RESUMO
Sjögren's syndrome(SS)is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands, especially salivary and lacrimal glands. The main clinical manifestations are dry mouth and dry eyes, but also multi-organ and multi-system can be involved. Cold agglutinin disease(CAD)is an autoimmune disease characterized by red blood cell agglutination in the blood vessels of extremities caused by cold agglutinin at low temperature, resulting in skin microcirculation disturbance, or hemolytic anemia. Cold agglutinin disease is divided into two categories, primary cold agglutinin disease and secondary cold agglutinin disease. Primary cold agglutinin disease is characterized with cold agglutinin titer of 1 ∶4 000 or more and positive Coomb's test. However, the Coomb's test is not necessarily positive and the cold agglutinin titer is between 1 ∶32 and 1 ∶4 000 in secondary cold agglutinin disease. Here, we reported an elderly patient admitted to hospital due to fever. He was diagnosed with respiratory infection, but he showed incompletely response to the anti-infection treatment. Further laboratory tests showed the patient with positive ANA and anti-SSA antibodies. Additionally, the patient complained that he had dry mouth and dry eyes for 1 year. Schirmer test and salivate gland imaging finally confirmed the diagnosis Sjogren's syndrome. During the hospital stay, the blood clots were found in the anticoagulant tubes. Hemolytic anemia was considered as the patient had anemia with elevated reticulocytes and indirect bilirubin. In addition, further examination showed positive cold agglutination test with a titer of 1 ∶1 024, and cold agglutinin disease was an important type of cold-resistant autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, the patient developed cyanosis after ice incubating at the tip of the nose. Hence, the patient was diagnosed as CAD and he was successfully treated with glucocorticoids instead of anti-infection treatments. Hence, the patient was diagnosed with SS combined with secondary CAD. SS combined CAD are rarely reported, and they are both autoimmune diseases. The abnormal function of B lymphocytes and the production of autoantibodies might be the common pathogenesis of them. Cold agglutinin disease can lead to severe hemolytic anemia, even life-threatening. In clinical practice, timely recognizing and dealing with CAD might promote the prognosis of the patient.
Assuntos
Masculino , Humanos , Idoso , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Sjogren/diagnóstico , Anemia Hemolítica/complicações , Síndromes do Olho Seco/complicações , AutoanticorposRESUMO
Introducción: El síndrome de Evans es un desorden autoinmune poco frecuente, caracterizado por el descenso de al menos dos líneas celulares hemáticas. Las publicaciones del síndrome de Evans e infección por citomegalovirus resultan escasas. Objetivo: Examinar el caso de una niña con síndrome de Evans e infección activa por citomegalovirus que respondió favorablemente a la terapia antiviral. Presentación del caso: Niña de 13 meses con antecedentes de prematuridad y bajo peso al nacer, que acudió a consulta por presentar palidez y equimosis en tórax, abdomen y extremidades. En los exámenes de laboratorio se encontró trombocitopenia y anemia severa con prueba de Coombs directo positiva. Recibió pulsos de metilprednisolona con respuesta desfavorable. La carga viral resultó positiva para citomegalovirus (4019 copias de ADN) y recibió valganciclovir con evolución favorable en el seguimiento. Conclusiones: El síndrome de Evans asociado a infección por CMV es infrecuente. El tratamiento con valganciclovir podría ser beneficioso para cierto grupo de pacientes; sin embargo, hacen falta más estudios que demuestren la eficacia y seguridad de este tratamiento en este síndrome; más aún si está asociado a una elevada carga viral(AU)
Introduction: Evans syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder, characterized by the descent of at least two blood cell lines. Publications of Evans syndrome and cytomegalovirus infection are scarce. Objective: To examine the case of a girl with Evans syndrome and active cytomegalovirus infection who responded favorably to antiviral therapy. Case presentation: A 13-month-old girl with a history of prematurity and low birth weight, who attended the consultation for presenting pallor and ecchymosis in the thorax, abdomen and extremities. Laboratory tests found thrombocytopenia and severe anemia after a positive direct Coombs test. She received pulses of methylprednisolone with unfavorable response. The viral load was positive for cytomegalovirus (4019 copies of DNA) and received valganciclovir with favorable evolution at follow-up. Conclusions: Evans syndrome associated with CMV infection is uncommon. Treatment with valganciclovir may be beneficial for a certain group of patients. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of this treatment in this syndrome; even more so if it is associated with a high viral load(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Lactente , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/etiologia , Trombocitopenia Neonatal Aloimune , Valganciclovir/uso terapêutico , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/diagnóstico , Trombocitopenia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Abstract Introduction The Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare, often chronic, relapsing and treatment-refractory hematological disorder. We described the clinical features, diagnostic workup, treatment and outcome in patients with ES. Method We performed a retrospective chart review of patients aged < 18 years with ES admitted to a tertiary center in Brazil from 2001 to 2021. The analysis of the data was primarily descriptive, using median, interquartile range and categorical variables presented in absolute frequencies. Main results Twenty patients (12 female, 8 male) were evaluated in this study. The median age at the initial cytopenia was 4.98 years (1.30-12.57). The ES was secondary in nine cases (45%), of which six patients (30%) showed autoimmune disease (AID) or primary immunodeficiencies (PID) and one presented a spontaneous recovery. Steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin were first-line therapy in 19 cases. Twelve patients (63%) required second-line treatments (rituximab, cyclosporine, splenectomy, sirolimus, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and eltrombopag). The median follow-up period was 2.41 years (1.4 -7.52). One patient (5%) died of underlying neuroblastoma, one case (5%) was lost to follow-up and four patients (20%) received a medical discharge. The median age for the 14 remaining cases was 12.6 years. Twelve patients (85.7%) were in complete response (CR) with no therapies. Two patients (14.3%) were in CR with chronic therapy. Conclusion As ES may be a symptom of AID and PID, a thorough rheumatological, immunologic and genetic workup and a careful follow-up are essential. The second-line treatment remains a dilemma. Further prospective studies are needed to address the optimal therapeutic combinations, morbidity and mortality in this disorder.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Pediatria , Lúpus Eritematoso SistêmicoRESUMO
Abstract Introduction Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is an autoimmune disorder that can present in primary or secondary forms. The literature looking at impact of baseline fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) positivity on outcomes of AIHA patients is infrequent. Objective To study the impact of baseline FANA positivity in patients with primary AIHA. Method A prospective cohort study involving 29 consecutive primary AIHA patients presenting to the Haematology department from 2013 to 2015 was analysed. After recording baseline investigations including fluorescent ANA, all patients were treated as per the standard therapeutic protocols. Clinical remission, disease free survival, relapse, mortality were compared between the FANA positive and FANA Negative AIHA groups. Results Baseline FANA positivity was found in 17 patients (58.62%). Both the groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, Hemoglobin, LDH at presentation, number of lines of treatment needed and duration of follow up. Evan's syndrome was seen in six of FANA positive patients which was statistically significant (0 v/s 6, p= 0.023). FANA positive patients had significantly higher rates of relapse per patient month follow up (1.22 v/s 3.57, p= 0.023) and lower rates of complete response (83.33% v/s 35.29%, p= 0.0118) and relapse free survival at five years. Morbidity and mortality were numerically higher in FANA positive patients. Conclusion Baseline FANA positivity among AIHA patients was found to be associated with lower complete response rates and higher relapse rates with possible higher rates of morbidity. Presence of FANA will give us prognostic value and help us in deciding the treatment options.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Anticorpos Antinucleares , Anemia , Lúpus Eritematoso SistêmicoRESUMO
Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), prototipo de enfermedad autoinmune, cursa con empujes y remisiones. Dada la diversidad de presentaciones posibles, su diagnóstico y tratamiento son un reto para el clínico, y se requiere tener un alto índice de sospecha. Objetivo: presentar el caso clínico de un adolescente que debuta con LES a forma de anemia hemolítica, probablemente gatillado por infección por virus de Epstein Barr. Caso clínico: Varón de 14 años, sin antecedentes a destacar. Consulta por fiebre de 7 días de evolución de hasta 39º C, odinofagia, astenia y adinamia. Al examen físico se constata palidez cutáneo mucosa, ictericia, adenopatías cervicales y hepatoesplenomegalia. El laboratorio muestra anemia severa regenerativa con aumento de las bilirrubinas a expensas de la indirecta sin hepatitis. Prueba de Coombs positiva. Anticuerpos específicos para Epstein Barr positivos, con lo que se diagnostica anemia hemolítica secundaria a mononucleosis y se inicia tratamiento corticoideo. En la evolución agrega eritema malar y limitación en flexión de codos y rodillas. Se reciben anticuerpos antinucleares y anti ADN nativo positivos con hipocomplementemia severa. Con diagnóstico de LES se inicia hidroxicloroquina y azatioprina, manteniéndose la prednisona. Conclusiones: Muchos virus (hepatitis C, Parvovirus B19, Epstein Barr y Citomegalovirus) se han descrito como posibles inductores o simuladores de LES. Es necesario mantener un alto índice de sospecha para realizar un diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento precoz.
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), prototype of autoimmune disease, progresses with flares and remissions. Given the diversity of possible presentations, its diagnosis and treatment are a challenge for the clinician, and a high index of suspicion is required. Objective: To present the clinical case of an adolescent who debuted with SLE in the form of hemolytic anemia, probably triggered by Epstein Barr virus infection. Clinical case: 14 - year - old male, with no history to highlight. Consultation for fever of 7 days of evolution of up to 39º C, odynophagia, asthenia and adynamia. Physical examination revealed mucous skin pallor, jaundice, cervical lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. The laboratory shows severe regenerative anemia with increased bilirubin at the expense of indirect without hepatitis. Positive Coombs test. Specific antibodies for Epstein Barr were positive, with which hemolytic anemia secondary to mononucleosis was diagnosed and corticosteroid treatment was started. In the evolution, it adds malar erythema and limitation in flexion of the elbows and knees. Positive antinuclear and anti-native DNA antibodies are received with severe hypocomplementemia. With a diagnosis of SLE, hydroxychloroquine and azathioprine were started, maintaining prednisone. Conclusions: Many viruses (hepatitis C, Parvovirus B19, Epstein Barr and Cytomegalovirus) have been described as possible inducers or mimics of SLE. It is necessary to maintain a high index of suspicion for timely diagnosis and early treatment.
Introdução: O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES), protótipo de doença autoimune, evolui com impulsos e remissões. Dada a diversidade de apresentações possíveis, seu diagnóstico e tratamento são um desafio para o clínico, sendo necessário um alto índice de suspeição. Objetivo: apresentar o caso clínico de uma adolescente que iniciou com LES na forma de anemia hemolítica, provavelmente desencadeada por infecção pelo vírus Epstein Barr. Caso clínico: Homem de 14 anos, sem antecedentes a destacar. Consulta por febre de 7 dias de evolução de até 39º C, odinofagia, astenia e adinamia. O exame físico revelou palidez cutânea mucosa, icterícia, linfadenopatia cervical e hepatoesplenomegalia. O laboratório mostra anemia regenerativa grave com aumento da bilirrubina em detrimento da indireta sem hepatite. Teste de Coombs positivo. Anticorpos específicos para Epstein Barr foram positivos, com o qual foi diagnosticada anemia hemolítica secundária à mononucleose e iniciado tratamento com corticosteróides. Na evolução, acrescenta eritema malar e limitação na flexão dos cotovelos e joelhos. Anticorpos antinucleares e anti-DNA nativos positivos são recebidos com hipocomplementemia grave. Com diagnóstico de LES, iniciou-se hidroxicloroquina e azatioprina, mantendo-se prednisona. Conclusões: Muitos vírus (hepatite C, Parvovírus B19, Epstein Barr e Citomegalovírus) têm sido descritos como possíveis indutores ou mimetizadores do LES. É necessário manter um alto índice de suspeição para diagnóstico oportuno e tratamento precoce.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/diagnóstico , Mononucleose Infecciosa/diagnóstico , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/diagnóstico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/diagnóstico , Azatioprina/uso terapêutico , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/tratamento farmacológico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapêutico , Mononucleose Infecciosa/tratamento farmacológico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Resumen El síndrome de Evans es una enfermedad conformada por la presencia simultánea o secuencial de trombocitopenia inmunitaria y anemia hemolítica autoinmunitaria, que puede ser primaria o secundaria a otra patología. Es una afección poco frecuente, por lo que es necesario tener una alta sospecha, y descartar otras patologías que cursan con dichas alteraciones hematológicas, para hacer el diagnóstico. Su manejo representa un desafío terapéutico dado su curso crónico y recidivante. La presentación durante el embarazo se asocia a morbilidad materna y fetal. A continuación presentamos el caso de una gestante en quien se pesquisó trombocitopenia severa aislada al ingreso al control prenatal, y que en el curso del embarazo desarrolló AHAI conformando un síndrome de Evans, que se consideró secundario a LES incompleto al realizar el estudio reumatológico. Debido a la pobre respuesta al tratamiento médico con corticoides e inmunosupresores, la mayor parte del embarazo se mantuvo hospitalizada para observación, ajuste y cambio de terapia, siendo necesario recurrir a manejo quirúrgico con esplenectomía.
Abstract Evans syndrome is a rare entity formed by the simultaneous or sequential presence of immune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which can be primary or secondary to another pathology. The presentation of this disease during pregnancy is associated with maternal and fetal morbidity. The syndrome's diagnosis requires a high suspicion and the ruling out of other pathologies that can happen with the same hematological alterations. The management represents a therapeutic challenge because of its chronic and recurrent course. Below we present the case of a pregnant woman in whom isolated severe thrombocytopenia was detected at admission for prenatal control, and who developed AIHA during the pregnancy, forming Evans syndrome, which was considered secondary to incomplete SLE when performing the rheumatological study. Due to the poor response to medical treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, the patient was hospitalized for most of her pregnancy for observation, adjustment and change of therapy, and even it was necessary resort to surgical management with splenectomy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez , Trombocitopenia/complicações , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/complicações , Esplenectomia , Trombocitopenia/diagnóstico , Trombocitopenia/terapia , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/diagnóstico , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/terapiaRESUMO
A doença de Castleman é um distúrbio linfoproliferativo raro, podendo se manifestar sob a forma de massas localizadas ou como doença multicêntrica. A doença de Castleman multicêntrica é caracterizada por adenopatias generalizadas, visceromegalias, manifestações autoimunes e infecções recorrentes. Este artigo apresenta o relato de caso de anemia hemolítica autoimune por anticorpos quentes em paciente com doença de Castleman multicêntrica. Resposta eficaz foi obtida com uso de corticoterapia sistêmica e tocilizumabe.
Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that can manifest as localized masses or as multicentric disease. Multicentric Castleman disease is characterized by generalized adenopathies, visceromegaly, autoimmune manifestations, and recurrent infections. This article presents the case report of a patient with multicentric Castleman's disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia by warm antibodies. Effective response was obtained with systemic corticotherapy and tocilizumab.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Hiperplasia do Linfonodo Gigante , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Pacientes , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos , AnticorposRESUMO
Introducción: El síndrome de Evans se define como la presencia de citopenias inmunes que afectan dos o más líneas celulares simultánea o secuencialmente. Generalmente se refiere a la combinación de anemia hemolítica autoinmune con trombocitopenia inmune primaria, pero puede incluir también neutropenia autoinmune. Su etiología se atribuye a la producción de autoanticuerpos patológicos contra las células sanguíneas pero su causa real se desconoce. Objetivo: Explicar la relación del síndrome de Evans con la desregulación del sistema inmune. Método: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en inglés y español a través del sitio web PubMed y el motor de búsqueda Google académico, de artículos publicados sobre el tema. El 69,73 por ciento correspondieron a los últimos 5 años. Conclusiones: La inmunopatología del síndrome de Evans se puede atribuir a una alteración en el desarrollo o la función de los linfocitos, de manera que el equilibrio inmunológico se inclina hacia la autorreactividad(AU)
Introduction: Evans syndrome is defined as the presence of autoimmune cytopenias affecting two or more blood cell lines, either simultaneously or sequentially. Most often, this refers to the combination of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia but can include autoimmune neutropenia as well. The etiology of Evans syndrome has been attributed to pathologic autoantibody production against the blood cells, but the true underlying cause remaining unknown. Objective: to explain the relationship of Evans syndrome with dysregulation of the immune system. Method: a review of the literature in English and Spanish was carried out through the PubMed website and the academic Google search engine for articles published on the subject. 69,73 percent corresponded to the last 5 years. Conclusions: the immunopathology of Evans syndrome can be attributed to an alteration in the development or function of lymphocytes, such that the immune balance is inclined towards self-reactivity(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Autoanticorpos , Trombocitopenia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , NeutropeniaRESUMO
ABSTRACT CD28 null T helper (Th) cells are rare in healthy individuals, but they are increased in various inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. In this study, we determined the size of the CD4+/CD28 null T lymphocyte compartment in the peripheral blood of 40 autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) patients (idiopathic and secondary) and 20 healthy control subjects, using tri-color flow cytometry. The frequency and absolute count of CD4+/CD28 null T helper (Th) cells was significantly higher in idiopathic AIHA patients, compared to healthy controls (p = 0.001 and 0.001, respectively) and to patients with secondary AIHA (p = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). The percentage of CD4+/CD28 null Th cells was also negatively correlated to the hemoglobin (Hb) level (p = 0.03). These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the expansion of this phenotypically-defined population of T lymphocytes in patients with idiopathic AIHA and indicate that it likely plays an etiological role in the development of this disease. However, establishing the use of this marker for diagnosis or monitoring treatment of such patients needs further studies.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Linfócitos T , Antígenos CD4 , Autoimunidade , Antígenos CD28 , Células Th1 , Citometria de FluxoAssuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , COVID-19 , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Talassemia , Doadores de Sangue , Hemaglutininas , IsoanticorposRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare data obtained from the reticulocyte channel (RET channel) heated to 41 °C with those obtained from impedance channel (I-Channel) at room temperature in the samples with the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) < 370 g/L and in samples with the MCHC > 370 g/L, in the presence of cold agglutinins. Methods In this study, 60 blood samples (group 1) with the MCHC < 370 g/L (without cold agglutinins) and 78 blood samples (group 2) with the MCHC > 370 g/L (with cold agglutinins) were used to compare the two analytical channels of the XN-9000 analyzer in different preanalytical conditions. The parameters evaluated in both groups were the following: red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), RBC-most frequent volume (R-MFV), mean hemoglobin concentration (MCH) and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Results The results of this study showed an excellent correlation with both channels of the XN-9000 analyzer in samples with and without cold agglutinins, except for the MCHC. The bias between the values obtained in the I-channel and those obtained in the RET channel of both groups was insignificant and remained within the limits of acceptability, as reported by Ricos et al. for all considered parameters, except for MCHC. Conclusions The presence of cold agglutinins in blood samples can be detected by a spurious lowering of the RBC count and by a spurious increase in the MCHC. The RET channel represents a great opportunity to correct the RBC count in a rapid manner without preheating. However, neither methodology can completely solve the residual presence of cold agglutinins in all samples, despite the MCHC values being < 370 g/L.
Assuntos
Reticulócitos , Aglutininas , Anemia Hemolítica AutoimuneRESUMO
La enfermedad por crioaglutininas es una anemia hemolítica autoinmune que se caracteriza, en la gran mayoría de los casos, por la hemólisis mediada por autoanticuerpos de tipo IgM y complemento C3d, contra los antígenos de la membrana del eritrocito, que conduce a hemólisis extravascular con propensión a la trombosis, y que afecta principalmente al sexo femenino y personas mayores. Su diagnóstico se realiza con la prueba de Coombs directo y fraccionado, y la titulación de aglutininas frías >1:64 a 4 °C. Se describe el caso clínico de una mujer de 89 años con un síndrome constitucional y una anemia de 3 años de evolución, en quien se determinó el diagnóstico de enfermedad por aglutininas frías. Asimismo, se describe el abordaje diagnóstico, el tratamiento instaurado, y se hace una breve revisión de la literatura publicada
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is an autoimmune hemolytic anemia characterized in the vast majority of cases by hemolysis mediated by IgM autoantibodies and complement C3d against erythrocyte membrane antigens, leading to extravascular hemolysis with propensity to thrombosis, affecting mainly females and older individuals. It is diagnosed by direct and fractionated Coombs test and a cold agglutinin titer >1:64 at 4 °C. We describe the case of an 89-year-old woman with a constitutional syndrome and a 3-year history of anemia, who was diagnosed with cold agglutinin disease. Also, we include the diagnostic and treatment approach, and a brief review of the literature
Assuntos
Humanos , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Doença de Raynaud , Teste de Coombs , Complemento C3d , Livedo Reticular , RituximabRESUMO
Paciente femenina de 35 años de edad con color de la piel blanca, con antecedentes de cefalea migrañosa. Comenzó con manifestaciones purpúreas en forma de petequias y equimosis diseminadas por todo el cuerpo; palidez cutánea mucosa e íctero en piel y esclera, además de coluria. Se realizaron estudios hematológicos, humorales e inmunológicos. Es atendida en la sala de Medicina Interna del Hospital General Docente Comandante Pinares. Con evolución satisfactoria al tratamiento con esteroides y la inmunoglobulina intravenosa. Se realizó la discusión diagnóstica del caso confirmándose el Síndrome de Evans-Fisher, se revisa la bibliografía actualizada sobre la enfermedad(AU)
We report a case of a 35-year-old female patient, white skin color, with a history of migraine headache. She began with purple manifestations in the form of petechiae and ecchymoses spread throughout the body; mucous skin pallor and icterus in skin and sclera, as well as coluria. Hematological, humoral and immunological studies were carried out. She was treated in the Internal Medicine ward at Comandante Pinares General Teaching Hospital. She evolved satisfactorily to treatment with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. The diagnostic discussion of this case was carried out, confirming the Evans-Fisher Syndrome, the updated bibliography on the disease was reviewed(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Trombocitopenia , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Idiopática , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/diagnósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze one case of multiple myeloma (MM) initially presenting cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS), so as to improve clinical understanding and screening of this disease.@*METHODS@#The clinical data, laboratory examination, bone marrow result, diagnosis and treatment of the patient were analyzed and summarized to provide ideas and clinical experience for the early diagnosis and treatment of CAS secondary to MM.@*RESULTS@#The clinical manifestations of asthenia, hemolysis, jaundice and scattered livedo reticularis were caused by CAS secondary to MM, which was different from the general Raynaud's phenomenon. IgMκ type MM was definitely diagnosed according to the morphological features of bone marrow cells and immunofixation electrophoresis. After 3 courses of chemotherapy with BAD regimen and enhanced thermal support, anemia was corrected, M protein was decreased and the cold agglutinin phenomenon was significantly reduced. The evaluation of efficacy reached very good partial response.@*CONCLUSION@#There are very few MM patients with CAS as the initial presentation, so it is easy to misdiagnose. Early diagnosis and individual therapy are particularly important, which requires clinicians to observe and gain experience further.
Assuntos
Humanos , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/diagnóstico , Crioglobulinas , Diagnóstico Precoce , Mieloma Múltiplo/diagnósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the causes of positive irregular antibody screening test and incompatibility of cross matching in one patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia complicated with neonatal hemolytic disease, and to accurately identify the type of antibodies in patients, and to select a reasonable strategy for blood transfusion.@*METHODS@#One children was enrolled, blood group positive and reverse typing, Rh typing, direct anti-human globulin test, free test, dispersal test and cross matching test were carried out by test tube method and microcolumn gel card; irregular antibodies were identified by the reaction of DTT treatment and untreated panel cells with patients' plasma.@*RESULTS@#The blood group of the patient was RhD positive B and irregular antibody screening positive, while the blood group of the mother was RhD positive O and irregular anti-screening negative, the result showed that the anti-LW detected in the plasma of the patient was autoantibody and ABO neonatal hemolytic disease (ABO-HDN) was present. Both O type RhD positive washing RBCs and B type RhD negative RBCs were transfused effectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Irregular antibodies in patients are anti-LW antibodies, and transfusion of homotype RhD negative suspended erythrocytes after the exclusion of ABO-HDN shows a better effect.
Assuntos
Humanos , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Autoanticorpos , Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos , Transfusão de Sangue , Eritroblastose FetalRESUMO
Introduction: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a rare disorder characterized by hemolysis mediated by autoantibodies directed against red blood cells. The demonstration of antibody specificity is a very difficult procedure since autoantibodies in general are nonspecific of antigens and react with all erythrocytes analyzed. Occasionally, specificity is observed against the Rh system antigens. Objective: To determinate the specificity of erythrocytes autoantibodies in DAT positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia by MAIEA technique. Methods: The specificity and isotype of erythrocyte autoantibodies were determined in the eluate of 109 blood samples from patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, by means of the MAIEA technique and the use of monoclonal antibodies that recognized 11 blood group systems and the protein CD47. Results: In 100 percent of cases autoantibodies against Rh system antigens were detected; in 24 cases we detected autoantibodies of IgA and IgM isotypes that recognized different antigens that were recognized by IgG isotype autoantibodies. For idiopathic and secondary warm autoimmune hemolytic anemias, predominance was observed against three or more specificities. IgG was detected in 99.09 percent of the eluates, IgA in 35.77 percent and IgM in 16.51 percent. The high degree of hemolysis was related to the presence of several isotype autoantibodies against four or more blood group specificities. Conclusions: The MAIEA technique is a sensitive method that can be used to determine the specificities and isotypes of autoantibodies in patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Introducción: La anemia hemolítica autoinmune es un trastorno poco común, caracterizado por hemólisis mediada por autoanticuerpos dirigidos contra los glóbulos rojos. La demostración de la especificidad de los anticuerpos es un procedimiento muy difícil, ya que los autoanticuerpos en general no son específicos de los antígenos y reaccionan con todos los eritrocitos analizados. Ocasionalmente, se observa especificidad contra los antígenos del sistema Rh. Objetivo: Determinar la especificidad de los autoanticuerpos eritrocitarios en pacientes con anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes PAD positivas con el empleo de la técnica MAIEA Métodos: Se determinó la especificidad e isotipo de los autoanticuerpos eritrocitarios en el eluido de 109 muestras de sangre de pacientes con anemia hemolítica autoinmune caliente, mediante la técnica de MAIEA y el uso de anticuerpos monoclonales que reconocieron 11 sistemas de grupos sanguíneos y la proteína CD47. Resultados: En el ciento por ciento de los casos se detectaron autoanticuerpos contra los antígenos del sistema Rh. En 24 casos se descubrió autoanticuerpos de isotipos IgA e IgM que reconocieron diferentes antígenos que fueron a su vez reconocidos por autoanticuerpos de isotipo IgG. Se observó para las anemias hemolíticas autoinmunes calientes idiopáticas y secundarias; predominio frente a tres o más especificidades. Se detectó IgG en el 99,09 por ciento de los eluidos, IgA en 35,77 por ciento e IgM en 16,51 por ciento. El alto grado de hemólisis se relacionó con la presencia de varios isotipos de autoanticuerpos contra cuatro o más especificidades de grupos sanguíneos. Conclusiones: La técnica MAIEA es un método sensible que puede usarse para determinar las especificidades e isotipos de autoanticuerpos en pacientes con anemia hemolítica autoinmune caliente.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos , Imunoglobulina G , Imunoglobulina M , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Especificidade de AnticorposRESUMO
Introducción: La membrana de los eritrocitos, al igual que las membranas de otros tipos celulares, está compuesta por una bicapa lipídica que es estabilizada por proteínas específicas, glucolípidos y otras moléculas especializadas. Las mutaciones producidas en los genes que codifican y regulan estas proteínas y sus interacciones producen cambios en la forma de los eritrocitos y son causa de anemias hemolíticas hereditarias. Objetivo: Describir las peculiaridades moleculares, clínicas y el diagnóstico de laboratorio de las principales anemias hemolíticas hereditarias por defectos en la membrana de los eritrocitos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, en inglés y español, a través del sitio web PubMed y el motor de búsqueda Google académico de artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Se hizo un análisis y resumen de la bibliografía revisada. Análisis y síntesis de la información: Las mutaciones que afectan la membrana de los eritrocitos son variadas y heterogéneas. El efecto sobre el fenotipo puede ser clasificado en cinco categorías principales: esferocitosis hereditaria; eliptocitosis hereditaria y piropoiquilocitosis hereditaria; ovalocitosis del sureste asiático; acantocitosis hereditaria y estomatocitosis hereditaria. Conclusiones: La cuidadosa observación de la morfología de los eritrocitos en extendidos de sangre periférica y los estudios moleculares permiten realizar un diagnóstico certero, además de confirmar la correlación genotipo/fenotipo en estas enfermedades(AU)
Introduction: The erythrocyte membrane, like the membranes of other cell types, is composed of a lipid bilayer that is stabilized by specific proteins, glycolipids and other specialized molecules. Mutations in the genes that encode and regulate these proteins and their interactions cause changes in the shape of erythrocytes and are the cause of hereditary hemolytic anemias. Objective: To describe the molecular and clinical peculiarities and the laboratory diagnosis of the main hereditary hemolytic anemias due to defects in the erythrocyte membrane. Methods: A literature review was carried out, in English and in Spanish, through the PubMed website and the Google Scholar search engine, of articles published in the last ten years. An analysis and summary of the revised bibliography was made. Information analysis and synthesis: Mutations affecting the erythrocyte membrane are varied and heterogeneous. The effect on the phenotype can be classified into five main categories: hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis, Southeast Asian ovalocytosis, hereditary acantocytosis, and hereditary stomatocytosis. Conclusions: Careful observation of erythrocyte morphology in peripheral blood smears and molecular studies allow an accurate diagnosis, in addition to confirming the genotype-phenotype correlation in these diseases(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Fenótipo , Genótipo , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune/diagnósticoRESUMO
Giant cell hepatitis with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA) is a rare disease of infancy characterized by the presence of both Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia and progressive liver disease with giant cell transformation of hepatocytes. Here, we report a case involving a seven-month-old male infant who presented with AHA followed by cholestatic hepatitis. The clinical features included jaundice, pallor, and red urine. Physical examination showed generalized icterus and splenomegaly. The laboratory findings suggested warm-type AHA with cholestatic hepatitis. Liver biopsy revealed giant cell transformation of hepatocytes and moderate lobular inflammation. The patient was successfully treated with four doses of rituximab. Early relapse of hemolytic anemia and hepatitis was observed, which prompted the use of an additional salvage dose of rituximab. He is currently in clinical remission.
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Anemia Hemolítica , Anemia Hemolítica Autoimune , Biópsia , Células Gigantes , Hepatite , Hepatócitos , Inflamação , Icterícia , Fígado , Hepatopatias , Palidez , Exame Físico , Doenças Raras , Recidiva , Rituximab , EsplenomegaliaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different types of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and hormone therapy in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).@*METHODS@#The clinical data and serological characteristics of 40 patients with AIHA treated in our hospital from 2014 to 2018 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. The efficacy and safety of different type of RBC transfusion and hormone therapy were evaluated according to the principle of minimally incompatible RBC transfusion after cross-matching.@*RESULTS@#Among 40 patients with AIHA, the female cases were more than the male cases, the cases of secondary AIHA was more than cases of primary AIHA, and the warm autoantibodies were in the majority. 11 cases of AIHA underwent 26 times minimally incompatible red blood cell transfusions. The total effective rate was 46.2%, the partial efficiency was 23.1%, and total inefficiency was 30.8%. Among them, the same type of non-washing red blood cell group showed efficiency of 42.1%, partial effective rate of 21.1%, and inefficiency of 36.8%; the same type of washed red blood cell group showed efficiency of 57.1%, partial effective rate of 28.6%, and inefficiency of 14.3%. the infusion effects was not significanly different between the two groups, and no hemolytic transfusion reaction occurred. In the hormone-treated group, the complete remission rate was 15.2%, the partial remission rate was 63.6%, and the ineffective rate was 21.2%. Among them, the side effects appeared in 2 patients after using hormones.@*CONCLUSION@#When AIHA patients need blood transfusion, use the same type of non-washed red blood cells or homologous washed cells is relatively safe, and the difference in efficacy is not significant. The partial remission of patients received hormone therapy is much higher than that of red blood cell transfusion, but the side effects easily happen.