Cardiometabolic risk factors associated with renal function in apparently healthy young students: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) appear decades before developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adulthood. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence and association between CMRFs and kidney function in apparently healthy young adults (18-25 years old). Methods: We included 5531 freshman year students. Data collected on CMRFs included central obesity, high body mass index (hBMI >25), blood pressure, glycemia, lipids, uric acid (UA >6.8 mg/dL), and insulin. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration formula. We used logistic regression and a log linear for odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence level) and probabilities. Results: The presence of any CMRF was observed in 78% (4312) of individuals; GFR ≥120/130 mL/min/1.73 m2sc was found in 33%, GFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m2sc in 3%, and proteinuria in 3%. Factors associated with high GFR were hBMI (OR 1.3 [1.14, 1.47]), UA (OR 0.2 [0.15, 0.26]), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 1.4 [1.2, 1.6]), and insulin resistance (OR 1.3 [1.05, 1.7]). CMRF associated with low GFR was UA (OR 1.8 [1.3, 2.6]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.66 [1.05, 2.6]), and proteinuria (OR 3.4 [2.07, 5.7]). Proteinuria was associated with high UA (OR 1.59 [1.01, 2.5]) and hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.8 [1.03, 3.18]). The sole presence of hBMI+UA predicted low GFR with p = 0.6 and hBMI+UA+low HDL predicted proteinuria with p = 0.55. Conclusions: CMRFs were highly prevalent among this freshman student population and were associated with proteinuria and GFR abnormalities. Future studies should focus on public health programs to prevent or delay the development of CKD.

Ecuaciones antropométricas para el cálculo de grasa corporal en adultos jóvenes / Anthropometric equations for calculating body fat in young adults

Dado que para la población Latinoamericana se cuenta con escasas ecuaciones antropométricas validadas para determinar porcentaje de masa grasa (% MG), se diseñaron ecuaciones antropométricas prácticas para calcular el % MG en adultos jóvenes. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas por técnicas validadas, y se calculó el % MG por densitometría (BodPod) y biompedancia. Se reclutaron 284 voluntarios (18-35 años), de uno y otro sexo. Las ecuaciones se diseñaron por regresión lineal múltiple por el método de todas las regresiones posibles y se validaron por su grado de bondad de ajuste (R2), error estándar de estimación (EEE) y por validación cruzada. En hombres: % MG por densitométría R2 = 0.78, EEE = 3.64 %, p < 0.001; % MG por bioimpedancia R2 = 0.76, EEE = 2.48 %, p < 0.001. En mujeres: % MG por densitométría R2 = 0.98, EEE = 4.02%, p < 0.001; % MG por bioimpedancia R2= 0.99, EEE = 2.37 %, p < 0.001. Las ecuaciones aquí diseñadas presentan sencillez, alta validez y confiabilidad, siendo útiles en la clínica y campo deportivo(AU)

Given that in Latin America we have few validated anthropometric equations to determine percentage of fat mass (% MG), practical anthropometric equations were designed to calculate the % MG in young adults. Anthropometric measurements were made by validated techniques, and % MG was calculated by densitometry (BodPod) and bioimpedance. We recruited 284 volunteers (18-35 years), men and women. The equations were designed by multiple linear regression by the method of all possible regressions, and validated by their degree of goodness of fit (R2), standard error of estimation (SES), and cross-validation. In men: % MG by densitometry R2 = 0.78, SES = 3.64%, p <0.001; % MG by bioimpedance R2 = 0.76, SES = 2.48%, p <0.001. In women: % MG by densitometry R2 = 0.98, SES = 4.02 %, p <0.001; % MG by bioimpedance R2 = 0.99, SES = 2.37 %, p <0.001. The equations here designed have simplicity, high validity, and reliability, being useful in the clinic and sports field(AU)

Putative 3-nitrotyrosine detoxifying genes identified in the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii: in silico search of regulatory sequences responsive to salt and nitrogen stress

Background: During salt stress, the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii synthesizes tyrosine as a strategy to avoid the oxidation of proteins. Tyrosine reacts with nitrogen radicals to form 3-nitrotyrosine. 3-nitrotyrosine prevents the effects of associated oxidative stress and thus contributes to the high halotolerace of the yeast. However, the mechanism of how D. hansenii counteracts the presence of this toxic compound is unclear. In this work, we evaluated D. hansenii's capacity to assimilate 3-nitrotyrosine as a unique nitrogen source and measured its denitrase activity under salt stress. To identify putative genes related to the assimilation of 3-nitrotyrosine, we performed an in silico search in the promoter regions of D. hansenii genome. Results: We identified 15 genes whose promoters had binding site sequences for transcriptional factors of sodium, nitrogen, and oxidative stress with oxidoreductase and monooxygenase GO annotations. Two of these genes, DEHA2E24178g and DEHA2C00286g, coding for putative denitrases and having GATA sequences, were evaluated by RT-PCR and showed high expression under salt and nitrogen stress. Conclusions: D. hansenii can grow in the presence of 3-nitrotyrosine as the only nitrogen source and has a high specific denitrase activity to degrade 3-nitrotyrosine in 1 and 2 M NaCl stress conditions. The results suggest that given the lack of information on transcriptional factors in D. hansenii, the genes identified in our in silico analysis may help explain 3-nitrotyrosine assimilation mechanisms.

Prevalence of bullying by gender and education in a city with high violence and migration in Mexico / Prevalencia de intimidación desglosada en función del sexo y la escolaridad en una ciudad mexicana con índices altos de violencia y migración / Prevalência de bullying por gênero e escolaridade em uma cidade com altos índices de violência e migração no México

ABSTRACT Objective To understand the prevalence of bullying, by gender and educational level, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a city with high rates of violence and migration. Methods This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in 2012 – 2014 using a questionnaire known as the Bullying-Mexican. A probabilistic multistage cluster-sampling method obtained a study sample of 2 347 students (10 – 27 years of age) from the 400 000 enrolled in grade 5 – university level at the 611 public schools in Ciudad Juárez. Bullying prevalence and frequency (never, rarely, sometimes, often, every day) were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The statistical differences between males and females was assessed using a chi-square test; associations between frequency and academic level were determined by correspondence analysis and the Spearman Rho correlation. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to analyze whether gender and academic level acted independently in the frequency of bullying. Results Bullying prevalence was reported by 38% of females and 47% of males: ‘only victim’ represented 8.7%; ‘only aggressor,’ 13.2%; and ‘victim and aggressor,’ 21%. At higher levels of education, bullying prevalence declined; however, at the university, prevalence increased in the last semesters. Mockery and social exclusion were the two most dominant types of bullying, followed by beating, threats, and punishment. Conclusions The prevalence of bullying in Ciudad Juárez public schools is among the highest compared to other random studies and surveys. Bullying diminishes with age and educational level.

RESUMEN Objetivo Comprender la prevalencia de intimidación o bullying, desglosada en función del sexo y el nivel de escolaridad, en Ciudad Juárez (México), ciudad con índices altos de violencia y migración. Métodos Este estudio transversal de observación se realizó entre el 2012 y el 2014 con el cuestionario mexicano sobre la intimidación (Bull-M). Tras aplicar el método probabilístico polietápico de muestreo por conglomerados, se obtuvo una muestra de 2 347 estudiantes (de 10 a 27 años) de los 400 000 matriculados entre el quinto grado y el nivel universitario en las 611 instituciones de educación pública de Ciudad Juárez. Se analizaron la prevalencia y la frecuencia de la intimidación (nunca, rara vez, a veces, a menudo, todos los días) mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Se evaluó la diferencia estadística entre los hombres y las mujeres con la prueba de la ji al cuadrado y se determinó la asociación entre la frecuencia y el nivel académico mediante el análisis de correspondencias y la correlación ro de Spearman (R). Se aplicó una regresión logística polinómica para analizar si el sexo y el nivel académico eran variables independientes respecto de la frecuencia de la intimidación. Resultados La intimidación tuvo una prevalencia del 38% en las mujeres y del 47% en los hombres: refirieron ser “solo víctimas” el 8,7%; “solo agresores” el 13,2%; y “víctimas y agresores” el 21%. La prevalencia de la intimidación disminuye a medida que aumenta el nivel de escolaridad, aunque se registró un incremento en los últimos semestres de la universidad. Los dos tipos más predominantes de intimidación son la burla y la exclusión social, a los que siguen la agresión física, la amenaza y el castigo. Conclusiones La prevalencia de intimidación en las instituciones de educación pública de Ciudad Juárez se encuentra entre las más altas cuando se la compara con otros estudios y encuestas de diseño aleatorizado. La intimidación disminuye a medida que avanza la edad y aumenta el nivel de escolaridad.

RESUMO Objetivo Compreender a prevalência de bullying, estratificada por gênero e escolaridade, em Ciudad Juárez, México, um município com altos índices de violência e migração. Métodos Estudo transversal observacional realizado em 2012-2014 usando o instrumento Bullying-Mexican. Utilizando um método probabilístico de amostragem multietápica por conglomerados, obteve-se uma amostra de 2 347 estudantes (10-27 anos de idade) do universo de 400 000 estudantes matriculados da 5ª série ao ensino superior nas 611 escolas públicas de Ciudad Juárez. A prevalência e frequência (nunca, raramente, às vezes, frequentemente, todos os dias) de bullying foram analisadas mediante estatísticas descritivas. A diferença estatística entre homens e mulheres foi avaliada através do teste qui-quadrado; associações entre frequência de bullying e escolaridade foram determinadas mediante análise de correspondência e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (R). Foi realizada análise de regressão logística multinomial para determinar se gênero e escolaridade influenciaram independentemente a frequência de bullying. Resultados O bullying foi relatado por 38% das mulheres e 47% dos homens: 8,7% identificaram-se como “somente vítimas”, 13,2% como “somente agressor”, e 21% como “vítima e agressor”. Nos níveis mais altos de escolaridade, a prevalência de bullying foi menor; porém, no ensino superior, aumentou novamente nos últimos semestres. Assédio verbal e exclusão social foram os dois tipos mais comuns de bullying, seguidos de agressão física, ameaças e castigos. Conclusões A prevalência de bullying nas escolas públicas de Ciudad Juárez está entre as mais elevadas já relatadas em estudos randomizados e levantamentos. O bullying diminui conforme a idade e escolaridade aumentam.