Neurobiology of N-glycosylation modification and its roles in neurological disorders / 解剖学报

Neurodevelopment and neuronal function are modulated by multiple factors including environment,genetics and epigenetics.As a post-translational modification,N-glycosylation is catalyzed by glycosyltransferase and involves in diverse biological processes.N-glycosylation is abundant in neuronal system,regulates the development and maturation of synapse,and inflammatory response of glial cells.The dysregulation of N-glycosylation induces neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease,congenital disorders of glycosylation,schizophrenia and epilepsy.In the present review,we have summarized the progresses of N-glycosylation in regulating neuronal and astrocytic function,and its roles in neurological disorders and related mechanisms.

Analysis of External Quality Assessment Results for HPV6 and HPV11 Nucleic Acid Testing in Clinical Laboratories of Shanghai and Other Provinces and Cities from 2020 to 2022 / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the testing capabilities of laboratories,analyze existing issues,and improve testing quality,through carrying out the external quality assessment(EQA)of clinical laboratories for human papillomavirus(HPV)type 6 and 11 nucleic acid detection.Methods EQA plan was carried out twice a year.Each panel contains 4 positive samples,including one strong positive sample and one weak positive sample of HPV6 and HPV11,made from cervical secretions from patients with clinical manifestations of condyloma acuminata(CA)and positive for HPV6 or HPV11(from Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital).One negative sample was cultured from the C-33A cell line(from Chinese Academy of Sciences).Samples were sent to participating laboratories by cold chain,and laboratories were required to detect test samples and upload their results within the specified time.Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory(SCCL)calculated the scores of each laboratory based on the return results.Results A total of 163 sample panels were sent out in the 6 rounds of EQA plan and 140 valid reports were received.The laboratory qualification rate was 96.43%(135/140)and the sample compliance rate was 97.86%(685/700).There were 13 false negative results and 2 false positive results,with weakly positive samples accounting for 76.92%(10/13)of the false negative results.Conclusion The detection accuracy of HPV6/11 nucleic acid in each laboratory was relatively high,and the detection ability of weak positive samples in individual laboratories may need to be improved.The laboratory could discover problems and improve its quality management by participating in EQA.

Simultaneous detection of 7 important Rickettsiales pathogens by TaqMan-probe quantitative real-time PCR / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To establish and optimize a TaqMan-probe quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection of 7 important Rickettsiales pathogens and simultaneous identification of the infection types. Methods: Based on the ompB gene of Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia mooseri and spotted fever group rickettsiae, the groEL gene of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the 16S rRNA of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the gltA gene of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and the com1 gene of Coxiella burnetii, we synthesized primers and TaqMan-probes and optimized the reaction system and reaction process to same solution. The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of this assay were evaluated and the assay was used for the detection of simulated and actual samples. Results: The Ct value of the standard curves of the 7 pathogens showed a good linear relationship with the number of DNA copies (all R2 >0.990 0), the minimum detection limit was 10 copies/μl, showing good specificity. In the 96 tick nucleic acid extracts, Coxiella burnetii was detected in 1 sampleand spotted fever group Rickettsiae was detected in 3 samples. In the 80 blood samples from patients with undefined febrile illness, Orientia tsutsugamushi was detected in 1 sample and spotted fever group rickettsiae was detected in 2 samples. Conclusions: In this study, based on the established TaqMan-probe qPCR assay, the reaction system and reaction condition of the 7 important pathogens of Rickettsiales were optimized to the same solution. This method overcomes the shortcomings of using different reaction systems and reaction conditions for different pathogens, which can precisely identify the species of 7 important pathogens of Rickettsiales in clinical sample detections and is important for the infection type identification and laboratory detection time reduction to facilitate precise treatment of the patients.

Practice and prospect of artificial intelligence in diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer / 国际肿瘤学杂志

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and oncology are rapidly integrated and developed, gradually moving towards clinical application. In China, the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer rank first among various tumors. The development of AI technologies such as convolutional neural network, narrow-band imaging magnifying endoscope, full-field digital section and survival circulation network has the potential to be applied to early screening, auxiliary diagnosis, pathological diagnosis, prognosis analysis, as well as individualized diagnosis and treatment process of gastric cancer. However, AI medical treatment still has many problems such as insufficient data sample size and difficulty in integration. Reasonable design and application of AI technology is expected to provide more scientific and accurate diagnosis and treatment for patients with gastric cancer, improve the overall survival rate and quality of life of patients with gastric cancer, and achieve more breakthroughs in the medical field.

Research progress on the association between violet light and myopia / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Myopia has become a major global public health problem. Exposure to outdoor light may explain the protective effect of outdoor activities on myopia. Currently, a growing number of studies focus on the effects of the spectrum on eye health. Recent studies have found that violet light may have a protective effect on myopia, but the mechanism of action between violet light and myopia is not yet fully understood. The paper reviews the association between violet light and myopia prevention and control, and the possible mechanisms of violet light and myopia to provide a reference value for further exploration of the role of violet light on myo pia .

Revealing characteristics and rules of acupoint sensitization phenomena: based on knee osteoarthritis / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the characteristics and rules of acupoint sensitization phenomena based on knee osteoarthritis (KOA), one of the clinical dominant diseases of acupuncture-moxibustion.@*METHODS@#In combination with literature and expert experiences, the acupoints with the highest use frequency in treatment of KOA were screened, e.g. Heding (EX-LE 2), Liangqiu (ST 34), Mingmen (GV 4), Neixiyan (EX-LE 4), Ququan (LR 8) and Dubi (ST 35). In 814 patients with KOA and 217 healthy subjects, the acupoint temperature, mechanic pain threshold and pressure pain threshold were detected separately. Using machine learning method, the sensitization was judged at each acupoint.@*RESULTS@#Compared with healthy subjects, the acupoint temperature was increased and the mechanic pain threshold and pressure pain threshold were reduced in KOA patients (P<0.05). Besides, the cut-off value was presented to distinguish whether the acupoint was sensitized or not. The results of machine learning showed that the highest prediction accuracy of acupoint sensitization was 86.7% (Shenshu [BL 23]) and the lowest one was 73.9% (Heding [EX LE 2]). The prediction accuracy at the third clinical stage trial was higher, the highest was 93.3% (Ququan [LR 8]) in KOA patients.@*CONCLUSION@#It is confirmed that the acupoint sensitization reflects the characteristics of disease and is correlative with the conditions of illness, which may provide the reference for the auxiliary diagnosis and condition assessment of KOA.

Inhibition connexin 43 by mimetic peptide Gap27 mediates protective effects on 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinson's disease mouse model / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore whether the using of mimetic peptide Gap27, a selective inhibitor of connexin 43 (Cx43), could block the death of dopamine neurons and influence the expression of Cx43 in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson's disease mouse models.@*METHODS@#Eighteen C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, 6-OHDA group and 6-OHDA+Gap27 group, with 6 mice in each group. Bilateral substantia nigra stereotactic injection was performed. The control group was injected with ascorbate solution, 6-OHDA group was injected with 6-OHDA solution, and 6-OHDA+Gap27 group was injected with 6-OHDA and Gap27 mixed solution. Immuno-histochemical staining was used to detect the number of dopamine neurons, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of Cx43 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), immuno-fluorescence staining was used to detect the distribution of Cx43 protein, the contents of Cx43 protein and Cx43 phosphorylation at serine 368 (Cx43-ps368) in mouse midbrain were detected by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#After injection of 6-OHDA, numerous dopamine neurons in substantia nigra died as Cx43 content increased, Cx43-ps368 content decreased. Mixing Gap27 while injecting 6-OHDA could reduce the number of death dopamine neurons and weaken the changes of Cx43 and Cx43-ps368 content caused by 6-OHDA. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive positive neurons in 6-OHDA group decreased to 27.7% ± 0.02% of the control group (P < 0.01); The number of TH immunoreactive positive neurons in 6-OHDA+Gap27 group was (1.64±0.16) times higher than that in 6-OHDA group (P < 0.05); The content of total Cx43 protein in 6-OHDA group was (1.44±0.07) times higher than that in 6-OHDA+Gap27 group (P < 0.05) while (1.68±0.07) times higher than that in control group (P < 0.01). In 6-OHDA group, the content of Cx43-ps368 protein and its proportion in total Cx43 protein were significantly lower than that in 6-OHDA+Gap27 group (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#In 6-OHDA mouse models, mimetic peptide Gap27 played a protective role in reducing the damage to substantia nigra dopamine neurons, which was induced by 6-OHDA. The overexpression of Cx43 protein might have neurotoxicity to dopamine neuron. Meanwhile, decreasing Cx43 protein level and keeping Cx43-ps368 protein level may be the protective mechanisms of Gap27.

Ionizing Radiation-Induced RPL23a Reduction Regulates Apoptosis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The expression patterns of ribosomal large subunit protein 23a (RPL23a) in mouse testes and GC-1 cells were analyzed to investigate the potential relationship between RPL23a expression and spermatogonia apoptosis upon exposure to X-ray.@*Methods@#Male mice and GC-1 cells were irradiated with X-ray, terminal dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) was performed to detect apoptotic spermatogonia @*Results@#Ionizing radiation (IR) increased spermatogonia apoptosis, the expression of RPL11, MDM2 and p53, and decreased RPL23a expression in mice spermatogonia @*Conclusion@#These results suggested that IR reduced RPL23a expression, leading to weakened the RPL23a-RPL11 interactions, which may have activated p53, resulting in spermatogonia apoptosis. These results provide insights into environmental and clinical risks of radiotherapy following exposure to IR in male fertility. The graphical abstract was available in the web of www.besjournal.com.

An acute schistosomiasis case in Wuhan City imported from another province of China in 2020 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

An imported case of acute schistosomiasis was reported in Wuhan City in 2020. The case was infected with Schistosoma by contact with the infested water due to playing water in the Yangtze River when working out of Hubei Province. The patient visited four medical institutions and the duration from onset to definitive diagnosis was 20 days. The patient’s low awareness of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge and lack of diagnosis and treatment awareness for schistosomiasis among medical institutions were considered as main causes of the development of acute schistosomiasis and progression to severe case. Intensifying schistosomiasis health education among mobile populations and improving the awareness and capability of early diagnosis of schistosomiasis among clinicians are recommended.

Anatomical Study of the Accessory Tendon of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle and Its Clinical Application

Background@#The accessory tendon of the extensor hallucis longus (ATEHL) muscle is a common abnormal structure, and its clinical significance remains debatable. In this study, we provide the incidence of the ATEHL and characterize its morphological types in Asian cadavers and investigate its clinical applications. @*Methods@#The tendons from 50 adult cadaveric feet, fixed in 10% formalin, were analyzed. We measured the length and width of both the ATEHL and the extensor hallucis brevis (EHB). @*Results@#All dissected specimens had an ATEHL. The first metatarsophalangeal joint was surrounded by an accessory tendon that inserted onto the joint capsule and the dorsal base of the proximal phalanx. We classified the ATEHL into 3 types based on their directions. Differences in ATEHL type based on sex were not statistically significant. @*Conclusions@#We found an ATEHL in all cadaveric specimens in this study. We surmise that the ATEHL acts as an antagonist with the EHB when the toe is extending, which might help prevent the occurrence of hallux valgus deformity.

Research progress on the relationship between early life phthalate exposure and early pubertal timing in children / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Early pubertal timing has a significant impact on physical and mental health of children, and is associated with a variety of chronic non communicable disease in adulthood. Risk factors for early pubertal timing are complex, including environmental and genetic factors. As one of the most common environmental pollutants, phthalates can act as endocrine disruptors to affect the body s endocrine system after being exposed to the body. Early life is a disease prone period. Many studies have found that exposure to phthalates can promote adolescent development during perinatal and critical developmental periods. In this paper, the epidemiological studies and related mechanisms of the association between exposure to phthalates and early pubertal timing were summarized and discussed.

Application value of knowledge, attitude and practice model in patients before gastrointestinal endoscopy in gastroenterology department / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To analyze the application value of health education based on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in patients before gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Department of Gastroenterology.Methods:Three hundred and fifty patients underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Department of Gastroenterology of Jingqiao Health Center of Nanjing Lishui District from January 2019 to October 2020 were selected and divided into the control group ( n=175) and the observation group ( n=175) according to the random number table method. Patients in the control group chose regular health education, and patients in the observation group adopted health education in the KAP model. The gastrointestinal cleanliness before the examination, the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) score before and after the examination, the awareness rate of medical knowledge, the examination compliance rate, the diet compliance rate and the nursing satisfaction rate were compared between the two groups of patients. Results:Patients of gastrointestinal cleanliness level 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the observation group accounted for 83.43% (146/175), 13.14% (23/175), 3.43% (6/175) and 0, respectively, and those in the control group were 49.71% (87/175), 35.43% (62/175), 9.14% (17/175) and 4.57% (8/175) ( Z value was 6.743, P<0.001). The SAS scores of the observation group after the examination was 42.30±4.77, and 50.17±5.12 in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups after the examination ( t value was 14.878, P<0.05). The medical-related knowledge awareness rate, the inspection compliance rate, and the diet compliance rate of the observation group were 100.00%(175/175), 98.29% (172/175) and 97.71%(171/175), and those rates of the control group were 90.29%(158/175), 83.43% (146/175), and 79.43%(139/175), respectively ( χ2 value was 17.867, 23.250, 28.903, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The knowledge-attitude-practice model-based health education can reduce the preoperative anxiety of patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy, and improve their compliance and satisfaction with nursing.

Current advances in research of semaphorin 3A:a potential target for the treatment of nospecific low back pain / 中国骨伤

Nonspecific low back pain is closely associated with afferent nerve ingrowth into degenerated IVDs and increasing the inflammatory response. Members of the class 3 semaphorins signal their response through two prominent receptors; the NRP (Neuropilin-1) and the Plexin A. Sema3A (Semaphorin3A) is primarily known for their role in modulating neuronal survival as well as neurite outgrowth and guidance via regulation of Sema3A-NRP-1-plexinA signal pathway. Also, sema3A is shown to be conductive to innervate the inner painful degenerated IVDs (Intervertebral discs). Furthermore, sema3A is thought to act as a barrier to endothelial cells survival and migration on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibition of KLF5-induced (Krüppel-like factor 5) inflammatory mediators within degenerated IVDs. Therefore, Sema3A produce a new perspective of dual-action therapeutic agent for attenuating the regulator of innervation and angiogenesis into degenerated IVDs and inhibition of KLF5-induced inflammation.

Anatomical Study of the Accessory Tendon of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle and Its Clinical Application

Background@#The accessory tendon of the extensor hallucis longus (ATEHL) muscle is a common abnormal structure, and its clinical significance remains debatable. In this study, we provide the incidence of the ATEHL and characterize its morphological types in Asian cadavers and investigate its clinical applications. @*Methods@#The tendons from 50 adult cadaveric feet, fixed in 10% formalin, were analyzed. We measured the length and width of both the ATEHL and the extensor hallucis brevis (EHB). @*Results@#All dissected specimens had an ATEHL. The first metatarsophalangeal joint was surrounded by an accessory tendon that inserted onto the joint capsule and the dorsal base of the proximal phalanx. We classified the ATEHL into 3 types based on their directions. Differences in ATEHL type based on sex were not statistically significant. @*Conclusions@#We found an ATEHL in all cadaveric specimens in this study. We surmise that the ATEHL acts as an antagonist with the EHB when the toe is extending, which might help prevent the occurrence of hallux valgus deformity.

Effect of benzo(a)pyrene on dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein in brain and its mechanism involved / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the effect of benzopyrene on the decrease of dopaminergic neurons, and the increase and aggregation of α-synuclein, which are the pathological features of Parkinson's disease, and to explore its possible mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Eight-month-old transgenic mice with human SNCA gene were randomly divided into a BaP-exposed group and a control group. BaP and solvent corn oil were injected intraperitoneally to BaP-exposed group and control group respectively, once a day for 60 days. The motor dysfunction of mice was tested by rotarod test. The effects of BaP on the decrease of dopaminergic neurons and increase and aggregation of α-synuclein were observed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot experiments respectively, and the expression of related mRNA was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Twenty genes were tested in the study, mainly related to neurotransmitter transporter (2 genes), neurotransmitter receptor function (10 genes), cellular autophagy (5 genes), and α-synuclein aggregation and degradation (3 genes).@*RESULTS@#After BaP exposure, the movement time of the mice in the rotarod test was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The substantia nigra dopami-nergic neurons in the mice were significantly reduced, which was 62% of the control group (P<0.05), and the expression of α-synuclein in the midbrain increased, which was 1.36 times that of the control group (P<0.05). After BaP exposure, mRNA expressions of 14 genes in the midbrain of the mice were significantly down-regulated (P<0.05). Alpha-synuclein degradation and cell autophagy (5 genes), neuron transporters (2 genes), and neurotransmitter receptor functions (5 genes) were involved. The expression of one gene, Synphilin-1, was significantly up-regulated (P<0.01), which was related to α-synuclein aggregation.@*CONCLUSION@#BaP exposure not only inhibited function of neurotransmitter receptor and dopamine transporter, but also interfered cell autophagy, thereby hindering the degradation of α-synuclein, which could lead to decrease of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and increase and aggregation of α-synuclein in midbrain, as the significant pathology of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, BaP exposure may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease.

Effect of fluoride varnish on primary teeth in children aged 3-6 years in Huangpu District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To evaluate the implementation process, and cost-effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing primary caries project for children aged 3-6 years in Huangpu District.This would provide the basis for the popularization of fluoride varnish project in preschool children as a basic measure of caries prevention in community health service. Methods From 2016 to 2017, children aged 3-6 years old from 12 kindergartens in Huangpu District were varnished by fluoride twice a year.Three-years-old children in 12 kindergartens were divided into intervention group and control group according to the baseline survey results.The intervention group was implemented according to the established norms, while the control group was implemented according to the routine requirements.Follow-up examinations were conducted after 4 interventions to monitor primary caries increment among these children. Results Caries rate, average caries index and SiC in children aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 years were all dropped after fluorination in year of 2018.The caries rate of 5-year-old deciduous teeth decreased from 58.8% in 2015 to 45.0% in 2018.The dental caries rate in the intervention group was lower than that in the control group, and the frequency of fluoride application per capita was higher than that in the control group, showing a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the rate of fluoride application and average caries index between the two groups (P > 0.05).The direct input-output ratio of the project is 1 : 5.16. Conclusion Fluorinated caries prevention project using fluoride varnish for preschool children can effectively reduce the incidence of dental caries in deciduous teeth and has good economic benefits.The application of standard fluorine coating on preschool children′s deciduous teeth can affect caries prevention.

Healthy China Strategy and schistosomiasis control / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

This paper summarizes the changes in the policy associated with schistosmiasis control in the new era, analyzes the background of Health China Strategy and its association with the current schistosomiasis control program in China, describes several schistosomiasis control models and proposes some suggestions responding to the challenges in current schistosomiasis control program of China, so as to provide insights into the development of the effective control strategy for schistosomiasis.

Clinical observation on distribution characteristics and rules of pain sensitivity points on body surface in patients with knee osteoarthritis / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the distribution characteristics and rules of pain sensitivity points on body surface in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).@*METHODS@#A total of 916 patients with KOA were selected in this study, the pain sensitivity points of local site of knee joint were probed by thumb palpation. Tape was used to measure the distance between the pain sensitivity points and the most nearby acupoints. The Wagner tenderness measuring instrument was used to measure the tenderness threshold of pain sensitivity points.@*RESULTS@#A total of 3618 pain sensitivity points were probed, among them, 3338 pain sensitivity points were sensitized. The minimum sensitization degree was 1.00, the maximum sensitization degree was 3.39, while the average sensitization degree was (2.16±0.60). Pain sensitivity points were distributed 0.37-1.73 @*CONCLUSION@#The pain sensitivity points of patients with KOA may be the expansion effect of acupoint areas in the disease states, pain sensitivity points are more likely to appear on the medial side of knee joint.

Effect of baicalin on expression of fibrogenic factors TGF-β1, mmp2 and timp2 in tissue of mice with pulmonary fibrosis / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the effect of baicalin extracted from Qinbai Qingfei Concentrated Pills on the expressions of TGF-β1, mmp2 and timp2 in mice with pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. The Biacore technique was used to detect the specific binding between Qinbai Qingfei Concentrated Pills and TGF-β1, and the affinity components were enriched, regenerated and recovered by Biacore fishing. Then ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were used to determine whether the monomer was baicalin. Biacore was used to verify the affinity kinetics of baicalin, which was validated by pharmacodynamics in vivo. Totally 30 BALB/C mice were randomly divided into three groups: baicalin group, blank group and model group. The blank group was given sodium chloride injection(0.08 mL·kg~(-1)), while the model group and the baicalin group were injected with 4 mg·kg~(-1) bleomycin. The localization of TGF-β1, mmp2 and timp2 protein in the cells and the mRNA expressions of TGF-β1, mmp2 and timp2 were detected by RT-PCR 14 days later. The results of Biacore affinity analysis showed that the peak of binding response between Qinbai Qingfei Concentrated Pills and TGF-β1 protein reached 1 524.0 RU, with specific binding. The affinity constant K_D of baicalin and TGF-β1 was 1.620 06 μmol·L~(-1), which was determined by SPR kinetic analysis, suggesting a stable binding between baicalin and TGF-β1, which verified the results of angulation. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the deposition of cellulose in baicalin group was significantly less than that in model group, the mRNA expressions of TGF-β1, mmp2 and timp2 were decreased in baicalin solution compared with the model group. Baicalin combined with TGF-β1 could inhibit the expressions of mmp2 and timp2 and delay the progress of pulmonary fibrosis.

Advances in the roles and mechanisms of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in embryonic development / 生理学报

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is originally identified as a widespread mRNA surveillance machinery in degrading 'aberrant' mRNA species with premature termination codons (PTCs) rapidly, which protects the cells from the accumulation of truncated proteins. Recent studies show that NMD can also regulate the degradation of normal gene transcripts, which execute important cellular and physiological functions. Therefore, NMD is considered as a highly conserved post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. NMD modulates 3% to 20% of the transcriptome from yeast to human directly or indirectly, which is essential for various physiological processes, such as cell homeostasis, stress response, proliferation, and differentiation. NMD can regulate the level of transcripts that involves in development, and single knockout of most NMD factors has an embryonic lethal effect. NMD plays an important role in the self-renewal, differentiation of embryonic stem cells and is critical during embryonic development. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the roles and mechanisms of NMD in embryonic development, in order to provide new ideas for the research on embryonic development and the treatment of embryonic development related diseases.