schoolchildren

Introducción: La malnutrición por exceso causa sobrepeso y obesidad, siendo un problema de salud pública, que se ha presentado en los primeros años de vida. Investigaciones realizadas han informado la existencia de insatisfacción corporal relacionada con el peso, debido a los estándares de belleza establecidos en la sociedad. Objetivo: asociar el índice de masa corporal con la insatisfacción corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal de los escolares. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal con 610 escolares. El estado nutricional se clasificó según el puntaje z del IMC. Para determinar la insatisfacción corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal, se aplicó una escala de imagen corporal infantil de siete fotografías, con un valor del 1 al 7 de acuerdo con el tamaño creciente, y el rango final del IMC. Se calculó la diferencia entre la figura que los participantes consideraron ideal y la forma corporal percibida. Resultados: el 47,3% presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad. La insatisfacción corporal fue mayor en las niñas con sobrepeso y obesidad (p = 0,013). El IMC correlacionó con la insatisfacción corporal (rho(608) = 0,480; p < 0,001) y la percepción de la imagen corporal (rho(608) = 0,433; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: El IMC se relacionó positivamente con la insatisfacción corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal; esto podría elevar el riesgo de presentar trastornos alimentarios, contribuir al mantenimiento del exceso de peso corporal, al no percibirse con exceso de peso, es menos probable que realicen acciones para controlarlo(AU)

Introduction: Excessive malnutrition causes overweight and obesity, being a public health problem, which has occurred in the first years of life. Research has reported the existence of body dissatisfaction related to weight, due to beauty standards established in society. Objective: to associate the BMI with body dissatisfaction and body image perception of schoolchildren. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study of 610 schoolchildren. Nutritional status was classified according to the BMI z score. To determine body dissatisfaction and body image perception, a child body image scale of seven photographs was applied, with a value of 1 to 7 according to the increasing size, and the final range of the BMI. The difference between the figure that participants considered ideal, and the perceived body shape was calculated. Results: 47.3% were overweight and obese. Body dissatisfaction was higher in overweight and obese girls (p = 0.013). BMI correlated with body dissatisfaction (rho(608) = 0.480; p < 0.001) and body image perception (rho(608) = 0.433; p < 0.001). Conclusions: BMI was positively related to body dissatisfaction and body image perception; this could increase the risk of developing eating disorders, contribute to the maintenance of excess body weight, as it is not perceived with excess weight, are less likely to take actions to control it(AU)

Impacto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en el índice de masa corporal de niños asistidos en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the body mass index of children seen in the City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. El sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil constituyen un problema de salud pública. El inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19 pudo haber favorecido esta patología. El puntaje Z del índice de masa corporal (Z-IMC) es un indicador aceptado para su diagnóstico y seguimiento. Objetivo. Evaluar si la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, y el Z-IMC en niños de 2 a 5 años aumentó durante la pandemia. Población y métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes asistidos en efectores públicos de salud del Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (GCABA), de 2 a 5 años de edad, con registro de peso y talla en dos consultas, antes y después de haber comenzado el aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio (ASPO). Se registró estado nutricional (Z-IMC) y variación del Z-IMC entre ambas consultas. Resultados. Se evaluaron 3866 sujetos, edad promedio 3,4 ± 0,8 años; el 48,1 % fueron mujeres. El intervalo promedio entre consultas fue 14,3 ± 2,5 meses. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad aumentó del 12,6 % (IC95% 11,6-13,6) al 20,9 % (IC95% 19,6-22-2); p <0,001, al igual que el Z-IMC (0,4 ± 1,1 vs. 0,8 ± 1,3; p <0,001). Conclusión. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, y el Z-IMC en niños de 2 a 5 años aumentó significativamente durante la pandemia.

Introduction. Childhood overweight and obesity are a public health problem. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to this condition. The body mass index (BMI) Z-score has been accepted as an indicator for overweight and obesity diagnosis and follow-up. Objective. To assess whether the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the BMI Z-score in children aged 2 to 5 years increased during the pandemic. Population and methods. Retrospective, cohort study. Patients included were those seen at public health care facilities in the City of Buenos Aires (CABA), who were aged 2 to 5 years, had weight and height values recorded at 2 different visits, before and after the establishment of the preventive and mandatory social isolation policy. Patients' nutritional status (BMI Z-score) and the variation in this indicator between both visits were recorded. Results. A total of 3866 subjects were assessed; their average age was 3.4 ± 0.8 years; 48.1% were girls. The average interval between both visits was 14.3 ± 2.5 months. The prevalence of overweight/ obesity increased from 12.6% (95% CI: 11.6­13.6) to 20.9% (95% CI: 19.6­22.2), p < 0.001, and so did the BMI Z-score (0.4 ± 1.1 versus 0.8 ± 1.3, p < 0.001). Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight and obesity and the BMI Z-score in children aged 2 to 5 years increased significantly during the pandemic.

Effects of school-based interventions on blood pressure in obese children: metanalysis / Efeitos de intervenções de base escolar na pressão arterial de crianças com obesidade: metanálise

Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA), a systematic review with metanalysis was conducted to identify and summarize the effects of school-based physical activity interventions that sought to control and / or reduce blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) in children and / or adolescents with overweight and / or obesity. In September 2022, potential studies were searched in five electronic databases (Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Sportdiscus, and Web of Science) and in reference lists. Randomized controlled trials conducted in schools with interventions involving physical activity and assessment of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years with overweight and / or obesity were con-sidered for synthesis. The risk of bias was assessed using an adapted version of the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool (EPHPP). Metanalysis was developed from the random model. Four studies were included. For systolic blood pressure, a summary effect of -0.10 (95% CI: -0.39; 0.19; I2 = 0%) was observed. For diastolic pressure, the metanalysis indicated -0.33 (95% CI: -0.62; -0.04; I2 = 11%). Considering the promising effects on diastolic blood pressure, we suggest the develop-ment of more school-based interventions based on physical activity practice for overweight and / or obese populations, which may also add environmental elements, longer duration, multicomponent approaches, and parent / guardian involvement to their strategies.

Com base na declaração Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com metanálise para identificar e sumarizar os efeitos de intervenções escolar baseadas na atividade física que buscaram o controle e / ou redução da pressão arterial (sistólica e diastólica) em crianças e / ou adolescentes com excesso de peso e / ou obesidade. Em setembro de 2022, estudos potenciais foram pesquisados em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas (Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Sportdiscus, e Web of Science) e em listas de referências. Foram considerados para a síntese ensaios controlados randomizados realizados em escolas, com intervenções que envolviam a atividade física e avaliação da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica em crianças e adolescentes dos 6 aos 19 anos com excesso de peso e/ ou obesidade. O risco de viés foi avaliado utilizando uma versão adaptada do instrumento Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP). A metanálise foi elaborada a partir do modelo randômico. Foram incluídos quatro estudos. Para a pressão arterial sistólica, observou-se um efeito sumarizado de -0,10 (IC 95%: -0,39; 0,19; I2 = 0%). Para a pressão diastólica, a metanálise indicou -0,33 (IC 95%: -0,62; -0,04; I2 = 11%). Considerando os efeitos promissores na pressão arterial diastólica, sugerimos o desenvolvimento de mais intervenções escola-res fundamentadas na prática de atividade física às populações com sobrepeso e / ou obesidade, que possam agregar também, em suas estratégias, elementos ambientais, maior duração, abordagens multicomponentes e envolvimento dos pais / responsáveis.

Mapping and projections of obesity in the Brazilian adult population assisted in Primary Health Care: impact of the COVID-19 pandemic / Mapeamento e projeções da obesidade na população adulta brasileira atendida na Atenção Primária à Saúde: impacto da pandemia de COVID-19

Objective: To map the temporal evolution of overweight and obesity in Brazilian adults and estimate the prevalence of obesity for 2025 and 2030, evaluating the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Data were collected on the nutritional status of adults from 2008 to 2021 from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN), from which we calculated the prevalence and average annual rates of the variation of overweight and obesity. The projection of obesity, using linear regression, was analyzed in three scenarios: PP: with data from the pre-pandemic period (2008-2019); outlier: with adjustment of the data trend (2008-2021), including the pandemic period, considering a return of scenario PP for projections from 2022; P: adjustment of pandemic data (2019-2021) to estimate the projection. Result: In the period 2008­2021, we observed an average annual rate of overweight increase of 0.48 %/year. The prevalence of obesity more than doubled during this period, from 14.5% in 2008 to 32.9% in 2021 (i.e., an increase of 1.42). In the outlier scenario, the prevalence projections for obesity are 38.8% and 45.5% for 2015 and 2030, respectively. In the PP scenario (without the pandemic), the expected prevalence for the same period would be approximately 36.8% and 43.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Obesity and overweight follow an increasing trend. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the increase in the prevalence of obesity in Brazil and impacted its projections for the coming years

Objetivo: Mapear a evolução temporal de sobrepeso e obesidade de adultos brasileiros e estimar as prevalências de obesidade para 2025 e 2030, avaliando o potencial impacto da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Foram coletados dados do estado nutricional de adultos de 2008 a 2021 do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN), a partir dos quais foram calculadas as prevalências e taxas médias anuais da variação de sobrepeso e obesidade. A projeção da obesidade, utilizando regressão linear, foi analisada em três cenários: PP: com dados do período pré-pandemia (2008-2019); outlier: com ajuste da endência de dados (2008-2021), incluindo o período da pandemia, considerando um retorno do cenário PP para projeções a partir de 2022; P: ajuste dos dados da pandemia (2019-2021) para estimativa da projeção. Resultado: No período de 2008 e 2021, observamos uma taxa anual média de aumento de sobrepeso de 0,48 %/ano. A prevalência de obesidade mais que dobrou nesse período, passando de 14,5% em 2008 para 32,9% em 2021 (i.e., um aumento de 1,42). No cenário outlier, as projeções das prevalências de obesidade são de 38,8% e 45,5% para os anos de 2015 e 2030, respectivamente. No cenário PP (sem a pandemia), a prevalência esperada para o mesmo período estaria em torno de 36,8% e 43,4%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A obesidade e o sobrepeso seguem uma tendência de aumento crescente. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou o aumento da prevalência de obesidade no Brasil e impactou a sua projeção para os próximos anos.

Datos de composición de alimentos en Costa Rica: Fuentes, usos e impacto en políticas públicas / Food Composition Data in Costa Rica: Sources, Uses, and impact on public policies

Introducción: Las bases de datos y las tablas de composición de alimentos (BDCA y TCA, respectivamente) contienen información sobre la composición química-nutricional de los alimentos. Objetivo: Definir las fuentes de los datos de composición de alimentos que se usan en Costa Rica y que impacto tienen a nivel de políticas públicas. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron las TCA y BDCA disponibles en Costa Rica desde 1960 hasta el 2020. Se encuestaron usuarios de datos de composición de alimentos. Se analizaron los usos de estos datos y algunos alcances a nivel de política pública. Resultados: Se identifica la utilización predominante de datos de la BDCA de Estados Unidos, los datos nacionales son desactualizados en su mayoría y hay pocos datos de análisis directo (químico) de alimentos. Se evidencia la importancia de contar con datos propios, actualizados y representativos de composición de alimentos para la toma de decisiones en salud pública. Conclusiones: Se deben vincular las instituciones generadoras y compiladoras para maximizar los recursos para fortalecer la disponibilidad de datos de composición de alimentos en el país. Se evidencia la necesidad de generar un Sistema Nacional de Datos de Composición de Alimentos que se ajuste a las necesidades identificadas en cuanto a la calidad y presentación de la información(AU)

Introduction: Databases and food composition tables (FCDB and FCT, respectively) provide information about the chemical-nutritional composition of foods. Objective: of this work was to define the sources of food composition data used in Costa Rica and their impact on public policies. Materials and methods: It was analyzed which TCA and FCDB have been available in Costa Rica from 1960 to 2020. Users were surveyed about food composition data. It was analyzed the uses of these data and some of their impacts on public policy. Results: The predominant use of data from the U.S. FCDB is identified, the national data are mostly outdated, and there is little data from direct (chemical) analysis of food. The importance of having our own, up- to-date, and representative data on food composition for public health decision-making is evident. Conclusions: Generating and compiling institutions should be linked to maximize resources to strengthen the availability of food composition data in the country. The need to generate a National Food Composition Data System that meets the identified needs in terms of quality and presentation of information is evident(AU)

Ingesta de calcio y vitamina D: relación con exceso de peso en población costarricense / Calcium and vitamin D intake, its relationship with weight excess in Costa Rican population

Introducción: La presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad aumentan la morbimortalidad de la población latinoamericana. La deficiencia de micronutrientes como el calcio y la vitamina D se han relacionado con un aumento del riesgo de obesidad. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la ingesta de vitamina D y de calcio con los factores de riesgo para obesidad en la población urbana costarricense incluidas en el Estudio ELANS. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron 798 participantes costarricenses del Estudio ELANS. Se determinó la distribución del consumo de calcio y vitamina D según las características socioeconómicas, la actividad física y los datos antropométricos. Se compararon los grupos con las pruebas U de Mann ­ Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis. Se realizaron modelos de regresión lineal y logística. Resultados: El consumo de calcio y vitamina D fue inadecuado en más del 98% de los participantes. Las mujeres, las personas con menor nivel socioeconómico, baja actividad física, de menor edad, con exceso de peso y obesidad abdominal presentaron un consumo menor de calcio y de vitamina D. El consumo de calcio y vitamina D es mayor en los grupos que tienen un menor IMC (p= 0,023 para calcio y p= 0,252 para vitamina D). Las personas con menor circunferencia de la cintura tuvieron más consumo de calcio y vitamina D (p= 0,002 para calcio y p= 0,008 para vitamina D). No hubo asociación del consumo en los modelos de regresión. Conclusiones: El consumo de calcio y vitamina D es deficiente en la población urbana costarricense y, presentó una relación inversa con el IMC(AU)

ntroduction: The presence of overweight and obesity increase the morbimortality of people in Latin America. Micronutrient deficiencies, such as calcium and vitamin D, are associated with an increased risk of obesity. Objective: To determine the relationship between vitamin D and calcium intake with risk factors for obesity in the Costa Rican urban population included in the ELANS Study. Materials and methods: For this analysis we used the 798 Costa Rican participants of the study (ELANS). The distribution of calcium and vitamin D intake was determined according to socioeconomic status, physical activity, and anthropometric measures. The Mann ­ Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis U tests were used, as well as linear and logistic regression models were performed. Results: Calcium and vitamin D intake was inadequate in more than 98% of the participants. Women, individuals with a lower socioeconomic level, low physical activity, younger age and those with excess weight and abdominal obesity presented lower consumptionofcalciumandvitamin D. Theconsumption of calcium and vitamin D was greater in the groups that have a lower BMI (p= 0.023 for calcium and p= 0.252 for vitamin D). The smaller the waist circumference, the greater the consumption of calcium and vitamin D (p= 0.002 for calcium and p= 0.008 for vitamin D). No association of the consumption of calcium and vitamin D was found in the regression models. Conclusions: Consumption of calcium and vitamin D is deficient in the Costa Rican urban population, and more prevalent among those with higher BMI. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2024(AU)

Antropometria, desempenho físico e modelos preditivos para a força de preensão manual relativa de adolescentes escolares / Antropometria, desempenho físico e modelos preditivos para a força de preensão manual relativa de adolescentes escolares

Objetivo: propor modelos preditivos para a força de preensão manual relativa (FPMR) em adolescentes escolares, além de comparar medidas antropométricas e testes de desempenho entre os adolescentes, considerando seu índice de massa corporal (IMC). Métodos: foram analisados dados de 100 adolescentes entre 13 e 16 anos de idade, quanto às medidas antropométricas, desempenho físico por meio do teste de impulsão horizontal absoluta e relativa (IHA; IHR) e força de preensão manual. Modelos preditivos foram desenvolvidos considerando as variáveis como estatura, sexo, índice de massa corporal e desempenho físico. Resultados: os adolescentes eutróficos apresentaram FPMR, IHA e IHR significativamente maiores em relação aos adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade (P<0,001). Estatura (ß=0,305; P<0,001) e IHA (ß=0,222; P=0,045) estavam positivamente associadas à FPMR, enquanto sexo feminino (ß=-0,311; P=0,001) e IMC (ß=-0,277; P=0,004) diminuíram essa medida. Conclusão: adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentam maior força absoluta, mas não relativa em relação a adolescentes eutróficos. Estatura, IHA estão positivamente associadas à FPMR, enquanto o sexo feminino e o IMC diminuem essa medida. Esses marcadores são fáceis de usar como medidas de identificar indicadores físicos, funcionais e de saúde em adolescentes.

Purpose: to propose predictive models for relative handgrip strength (RHS) in school adolescents, in addition to comparing anthropometric measurements and performance tests among adolescents, considering their body mass index (BMI). Methods: data from 100 adolescents between 13 and 16 years were analyzed regarding anthropometric measurements, physical performance through the absolute and relative horizontal impulsion test (AHI; RHI), and handgrip strength. Predictive models were developed considering height, sex, body mass index, and physical performance. Results: eutrophic adolescents had significantly higher RHS, AHI, and RHI when compared to overweight/obese adolescents (P<0.001). Height (ß=0.305; P<0.001) and AHI (ß=0.222; P=0.045) were positively associated with RHS, while female sex (ß=-0.311; P=0.001) and BMI (ß=-0.277; P=0.004) decreased this measure. Conclusion: overweight/obese adolescents have greater absolute strength but not relative strength to normal-weight adolescents. Height and AHI are positively associated with RHS, while female gender and BMI decrease this measure. These markers are easy to use to identify physical, functional, and health indicators in adolescents.

Estado conyugal asociado a perímetro abdominal en adultos peruanos, 2022 / Marital status associated with abdominal circumference in Peruvian adults, 2022

Introducción. La convivencia o matrimonio puede conllevar a cambios en los patrones alimenticios y actividad física, afectando parámetros antropométricos como el perímetro abdominal. Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre el estado conyugal y el perímetro abdominal en adultos peruanos. Metodología. Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y transversal a partir de datos de la encuesta nacional de salud familiar. La población fue de 29206 adultos desde los 18 años. Las variables fueron: estado conyugal, sexo y perímetro abdominal. Se usó las pruebas Ji-cuadrado, V de Cramer, Odds Ratio y razón de prevalencias crudo y ajustado mediante regresión logística binaria, y regresión de Poisson, respectivamente, siendo las variables de ajuste: consumo de alcohol, etnia, lengua materna, nivel educativo, índice de masa corporal, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y edad. Resultados. El promedio de perímetro abdominal fue mayor en adultos con estado conyugal casado/conviviente en ambos sexos, llegando en el rango de riesgo. Las mujeres con estado conyugal casado/conviviente tuvieron altos porcentajes de perímetro abdominal de riesgo (85,30%) mientras que en hombres del grupo casado/conviviente fue más frecuente (57,70%)el perímetro normal. En el análisis multivariado mediante regresión logística binaria, las mujeres con el estado conyugal casado/conviviente tuvieron 2,39 veces mayor de perímetro abdominal de riesgo que las solteras con una prevalencia 1,42 veces mayor. En hombres casados/convivientes, la probabilidad de perímetro abdominal elevado fue 1,40 veces mayor que en solteros, con una prevalencia 1,31 veces mayor. Conclusión. El estado conyugal casado/conviviente está asociado a una mayor probabilidad de perímetro abdominal elevado en esta población. Palabras clave: estado civil; circunferencia de la cintura; sobrepeso; obesidad; persona soltera

Introduction. Cohabitation or marriage can lead to changes in eating patterns and physical activity, affecting anthropometric parameters such as abdominal perimeter. Objective.To determine the relationship between marital status and abdominal circumference in Peruvianadults. Methodology. Observational, analytical, retrospective and cross-sectional study based on data from the national family health survey. The population was 29,206 adults aged 18 and older. The variables were: marital status, sex, abdominal circumference. The Chi-square test, Cramer's V, Odds Ratio and crude and adjusted prevalence ratio were used through binary logistic regression and Poisson regression, respectively, where the adjustment variables were: alcohol consumption, ethnic group, mother tongue, educational level, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and age. Results.The average abdominal circumference was higher in married/cohabiting adults in both sexes, reaching the risk range. Married/cohabiting women had highpercentages of at-risk abdominal circumference (85.30%) while in men in the married/cohabiting group the normal circumference was more frequent (57.70%). In the multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression, women whose marital status was married/cohabiting had a 2.39 times greater probability of abdominal circumference at risk than single women a prevalence of 1.42 times higher. In married/cohabiting men, the probability of a high abdominal circumference was 1.40 times higher than in single men, with a prevalence 1.31 times higher. Conclusion.Married/cohabiting marital status is associated with a greater probability of high abdominal circumference in thispopulation. Key words: marital status; waist circumference; overweight; obesity; single person

Comparison of clinical outcomes and presence of nephropathy and/or retinopathy among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with obesity and overweight versus those with normal Body Mass Index: A cross-sectional study

Background@#This study aimed to determine the differences in glycemic control, metabolic parameters (blood pressure control, triglycerides, LDL, HDL) and the presence of nephropathy and/or retinopathy between obese and overweight versus normal body mass index (BMI) type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM). @*Methodology@#This is an analytic cross-sectional study of T2DM patients from outpatient clinics at St. Luke’s Medical Center, Quezon City. Available medical records and laboratory tests were reviewed. Data were analyzed and compared between those overweight and obese versus those with normal BMI based on Asia Pacific Guidelines.@*Results@#A total of 248 patients with T2DM were included in the study. More patients who are obese and overweight have uncontrolled diabetes (p = 0.011), low HDL (p = 0.037) and nephropathy (p = 0.027) compared to those with normal BMI. There were no significant difference between overweight and obese patients versus those with normal BMI with regards to BP control, high LDL, high triglycerides and retinopathy.@*Conclusion@#T2DM patients who are obese and overweight have a significantly higher prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes, low HDL and nephropathy compared to those with normal BMI.

The association between body mass index and in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events in patients with acute coronary syndrome / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study, which was based on the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China (CCC) project. The hospitalized patients with ACS aged between 18 and 80 years, registered in CCC project from November 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 were included. The included patients were categorized into four groups based on their BMI at the time of admission: underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2). Multivariate logistic regression models was used to analyze the relationship between BMI and the risk of in-hospital MACCE. Results: A total of 71 681 ACS inpatients were included in the study. The age was (63.4±14.7) years, and 26.5% (18 979/71 681) were female. And the incidence of MACCE for the underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups were 14.9% (322/2 154), 9.5% (3 997/41 960), 7.9% (1 908/24 140) and 7.0% (240/3 427), respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a higher incidence of MACCE in the underweight group compared to the normal weight group (OR=1.30, 95%CI 1.13-1.49, P<0.001), while the overweight and obese groups exhibited no statistically significant difference in the incidence of MACCE compared to the normal weight group (both P>0.05). Conclusion: ACS patients with BMI below normal have a higher risk of in-hospital MACCE, suggesting that BMI may be an indicator for evaluating short-term prognosis in ACS patients.

The association between body mass index and in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events in patients with acute coronary syndrome / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study, which was based on the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China (CCC) project. The hospitalized patients with ACS aged between 18 and 80 years, registered in CCC project from November 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 were included. The included patients were categorized into four groups based on their BMI at the time of admission: underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2). Multivariate logistic regression models was used to analyze the relationship between BMI and the risk of in-hospital MACCE. Results: A total of 71 681 ACS inpatients were included in the study. The age was (63.4±14.7) years, and 26.5% (18 979/71 681) were female. And the incidence of MACCE for the underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups were 14.9% (322/2 154), 9.5% (3 997/41 960), 7.9% (1 908/24 140) and 7.0% (240/3 427), respectively (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a higher incidence of MACCE in the underweight group compared to the normal weight group (OR=1.30, 95%CI 1.13-1.49, P<0.001), while the overweight and obese groups exhibited no statistically significant difference in the incidence of MACCE compared to the normal weight group (both P>0.05). Conclusion: ACS patients with BMI below normal have a higher risk of in-hospital MACCE, suggesting that BMI may be an indicator for evaluating short-term prognosis in ACS patients.

Maternal overweight and obesity before pregnancy as predictors of childhood asthma in children under five years: a retrospective cohort in Peru / Sobrepeso y obesidad materna antes del embarazo como predictores de asma infantil en menores de cinco años: una cohorte retrospectiva en Perú

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the role of maternal overweight and obesity before pregnancy as predictors of childhood asthma in a population of Peruvian children under five years. Methods: we carried out a retrospective cohort study of children aged five years or less and their mothers from the Regional Hospital of Ayacucho and the María Auxiliadora Hospital in Lima, Peru. We included children who were born between 2013 and 2014 and follow them up until 2018 and 2019, respectively. The diagnosis of overweight and obesity of the mother before pregnancy and asthma in the child were registered in their clinical histories. Crude (cRR) and adjusted relative risks (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%) were obtained using a generalized lineal model of the Poisson family with link log and robust variances. Results: we evaluated 431 medical records and found that 20.9% of the children had asthma, 26.7% of the mothers were overweight, and 20.2% were obese before pregnancy. In the adjusted regression model, overweight (aRR=2.94; CI95%= 1.54-5.60) and maternal obesity (aRR=5.10; CI95%= 2.73-9.51) were predictors of an increased risk of childhood asthma. Conclusions: maternal overweight and maternal obesity increased the risk of her children developing asthma threeand five-fold, respectively.

Resumen Objetivos: estimar el papel del sobrepeso y la obesidad materna antes del embarazo como predictores de asma infantil en una población de niños peruanos menores de cinco años. Métodos: realizamos un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de niños de cinco años o menos y sus madres del Hospital Regional de Ayacucho y del Hospital María Auxiliadora de Lima, Perú. Se incluyeron niños nacidos entre 2013 y 2014 y se les dio seguimiento hasta 2018 y 2019, respectivamente. El diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad de la madre antes del embarazo y asma en el niño fueron registrados en sus historias clínicas. Los riesgos relativos crudos (cRR) y ajustados (RRa) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) se obtuvieron mediante un modelo lineal generalizado de la familia de Poisson con log de enlace y varianzas robustas. Resultados: se evaluaron 431 historias clínicas y se encontró que el 20,9% de los niños tenían asma, el 26,7% de las madres tenían sobrepeso y el 20,2% eran obesas antes del embarazo. En el modelo de regresión ajustada, el sobrepeso (aRR=2,94; IC95%= 1,54-5,60) y obesidad materna (RRa=5,10; IC95%= 2,73-9,51) fueron predictores de un mayor riesgo de asma infantil. Conclusiones: el sobrepeso materno y la obesidad materna aumentaron tres y cinco veces el riesgo de que sus hijos desarrollaran asma, respectivamente.

Changes in food consumption and prevalence of overweight and obesity in Brazilian adults between 2008 and 2018 / Mudanças no consumo alimentar e na prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em adultos brasileiros entre 2008 e 2018

ABSTRACT Objective To assess dietary intake and weight status changes among Brazilian adults. Methods In this dietary survey, data from the food consumption modules of the 2008-2009 (n=21,003 adults) and the 2017-2018 (n=28,153 adults) Household Budget Survey were evaluated to estimate the mean consumption (g/day) of 20 food groups. The body mass index was calculated to classify the weight status of adults and estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Differences between surveys were identified when the 95% confidence intervals were not interspersed. All analyses were stratified by gender and considered the sample weight and the complexity of the sample design. Results The prevalence of overweight increased both among men (38.4%; 95% CI: 36.8-40.0, in 2008-2009 vs. 42.2%; 95% CI: 40.9-43.5, in 2017-2018) and women (29.5%; 95% CI: 58.0-30.9 vs. 35.2%; 95% CI: 34.0-36.4, respectively). Mean consumption of poultry and eggs (57.6g/day vs. 77.9 g/day in men and 43.5g/day vs. 57.3g/day in women, p<0.05) and fast foods (31.3g/day vs. and 48.7g/day in men and 25.3g/day in 2008-2009 vs. 34.8g/day in women, p<0.05) increased between the two surveys, while the mean consumption of rice, beans, fruits, coffee and tea, fish and seafood, processed meats, milk and dairy products, sweets and desserts, sugary drinks, and soups declined. Conclusion The Brazilian food consumption pattern follows the increased prevalence of overweight and reinforces the need to encourage healthy patterns that revive our country's food culture and eating habits.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar as mudanças no consumo alimentar e status de peso de adultos no Brasil. Métodos Neste inquérito dietético, foram avaliados dados dos blocos de consumo alimentar das Pesquisas de Orçamento Familiar dos anos 2008-2009 (n=21.003 adultos) e 2017-2018 (n=28.153 adultos) para estimar a média de consumo (g/dia) de 20 grupos de alimentos. O índice de massa corporal foi calculado para classificar o status de peso dos adultos e estimar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade. Diferenças entre os inquéritos foram identificadas quando os intervalos de 95% de confiança não se intercalaram. Todas as análises foram realizadas separadamente por sexo e consideraram o peso amostral e a complexidade do desenho amostral. Resultados A prevalência de sobrepeso aumentou tanto entre homens (38,4%; intervalo de confiança 95%: 36,8-40,0, em 2008-2009 vs 42,2%; intervalo de confiança 95%: 40,9-43,5, em 2017-2018) como entre mulheres (29,5%; intervalo de confiança 95%: 58,0-30,9 vs 35,2%; intervalo de confiança 95%: 34,0-36,4, respectivamente). A média de consumo de frango e ovos (57,6g/dia vs. 77,9 g/dia, em homens e 43,5g/dia vs. 57,3g/dia, em mulheres, p<0,05) e fast foods (31,3g/dia vs. e 48,7g/dia, em homens e 25,3g/dia em 2008-2009 vs. 34,8g/dia, em mulheres, p<0,05) aumentou entre os dois inquéritos, enquanto a média de consumo de arroz, feijão, frutas, café e chá, peixes e frutos do mar, carnes processadas, leite e derivados, doces e sobremesas, bebidas açucaradas e sopas diminuiu. Conclusão As mudanças no padrão de consumo da dieta brasileira acompanham o aumento nas prevalências de sobrepeso e reforçam a necessidade de se estimular padrões saudáveis que resgatem a cultura alimentar e hábitos alimentares de nosso país.

Association between screen use at night, food consumption at dinner, and evening snack in schoolchildren aged 7 to 14 years with and without overweight, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil / Associação entre o uso de tela no período noturno e consumo alimentar no jantar e lanche da noite em escolares de 7 a 14 anos com e sem sobrepeso, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective Analyze the association between screen use at night, food consumption at dinner, and evening snack in schoolchildren with and without overweight. Methods Cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 1396 schoolchildren from 7 to 14 years of age from public and private schools of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Dietary intake and frequency of screen use of the previous day were obtained through the questionnaire Consumo Alimentar e Atividades Físicas de Escolares (Food Consumption and Physical Activities of Schoolchildren). The association between screen use at night (exposure) and consumption of food groups (outcome) according to weight status was assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Results At dinner, schoolchildren without overweight who used screens once had a lower chance of consuming fruits and vegetables (OR: 0.62, p=0.017) compared to those who did not use screens. In addition, those who used screens twice were more likely to consume sweets (OR: 2.01, p=0.002), and screen use three times or more was inversely associated with beans (OR: 0.24, p=0.003) and meat, eggs, and seafood (OR: 0.35, p=0.011) consumption. Overweight schoolchildren who used screens three times or more were more likely to consume ultra-processed foods and pizza/hamburger/hot dogs (OR: 2.51, p=0.009). For the evening snack, it was observed that schoolchildren without overweight who used screens three times or more had a greater chance of consuming ultra-processed foods and pizza/hamburger/hot dogs (OR: 8.26; p=0.016). Conclusion Overweight and non-overweight schoolchildren who used screens were more likely to consume ultra-processed foods. Schoolchildren without overweight and who use screens more often at night are less likely to consume healthy foods.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação entre o uso de dispositivo de tela no período noturno, o consumo alimentar no jantar e lanche da noite em escolares com e sem sobrepeso. Métodos Estudo transversal com uma amostra probabilística de 1.396 escolares de 7 a 14 anos de idade de escolas públicas e privadas de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. O consumo alimentar e a frequência de uso de dispositivos de telas do dia anterior foram obtidas por meio do questionário Consumo Alimentar e Atividades Físicas de Escolares. A associação entre o uso de dispositivo de tela no período noturno (exposição) e o consumo alimentar (desfecho) foi verificada por meio de regressão logística. Resultados No jantar, os escolares sem sobrepeso que utilizaram dispositivo de tela uma vez tiveram menor chance de consumir frutas, verduras e legumes (OR: 0,62, p=0,017) comparado com aqueles que não usaram dispositivos de telas. Além disso, aqueles que usaram dispositivo de tela duas vezes, tiveram maior chance de consumir doces (OR: 2,01, p=0,002) e a utilização de dispositivo de tela três vezes ou mais foi inversamente associado ao consumo de feijão (OR: 0,24, p=0.003), carnes, ovos e peixes (OR: 0,35, p=0,011). Os escolares com sobrepeso que utilizaram dispositivo de tela três vezes ou mais tiveram maior chance de consumirem ultraprocessados e lanches tipo pizza/hambúrguer/cachorro-quente (OR: 2,51, p=0,009). No lanche da noite, observou-se que os escolares sem sobrepeso que utilizaram dispositivo de tela três vezes ou mais, tiveram maior chance de consumir ultraprocessados e lanches (OR: 8,26; p=0,016). Conclusão Os escolares com e sem sobrepeso que utilizaram dispositivo de tela tiveram mais chances de consumir alimentos ultraprocessados. Os escolares sem sobrepeso que utilizam dispositivo de tela mais vezes a noite possuem menor chance de consumir alimentos saudáveis.

Prevalence of malnutrition in children under five years old in Beira city, Mozambique, 2019 / Prevalência da má nutrição em crianças menores de cinco anos na cidade da Beira, Moçambique, 2019

Abstract Objectives: to describe the prevalence of malnutrition (underweight, low height, and overweight) in children aged six to 59 months and its spatial distribution in the city of Beira, Mozambique. Methods: an exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November 2019, involving 407 children aged six to 59 months. The sample size calculation was based on the prevalence of height-for-age deficit. Anthropometric data were analyzed using Anthro version and the prevalence of malnutrition was presented through thematic maps generated in Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). Results: the main findings revealed a prevalence of 27.0% for low height/age, 7.9% for underweight/height, and 4.7% for overweight. Conclusions: the spatial distribution highlighted that both urban and peri-urban areas of the city showed similar prevalence rates for the three forms of malnutrition. The prevalence of malnutrition in Beira is high, with deficit height/age being the most significant expression, while overweight is diffusely distributed.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever a prevalência da má nutrição (baixo peso, baixa estatura e excesso de peso) em crianças de seis a 59 meses e sua distribuição espacial na cidade de Beira, Moçambique. Métodos: estudo transversal exploratório, realizado entre outubro e novembro de 2019, incluindo 407 crianças de seis a 59 meses. O cálculo da amostra foi baseado na prevalência do déficit estatura/idade. Os dados antropométricos foram analisados no Anthro e a prevalência de má nutrição apresentada por meio de mapas temáticos no Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). Resultados: os principais resultados mostram uma prevalência de 27,0% de baixa estatura/idade, 7,9% de baixo peso/estatura e 4,7% de excesso de peso. Conclusões: a distribuição espacial evidenciou que as áreas urbanas e periurbanas da cidade apresentavam prevalências similares das três formas de má nutrição. A prevalência da má nutrição em Beira é alta, embora o déficit estatura/idade seja a sua maior expressão, estando o excesso de peso difusamente distribuído.