Novel Pathogenic Mutation of PNPLA1 Identified in Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis: A Case Report / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is characterized by being born as collodion babies, hyperkeratosis, and skin scaling. We described a collodion baby at birth with mild ectropion, eclabium, and syndactyly. Whole exome sequencing showed a compound heterozygous variant c.[56C>A], p.(Ser19X) and c.[100G>A], p.(Ala34Thr) in the PNPLA1 gene [NM_001145717; exon 1]. The protein encoded by PNPLA1 acts as a unique transacylase that specifically transfers linoleic acid from triglyceride to ω-hydroxy fatty acid in ceramide, thus giving rise to ω-O-acylceramide, a particular class of sphingolipids that is essential for skin barrier function. The variant was located in the patatin core domain of PNPLA1 and resulted in a truncated protein which could disrupt the function of the protein. This case report highlights a novel compound heterozygous mutation in PNPLA1 identified in a Chinese child.

Development of a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of Rice stripe virus / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes dramatic losses in rice production worldwide. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 16E6 and 11C1 against RSV and a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip were developed for specific, sensitive, and rapid detection of RSV in rice plant and planthopper samples. The MAb 16E6 was conjugated with colloidal gold and the MAb 11C1 was coated on the test line of the nitrocellulose membrane of the test strip. The specificity of the test strip was confirmed by a positive reaction to RSV-infected rice plants and small brown planthopper (SBPH), and negative reactions to five other rice viruses, healthy rice plants, four other vectors of five rice viruses, and non-viruliferous SBPH. Sensitivity analyses showed that the test strip could detect the virus in RSV-infected rice plant tissue crude extracts diluted to 1:20 480 (w/v, g/mL), and in individual viruliferous SBPH homogenate diluted to 1:2560 (individual SPBH/μL). The validity of the developed strip was further confirmed by tests using field-collected rice and SBPH samples. This newly developed test strip is a low-cost, fast, and easy-to-use tool for on-site detection of RSV infection during field epidemiological studies and paddy field surveys, and thus can benefit decision-making for RSV management in the field.

A Case of Self-healing Collodion Baby / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Preparation and immunogenicity of influenza virus-like particles using nitrocellulose membrane filtration

PURPOSE: Nitrocellulose membrane–based filtration system (NCFS) is widely used for protein concentration. In this study, we applied NCFS for production of virus-like particle (VLP) as a vaccine candidate and evaluated yield property and immunogenicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Influenza VLPs were generated by baculovirus-insect cell protein expression system. NCFS and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation were used for purification of VLP. Immunogenicity of VLP was evaluated by animal experiment. RESULTS: Influenza VLPs expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins derived from highly pathogenic influenza virus (H5N8) were effectively produced and purified by NCFS. HA activity of VLP which correlated with antigenicity was well conserved during multiple purification steps. This NCFS based purified VLPs induced influenza virus–specific antibody responses. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the influenza VLP vaccine could be prepared by NCFS without loss of immunogenicity and elicit antigen-specific immune responses.

Development of an immunochromatographic strip for detection of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

A simple and rapid immunochromatographic test strip incorporating a colloidal gold-labeled recombinant Nsp7 antigen probe was successfully developed for the detection of anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies in swine. Recombinant Nsp7 protein of PRRSV labeled with colloidal gold was dispensed on a conjugate pad for use as the detector. Staphylococcal protein A and purified porcine anti-Nsp7 antibodies were blotted on a nitrocellulose membrane to form test and control lines, respectively. A comparison of the strip with standard diagnostic tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, was also performed. The immunochromatographic test strip was shown to be of high specificity and sensitivity. Furthermore, the strip assay is rapid and easy to perform with no requirement for professional-level skills or equipment. It is suggested that the immunochromatographic test strip can be used to quickly and accurately detect PRRSV antibody and to be suitable for diagnostic purposes in the field.

Elution of urinary proteins preserved on nitrocellulose membrane with heating / 生物工程学报

The preservation of urinary proteins on a membrane plays a vital role in biomarker research, and the efficient elution of proteins preserved on nitrocellulose membrane (NC membrane) determines the application of this method. During the heating elution procedure, we raised the temperature to reduce the intense vortexing time, and kept gentle rotating while precipitation to prevent nitrocellulose reformation. We also used SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS to analyze the urinary proteins prepared by heating elution procedure, intense vortexing elution procedure and acetone precipitation method. There was no degradation of proteins prepared by heating elution procedure. Compared with proteins prepared by heating elution method and acetone precipitation method, the overlapping rates of the proteins was almost the same (92.6% versus 96.8%) and the ratios of CV values (< 20%) of the proteins were both high (85.2% and 94.4%). The heating elution procedure achieved good technical reproducibility, and was much simpler and more efficient than the previous one. It can facilitate the application of the preservation of urinary proteins on membrane.

Comparison of two urinary protein preparation methods: nitrocellulose membrane preservation and acetone precipitation / 生物工程学报

Nitrocellulose membrane based urinary protein preservation method is simple, fast and economic, but its advantage over the traditionally used acetone precipitation method is still unclear. In this work, we prepared urinary proteins by the two methods by LC-MS/MS. Then we used protein spectra counts to assess the reproducibility of the two methods. Proteins identified by the two methods were almost the same in number, spectral count distribution and distribution of coefficients of variation value. In conclusion, nitrocellulose membrane method is generally the same as acetone precipitation method. It can be used for large scale preservation of clinical urine samples.

Debonding forces of three different customized bases of a lingual bracket system / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether extension of the custom base is necessary for enhancement of bond strength, by comparing the debonding forces and residual adhesives of 3 different lingual bracket systems. METHODS: A total of 42 extracted upper premolars were randomly divided into 3 groups of 14 each for bonding with brackets having (1) a conventional limited resin custom base; (2) an extended gold alloy custom base: Incognito(TM); and (3) an extended resin custom base: KommonBase(TM). The bonding area was measured by scanning the bracket bases with a 3-dimensional digital scanner. The debonding force was measured with an Instron universal testing machine, which applied an occlusogingival shear force. RESULTS: The mean debonding forces were 60.83 N (standard deviation [SD] 10.12), 69.29 N (SD 9.59), and 104.35 N (SD17.84) for the limited resin custom base, extended gold alloy custom base, and extended resin custom base, respectively. The debonding force observed with the extended resin custom base was significantly different from that observed with the other bases. In addition, the adhesive remnant index was significantly higher with the extended gold alloy custom base. CONCLUSIONS: All 3 custom-base lingual brackets can withstand occlusal and orthodontic forces. We conclude that effective bonding of lingual brackets can be obtained without extension of the custom base.

Comparative study of fracture strength depending on the occlusal thickness of full zirconia crown / 대한치과보철학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture strength of traditional metal-ceramic crowns and full zirconia crowns according to the occlusal thickness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mandibular first molar resin tooth was prepared with 1.5 mm occlusal reduction, 1.0 mm rounded shoulder margin and 6degrees taperness in the axial wall. Duplicating the resin tooth, 64 metal dies were fabricated. 48 full zirconia crowns were fabricated using Prettau zirconia blanks by ZIRKONZAHN CAD/CAM and classified into six groups according to the occlusal thickness (0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.9 mm, 1.0 mm). 16 metal-ceramic crowns were fabricated and classified into two groups according to the occlusal porcelain thickness (1.0 mm, 1.5 mm). All crowns were cemented on each metal die and mounted in a universal testing machine. The load was directed at the functional cusp of each specimen until catastrophic failure occurred. One-way ANOVA, Tukey multiple comparison test (alpha=.05) and t-test (alpha=.05) were used. RESULTS: The results were as follows. 1. The test 1 group (646.48 N) showed the lowest fracture strength (P.05). The value of test 6 group (1781.24 N) was significantly higher than those of the other groups (P<.05). 2. There were no significant differences of the fracture strength of metal ceramic crowns according to occlusal porcelain thickness 1.0 mm (2515.71 N) and 1.5 mm (3473.31 N) (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Full zirconia crown needs to be 1.0 mm or over in occlusal thickness for the posterior area to have higher fracture strength than maximum bite force.

Patient Safety in Spine Surgery: Regarding the Wrong-Site Surgery

Patient safety regarding wrong site surgery has been one of the priority issues in surgical fields including that of spine care. Since the wrong-side surgery in the DM foot patient was reported on a public mass media in 1996, the wrong-site surgery issue has attracted wide public interest as regarding patient safety. Despite the many wrong-site surgery prevention campaigns in spine care such as the operate through your initial program by the Canadian Orthopaedic Association, the sign your site program by the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeon, the sign, mark and X-ray program by the North American Spine Society, and the Universal Protocol program by the Joint Commission, the incidence of wrong-site surgery has not decreased. To prevent wrong-site surgery in spine surgeries, the spine surgeons must put patient safety first, complying with the hospital policies regarding patient safety. In the operating rooms, the surgeons need to do their best to level the hierarchy, enabling all to speak up if any patient safety concerns are noted. Changing the operating room culture is the essential part of the patient safety concerning spine surgery.

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis for Detection of Bacterial Population and Diversity in Amniotic Fluids and Neonatal Gastric Fluids

PURPOSE: Intra-amniotic infection (IAI) is often polymicrobial, and the 16S rDNA PCR assay has a major limitation that its interpretation is difficult in the presence of multiple 16S rDNAs. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) can overcome this limitation by separating PCR products based on sequence. We performed the DGGE analysis to investigate bacterial prevalence and diversity in amniotic fluids from pregnant women with preterm births and gastric fluids from their newborns. METHODS: DNA was extracted from bacterial cells in amniotic fluid (AF) and gastric fluid (GF) and was amplified with universal 16S rDNA primers. For DGGE analysis, the PCR products were loaded onto polyacrylamide gels that were made with denaturing gradients. RESULTS: Bacterial 16S rDNA was detected by PCR from all AF and GF samples. The bacterial species in AF samples were the following: Lactobacillus reuteri (87.0%), uncultured Enterococcus species (65.2%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (13.0%), and Enterococcus faecalis (4.3%). The bacterial species in GF samples were the following: Lactobacillus reuteri (95.2%), uncultured Enterococcus species (42.9%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (4.8%). Two or more species were identified from 69.6% of AF and 47.6% of GF samples. CONCLUSION: We suggest that DGGE analysis allows improved understanding of microbial diversity and community in AF and GF.

Adhesion of 10-MDP containing resin cements to dentin with and without the etch-and-rinse technique

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the adhesion of 10-MDP containing self-etch and self-adhesive resin cements to dentin with and without the use of etch-and-rinse technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human third molars (N=180) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=30 per group). Conventional (Panavia F2.0, Kuraray-PAN) and self-adhesive resin cements (Clearfil SA, Kuraray-CSA) were bonded to dentin surfaces either after application of 3-step etch-and-rinse (35% H3PO4 + ED Primer) or two-step self-etch adhesive resin (Clearfil SE Bond). Specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test using the universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). The failure types were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and quality of hybrid layer was observed under a scanning electron microscope. The data (MPa) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Overall, PAN adhesive cement showed significantly higher mean bond strength (12.5 +/- 2.3 - 14.1 +/- 2.4 MPa) than CSA cement (9.3 +/- 1.4 - 13.9 +/- 1.9 MPa) (P<.001). Adhesive failures were more frequent in CSA cement groups when used in conjunction with two-step self-adhesive (68%) or no adhesive at all (66%). Hybrid layer quality was inferior in CSA compared to PAN cement in all conditions. CONCLUSION: In clinical situations where bonding to dentin substrate is crucial, both conventional and self-adhesive resin cements based on 10-MDP can benefit from etch-and-rinse technique to achieve better quality of adhesion in the early clinical period.

Influence of various metal oxides on mechanical and physical properties of heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate denture base resins

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of various metal oxides on impact strength (IS), fracture toughness (FT), water sorption (WSP) and solubility (WSL) of heat-cured acrylic resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty acrylic resin specimens were fabricated for each test and divided into five groups. Group 1 was the control group and Group 2, 3, 4 and 5 (test groups) included a mixture of 1% TiO2 and 1% ZrO2, 2% Al2O3, 2% TiO2, and 2% ZrO2 by volume, respectively. Rectangular unnotched specimens (50 mm x 6.0 mm x 4.0 mm) were fabricated and droptower impact testing machine was used to determine IS. For FT, compact test specimens were fabricated and tests were done with a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. For WSP and WSL, discshaped specimens were fabricated and tests were performed in accordance to ISO 1567. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: IS and FT values were significantly higher and WSP and WSL values were significantly lower in test groups than in control group (P<.05). Group 5 had significantly higher IS and FT values and significantly lower WSP values than other groups (P<.05) and provided 40% and 30% increase in IS and FT, respectively, compared to control group. Significantly lower WSL values were detected for Group 2 and 5 (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Modification of heat-cured acrylic resin with metal oxides, especially with ZrO2, may be useful in preventing denture fractures and undesirable physical changes resulting from oral fluids clinically.

Effect of various intraoral repair systems on the shear bond strength of composite resin to zirconia

PURPOSE: This study compared the effect of three intraoral repair systems on the bond strength between composite resin and zirconia core. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty zirconia specimens were divided into three groups according to the repair method: Group I- CoJet(TM) Repair System (3M ESPE) [chairside silica coating with 30 microm SiO2 + silanization + adhesive]; Group II- Ceramic Repair System (Ivoclar Vivadent) [etching with 37% phosphoric acid + Zirconia primer + adhesive]; Group III- Signum Zirconia Bond (Heraus) [Signum Zirconia Bond I + Signum Zirconia Bond II]. Composite resin was polymerized on each conditioned specimen. The shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine, and fracture sites were examined with FE-SEM. Surface morphology and wettability after surface treatments were examined additionally. The data of bond strengths were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tamhane post hoc test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Increased surface roughness and the highest wettability value were observed in the CoJet sand treated specimens. The specimens treated with 37% phosphoric acid and Signum Zirconia Bond I did not show any improvement of surface irregularity, and the lowest wettability value were found in 37% phosphoric acid treated specimens. There was no significant difference in the bond strengths between Group I (7.80 +/- 0.76 MPa) and III (8.98 +/- 1.39 MPa). Group II (3.21 +/- 0.78 MPa) showed a significant difference from other groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The use of Intraoral silica coating system and the application of Signum Zirconia Bond are effective for increasing the bond strength of composite resin to zirconia.

Push-out bond strengths of fiber-reinforced composite posts with various resin cements according to the root level

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether the push-out bond strengths between the radicular dentin and fiber reinforced-composite (FRC) posts with various resin cements decreased or not, according to the coronal, middle or apical level of the root. MATERIALS AND METHODS: FRC posts were cemented with one of five resin cement groups (RelyX Unicem: Uni, Contax with activator & LuxaCore-Dual: LuA, Contax & LuxaCore-Dual: Lu, Panavia F 2.0: PA, Super-Bond C&B: SB) into extracted human mandibular premolars. The roots were sliced into discs at the coronal, middle and apical levels. Push-out bond strength tests were performed with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and the failure aspect was analyzed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences (P>.05) in the bond strengths of the different resin cements at the coronal level, but there were significant differences in the bond strengths at the middle and apical levels (P.05); all other groups had a significant decrease in bond strength at the middle or apical level (P<.05). The failure aspect was dominantly cohesive at the coronal level of all resin cements (P<.05), whereas it was dominantly adhesive at the apical level. CONCLUSION: All resin cement groups showed decreases in bond strengths at the middle or apical level except LuA and Uni.

Peel strength of denture liner to PMMA and polyamide: laser versus air-abrasion

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of laser parameters and air-abrasion on the peel strength of silicon-based soft denture liner to different denture resins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens (N=180) were prepared out of three different denture base resins (Rodex, cross-linked denture base acrylic resin; Paladent, heat-cured acrylic resin; Deflex, Polyamide resin) (75 mm x 25 mm x 3 mm). A silicon-based soft denture liner (Molloplast B) was applied to the denture resins after the following conditioning methods: a) Air-abrasion (50 microm), b) Er,Cr:YSGG laser (Waterlase MD Turbo, Biolase Technology) at 2 W-20 Hz, c) Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 2 W-30 Hz, d) Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 3 W-20 Hz, e) Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 3 W-30 Hz. Non-conditioned group acted as the control group. Peel test was performed in a universal testing machine. Failure modes were evaluated visually. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Denture liner tested showed increased peel strength after laser treatment with different parameters (3.9+/-0.4 - 5.58+/-0.6 MPa) compared to the control (3.64+/-0.5 - 4.58+/-0.5 MPa) and air-abraded groups (3.1+/-0.6 - 4.46+/-0.3 MPa), but the results were not statistically significant except for Paladent, with the pretreatment of Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 3 W-20 Hz. Polyamide resin after air-abrasion showed significantly lower peel strength than those of other groups (3.1+/-0.6 MPa). CONCLUSION: Heat-cured acrylic resin, PMMA, may benefit from Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment at 3 W-20 Hz irradiation. Air-abrasion of polyamide resins should be avoided not to impair their peel bond strengths to silicon-based soft denture liners.

The effect of additional etching and curing mechanism of composite resin on the dentin bond strength

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional acid etching and curing mechanism (light-curing or self-curing) of a composite resin on the dentin bond strength and compatibility of one-step self-etching adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen human permanent molars were randomly divided into eight groups according to the adhesives used (All-Bond Universal: ABU, Clearfil S3 Bond: CS3), additional acid etching (additional acid etching performed: EO, no additional acid etching performed: EX), and composite resins (Filtek Z-250: Z250, Clearfil FII New Bond: CFNB). Group 1: ABU-EO-Z250, Group 2: ABU-EO-CFNB, Group 3: ABU-EX-Z250, Group 4: ABU-EX-CFNB, Group 5: CS3-EO-Z250, Group 6: CS3-EO-CFNB, Group 7: CS3-EX-Z250, Group 8: CS3-EX-CFNB. After bonding procedures, composite resins were built up on dentin surfaces. After 24-hour water storage, the teeth were sectioned to make 10 specimens for each group. The microtensile bond strength test was performed using a microtensile testing machine. The failure mode of the fractured specimens was examined by means of an optical microscope at x20 magnification. The data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Additional etching groups showed significantly higher values than the no additional etching group when using All-Bond Universal. The light-cured composite resin groups showed significantly higher values than the self-cured composite resin groups in the Clearfil S3 Bond. CONCLUSION: The additional acid etching is beneficial for the dentin bond strength when using low acidic one-step self-etch adhesives, and low acidic one-step self-etch adhesives are compatible with self-cured composite resin. The acidity of the one-step self-etch adhesives is an influencing factor in terms of the dentin bonding strength and incompatibility with a self-cured composite resin.

Bond strength of veneer ceramic and zirconia cores with different surface modifications after microwave sintering

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of surface treatments on shear bond strength (SBS) between microwave and conventionally sintered zirconia core/veneers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 96 disc shaped Noritake Alliance zirconia specimens were fabricated using YenaDent CAM unit and were divided in 2 groups with respect to microwave or conventional methods (n=48/group). Surface roughness (Ra) evaluation was made with a profilometer on randomly selected microwave (n=10) and conventionally sintered (n=10) cores. Specimens were then assessed into 4 subgroups according to surface treatments applied (n=12/group). Groups for microwave (M) and conventionally (C) sintered core specimens were as follows; M(C),C(C): untreated (control group), M1,C1:Al2O3 sandblasting, M2,C2:liner, M3,C3:Al2O3 sandblasting followed by liner. Veneer ceramic was fired on zirconia cores and specimens were thermocycled (6000 cycles between 5degrees-55degrees C). All specimens were subjected to SBS test using a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min, failure were evaluated under an optical microscope. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro Wilk, Levene, Post-hoc Tukey HSD and Student's t tests, Two-Way-Variance-Analysis and One-Way-Variance-Analysis (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Conventionally sintered specimens (1.06 +/- 0.32 microm) showed rougher surfaces compared to microwave sintered ones (0.76 +/- 0.32 microm)(P=.046), however, no correlation was found between SBS and surface roughness (r=-0.109, P=.658). The statistical comparison of the shear bond strengths of C3 and C1 group (P=.015); C(C) and M(C) group (P=.004) and C3 and M3 group presented statistically higher (P=.005) values. While adhesive failure was not seen in any of the groups, cohesive and combined patterns were seen in all groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this in-vitro study, Al2O3-sandblasting followed by liner application on conventionally sintered zirconia cores may be preferred to enhance bond strength.

The effect of alumina and aluminium nitride coating by reactive magnetron sputtering on the resin bond strength to zirconia core

PURPOSE: Although several surface treatments have been recently investigated both under in vitro and in vivo conditions, controversy still exists regarding the selection of the most appropriate zirconia surface pre-treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of alumina (Al) and aluminium nitride (AlN) coating on the shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement to zirconia core. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty zirconia core discs were divided into 5 groups; air particle abrasion with 50 microm aluminum oxide particles (Al2O3), polishing + Al coating, polishing + AlN coating, air particle abrasion with 50 microm Al2O3 + Al coating and air particle abrasion with 50 microm Al2O3 + AlN coating. Composite resin discs were cemented to each of specimens. Shear bond strength (MPa) was measured using a universal testing machine. The effects of the surface preparations on each specimen were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The highest bond strengths were obtained by air abrasion with 50 microm Al2O3, the lowest bond strengths were obtained in polishing + Al coating group (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Al and AlN coatings using the reactive magnetron sputtering technique were found to be ineffective to increase the bond strength of adhesive resin cement to zirconia core.

Prevention of venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin in bariatirc surgery / 대한외과학회지

PURPOSE: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) after bariatric surgery is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Current modalities of thromboprophylaxis include subcutaneous injection of unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), pneumatic compression, elastic stockings, and inferior vena cava filters. Despite universal agreement on the need for thromboprophylaxis, no clear consensus has been reached regarding the best regimen and treatment duration of bariatric surgery. METHODS: From April, 2009 to December, 2011, we performed 200 bariatric surgery (191 with primary intent, 9 with revisional intent). There was no history of VTE prior to surgery. Clexane therapy was done with 4000 U SQ once daily for 2 weeks to the day before surgery. Development of VTE was assessed by direct interview, physical examination in out-patient clinic, and phone calls to patients for history taking if needed. The history taking was presented in questionnaire format. The patients were asked to state their symptoms of VTE by answering the questionnaire. The patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months after surgery to determine the incidence of clinical VTE. RESULTS: Two-week Clexane therapy was completed in 193 patients. Clexane was stopped in 5 due to surgical related complications (4 bleeding, 1 reoperation due to leak), in 2 due to Clexane related complications (1 epistaxis, 1 metrorrhagia). Follow-up of out-patient clinic were 68%, those who could follow up by telephone were 89%. There was no evidence of VTE. CONCLUSION: A 2-week VTE prophylaxis regimen using LMWH is simple, effective and associated with a low incidence of complications.