Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Glechomae Herba and prediction of its Q-markers / 中国中药杂志

Glechomae Herba, the dried aerial part of Glechoma longituba(Labiatae), has the effects of promoting urination, draining dampness, and relieving stranguria. It has received wide attention in recent years owing to the satisfactory efficacy on lithiasis. Amid the in-depth chemical and pharmacological research, it has been found that Glechomae Herba has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, hepatoprotective, cholagogic, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering effects. The main chemical constituents are volatile oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and organic acids. This paper summarized the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Glechomae Herba. Based on genetic relationship of plants, the characteristics, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of the chemical constituents, and the potential of these constituents as quality markers(Q-markers), it was summed up that ursolic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide, apigetrin, and glechone can be the candidate Q-markers of Glechomae Herba.

Determination of Plasma Protein Binding Rate of 3 Components from Glechoma longituba by UHPLC Combined with Ultrafiltration / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish a method for the determination of plasma protein binding rate of rosmarinic acid ，caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid from Glechoma longituba . METHODS ：UHPLC method combined with ultrafiltration method was adopted to determine the plasma protein binding rate of rosmarinic acid ，caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid from G. longituba in the plasma of New Zealand rabbits. The determination was performed on a Phenomenex Luna ® C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile （A）-0.1％ formic acid solution （B）（gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 45 ℃，and the detection wavelength was 327 nm. The sample size was 3 μL. RESULTS：At low ，medium and high concentrations，the plasma binding rates of rosmarinic acid were （97.78 ± 1.67）％ ，（94.32 ± 1.42）％ ，（95.12 ± 1.51）％ ， respectively（n＝3）；those of caffeic acid were （90.12±2.33）％，（89.53±1.98）％，（90.23±1.56）％，respectively（n＝3）；those of chlorogenic acid were （63.23 ± 2.12）％ ，（67.87 ± 1.06）％ ，（62.34 ± 1.34）％ ，respectively （n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS ： Established method is easy to operate and shorter time for analysis. It can be used to determine the plasma protein binding rate of rosmarinic acid ，caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid in G. longituba .

Non-targeted Metabolite Profiling for Quality Evaluation of Glechoma longituba from Different Geographical Origins by UPLC/QTOF-MSE Combined with Chemometrics Methods / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To develop a comprehensive strategy integrateded with chemometrics methods for quality evaluation of Glechoma longituba(GL) from different geographical origins. METHODS: The chemical differentiation of 22 batches of GL were performed by UPLC/QTOF-MSE coupled with UNIFITM software. To evaluate the quality of GL from different geographical origins, the principal component analysis (PCA) was developed to analyze the MSE data of 22 batches of GL. To find the markers, the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was adopted to analyze the MSE data of 22 batches of GL. RESULTS: A total of 31 compounds including 8 phenolic acids, 14 flavones, 7 terpenes, 1 organic acid and 1 coumarin were unambiguously or tentatively identified in the GL from Guangxi province. And 14 compounds were reported for the first time. Twenty-two batches of GL were well gathered and segregated into two different groups scattering in the score plot of PCA by MarkerLynx XS. The result of PCA showed that the chemical compositions of GL from Anhui province had obvious difference with those from other provinces. Based on the S-Plot from the score plot of OPLS-DA, the differential component of GL from Anhui province was tentatively identified as terpene. CONCLUSION: The integrated strategy facilitates authentication of herbal medicines of different origins in a more efficient and more intelligent manner.

Effects of soil bulk density on growth, physiology and quality of Glechoma longituba / 中国中药杂志

Through the determination of the growth, physiological and active components of Glechoma longituba, the effect of soil bulk density on growth and quality of G. longituba was explored. Through pot experiment, six different bulk density treatments were set for 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 g·cm⁻³ , the growth index, physiological index and the content of active components were determined. The results showed that the growth indexes and biomass of G. longituba firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of soil bulk density. The dry weight of G. longituba achieved the maximum 5.70 g in the treatment of 1.0 g·cm⁻³ . The photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars and free amino acids firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of soil bulk density. The suitable soil bulk density was beneficial to the accumulation of photosynthetic pigment, soluble protein and free amino acid synthesis. The content of malondialdehyde increased gradually with the increase of soil bulk density. The contents of ethanol-soluble extractives of G. longituba were greater than 25%, meeting its quality criterionin Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015, achieved the maximum of 40.66% in the treatment of 1.0 g·cm⁻³ . The total flavonoids content of G. longituba increased gradually with the increase of soil bulk density, triterpenic acid and phenolic acids decreased gradually with the increase of soil bulk density. Soil bulk density has a significant effect on the growth and quality of G. longituba, and it is conducive to the growth and its medicinal quality at the soil bulk density of 1.0 g·cm⁻³.

Chemical constituents of Glechoma longituba / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents of Glechoma longituba. Methods Chemical constituents were extracted by organic solvents, isolated and purified by chromatographic techniques with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, semi-preparative HPLC, and recrystallization. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physiochemical and spectral analyses. Results Thirteen compounds were obtained and elucidated as ursolic acid (1), asoleanolic acid (2), protocatechualdehyde (3), betulic acid (4), luteolin (5), β-sitosterol (6), lutin (7), syringic acid (8), 4-acetoxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoicacid (9), 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (10), (E)-3-[4-(carboxymethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl] acrylic acid (11), emodin (12), and loliolide (13). Conclusion Compounds 8-10 and 12 are isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 11 and 13 are isolated from the plants of Glechoma Linn. for the first time.

Microwave-assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Glechoma longituba / 医药导报

Objective To research the microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Glechoma longituba. Methods In present study, the processes of extraction of polysaccharides from Glechoma longituba by water bath and microwave-assisted extraction were optimized using orthogonal test, and the two methods were compared. Results The optimal process of water bath extraction was as follows:liquid-solid ratio 50∶1, time 180 min, temperature 90 ℃ and pH 8. 0. The optimal parameters of microwave-assisted extraction were liquid-solid ratio 30∶1, top microwave power, time 4 min, and pH 8.0. The yield of polysaccharides from Glechoma longituba by microwave-assisted and water bath methods was (4.58±0.09)% and (3.09±0.12)%, respectively, and the yield of microwave-assisted method was elevated by 48.2% compared with that of water bath extraction. Conclusion The microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Glechoma longituba not only improves the yield, but also reduces the extract volume, saves energy and time.

Chemical constituents from Glechoma longituba / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from Glechoma longituba and their anti-oxidant activity in vitro. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by solvent extraction, repeated silica gel column chromatography, and reverse phase preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified on the basis of ESI-MS and NMR spectra. The anti-oxidant activities of these compounds were screened by DPPH free radical scavenging assay in vitro. Results: Ten compounds were isolated and elucidated as cosmosiin (1), dihydrocaffeic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), isololiolide (4), vomifoliol (5), glecholone (6), apigenin (7), aurantiamide (8), (+)-lariciresinol (9), and (-)-syringaresinol (10). Conclusion: Compounds 2, 4, and 8-10 are isolated from the plants in Glechoma L. for the first time; Compounds 9 and 10 are lignans firstly obtained from this plant. DPPH free radical scavenging assays show that compounds 2, 3, 9, and 10 exhibit potential anti-oxidant activity.

Study on Optimization of Extraction Technology of Flavonoids from Glechoma longituba by the Integration of Aqueous Two-Phase Partitioning with Ultrasonic Extraction / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize extraction technology of flavonoids from Glechoma longituba by aqueous two-phase partitioning with ultrasonic extraction.METHODS:The extraction technology of flavonoids from G.longituba were optimized by orthogonal experiment with ultrasonic extraction time,the volume fraction of propanol,the ratio of solid to solution,amount of(NH4)2SO4 as factors and with extraction rate of flavonoids from G.longituba as index.RESULTS:The optimal conditions were as follows:extracting for 30 min with ultrasonic wave,the volume fraction of propanol 50%,the ratio of solid to solution 1:30,and the amount of(NH4)2SO4 30%.CONCLUSION:Established extraction technology which is characterized with simple operation and mild conditions shows great advantage.