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Objective:To describe and analyze suicide risk of patients with schizophrenia,major depressive disorder,and bipolar disorder.Methods:A total of 2 016 patients with schizophrenia,903 patients with major de-pressive disorder,and 381 patients with bipolar disorder from inpatients,clinics,or communities who met the diag-nostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition were recruited.All patients were interviewed by psychiatrists using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to diagnose mental disor-ders and assess suicide risk,as well as Clinical-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity(CRDPSS)to as-sess symptoms.Differences and risk factors of suicide risk among three types of mental disorders were explored u-sing multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:In the past one month,37 patients with schizophrenia(1.8％),516 patients with major depressive disorder(57.1％),and 102 patients with bipolar disorder(26.8％)had suicide risk.Compared with patients with schizophrenia,suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder(OR=36.50)and bipolar disorder(OR=20.10)increased.Female(OR=1.87),smoking(OR=1.76),family history of suicide(OR=5.09),higher score of CRDPSS hallucination(OR=1.80),and higher score of CRDPSS depression(OR=1.54)were risk factors of suicide risk of patients.Conclusions:Suicide risk of patients with ma-jor depressive disorder and bipolar disorder is higher than that of patients with schizophrenia.In clinical practice,it is important to regularly assess suicide risk of patients.Patients who experience symptoms of hallucination and de-pression should be paid more attention to.
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Objective:To evaluate direct and indirect costs for schizophrenia,major depressive disorder(MDD)and bipolar disorder,and to compare their differences of cost composition,and to explore the drivers of the total costs.Methods:A total of 3 175 inpatients with schizophrenia,MDD,and bipolar disorder were recruited.In-patient's self-report total direct of medical costs outpatient and inpatient,out-of-pocket costs,and direct non-medical costs were regarded as direct costs.Productivity loss and other loss caused by damaging properties were defined as indirect costs.The perspectives of this study included individual and societal levels.Multivariate regression analysis was applied for detecting the factors influencing disease costs.Results:The total cost of schizophrenia was higher than those of MDD and bipolar disorder at individual and societal levels.The indirect costs of three mental disorders were higher than the direct costs,and the indirect cost ratio of bipolar disorder was higher than those of schizophre-nia and MDD.Age,gender,working condition and marital status(P＜0.05)were the important drivers of total costs.Conclusion:The economic burden of the three mental disorders is relatively heavy.Schizophrenia has heaviest disease burden,and the productivity loss due to mental disorders is the driving force of the soaring disease cost
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Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and related socio-demographic factors of schizo-phrenia patients with different ages of onset.Methods:Totally 2 016 patients with schizophrenia aged 15 to 70 were selected according to the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition.All of the patients were interviewed by psychiatrists using the Mini International Neuropsy-chiatric Interview to diagnose schizophrenia,Clinical-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity(CRDPSS)and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS)to assess symptoms.The cut-off points were 18 and 25 years old for three age groups,i.e.early onset(EOS),youth onset(YOS)and adult onset(AOS).Statistical analy-ses were performed by analysis of variance Pearson correlation analysis,and multivariate linear regression.Results:The early-onset patients had the highest total PANSS score(73.8±28.0)and CRDPSS score(11.7±5.4).Fe-male gender,high education level,Han ethnicity,early onset age,and slower onset of illness were negatively corre-lated with the total and dimension score of PANSS scale and CRDPSS scale(standardized regression coefficient:0.04-0.47),and income level and smoking were negatively correlated with those score(standardized regression coefficient:-0.04--0.14).Conclusion:Early-onset schizophrenia patients have more severe symptoms,and fe-male,high education level,early-onset disease,and chronic onset are the risk factors of symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia.
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Objective:To describe demographic,clinical and physiological characteristics,treatment between first-episode major depressive disorder(MDD)and relapse MDD,and to explore characteristics of relapse MDD.Methods:Totally 858 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for depression of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5),were included by using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview(MINI),Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity,and Hamilton Depression Scale etc.Among them,529(58.6％)were first-episode depression and 329(36.0％)were relapsed.The differences of demographic characteristics,clinical and physiological characteristics,treatment were compared byx2test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the characteristics of MDD recur-rence.Results:Compared to first-episode MDD,relapse MDD had more comorbidity(OR=2.11,95％CI:1.00-4.44),more days out of role(OR=1.26,95％CI:1.01-1.56),more history of using psychiatric drug more than one month(OR=1.41,95％CI:1.02-1.97)and electroconvulsive therapy(OR=3.23,95％CI:1.42-7.36),and higher waist-hip ratio(OR=33.88,95％CI:2.88-399.32).Conclusion:Relapse MDD has positive as-sociation with comorbidity of mental disorders,out of role,and higher waist-hip ratio.
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Objective:To compare demographic characteristics,clinical characteristics,therapeutic characteris-tics and physiological indicators of patients with bipolar Ⅰ disorder and bipolar Ⅱ disorder.Methods:A total of 381 patients with bipolar disorder(BD)diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th Edi-tion(DSM-5)were selected,including 302 patients with BD-Ⅰ(79.27％),74 patients with BD-Ⅱ(19.42％)and 5 patients with other specific and related disorders(1.31％).Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected with self-designed clinical information questionnaire.Multivariate logistic regression and multivariate linear regres-sion analysis were used for analysis.Results:Compared with patients with BD-Ⅱ,patients with BD-Ⅰ had more risk to have psychotic features(OR=5.75,95％CI:2.82-11.76),longer disease duration,and more repeated transcra-nial magnetic therapy(OR=3.09,95％CI:1.02-9.35),higher uric acid,total cholesterol and high-density lipo-protein.BD-Ⅰ in Han nationality was more common(OR=11.50,95％CI:1.76-75.30),and had lower education level(OR=10.22,95％CI:1.16-89.77),and less family history of psychosis(OR=2.34,95％CI:1.01-5.42).Conclusion:There are significant differences between BD-Ⅰ and BD-Ⅱ in demographic and clinical charac-teristics,treatment status,and physiological indicators,which could provide clues for exploring the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.
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Objective:To compare clinical characteristics,treatment patterns and physiological indicators in bipolar disorder(BD)patients with different age of onset.Methods:Totally 380 patients with DSM-5 BD were se-lected in this study.Psychiatrists diagnosed the patients using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.The clinical information questionnaire and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale were utilized to collected clinical characteristics,treatment status,and physiological indicators.The onset age of BD was divided into 21 and 35 years as cut-off points.Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression were used to analyze related factors.Results:Among the 380 patients with BD,199 cases were early-onset group(52.4％),121 cases were middle-onset group(31.8％),and 60 cases were late-onset group(15.8％).There were 26.6％of patients in the early-onset group in-itially diagnosed as depression,23.1％in the middle-onset group,and 11.7％in the late-onset group.Multivariate analysis revealed that compared to the early-onset group of BD,the middle-onset(OR=2.22)and late-onset(OR=4.99)groups had more risk to experience depressive episodes,and the late-onset group(OR=6.74)had 6.74 times of risk to suffer from bipolar Ⅱ disorder.Additionally,patients in the middle-onset(β=-1.52)and late-on-set(β=-4.29)groups had shorter durations of delayed treatment,and those in the middle-onset(β=-1.62)and late-onset(β=-3.14)groups had fewer hospitalizations.Uric acid levels were lower in both the middle-onset(β=-28.39)and late-onset(β=-31.47)groups,and total cholesterol level was lower in the middle-onset group(β=-0.23).Conclusion:Patients with BD in different age of onset show significant differences in clinical charac-teristics,treatment conditions and physiological indicators.
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This paper aims to review treatment delay in first-episode schizophrenia,depression,and bipolar disorder,and to compare related factors of treatment delay in the three first-episode mental disorders.It is found that increased patient responsibility,stigma,lack of disease-related knowledge,lack of access to resources,and insuffi-cient medical support lead to delay treatment,and making patients to have longer course,heavier symptoms,and lower social functions.
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Objective:To investigate the associated factors of depressive symptoms among patients with neo-plasms.Methods:Nationwide(excluding Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan),30 505 residents were selected by a combination of stratified sampling and quota sampling according to the proportion of the seventh national population census.Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9),General Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7),self-made questionnaire,and simplified perceived social support scale used to evaluate depressive symptoms,anxiety symptoms,behaviors,and perceived social support among patients with neoplasms.Results:Totally 359(1.2％)patients with self-repor-ted clinically diagnosed neoplasms were included,of which 151(42.1％)patients with malignant neoplasms and 208(57.9％)patients with benign neoplasms.The detection rate of depressive symptoms in patients with neo-plasms was 76.6％.Less than three days of walking for more than 10 minutes per day in the past week(OR=6.63),4-6 days of walking for more than 10 minutes per day in the past week(OR=5.00),the low(OR=4.80)or medium(OR=3.06)overall sleep quality,the lower perceived friend support(OR=4.66),and anxiety symp-toms(OR=1.74)among patients with neoplasms were risk factors for depressive symptoms.Conclusion:Patients with neoplasms generally might be at a high risk of depressive symptoms,especially for those patients with less ex-ercise,poor sleep quality,and low perceived social support.
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Objective:To describe the prevalence of anxiety symptom and personality disorder among medical aesthetic clients,and explore related factors of anxiety symptoms among them.Methods:Totally 788 clients who consulted in a cosmetic plastic surgery department were recruited in a tertiary hospital in Beijing from November 2021 to July 2023.Using the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4(PDQ-4)and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)as assessment instruments,with a cutoff point of 42 and 50 points respectively,for screening out personality disorder and anxiety symptom.Statistical analysis was conducted by analysis of variance,chi-square tests,multivari-ate linear regression and logistic regression.Results:The rate of anxiety symptom among the medical aesthetic cli-ents was of 15.23％(120/788),and the prevalence of personality disorder was 3.50％(28/788).Age was nega-tively associated with SAS scores(β=-0.82,P=0.009),PDQ-4 score was positively associated with SAS score(β=0.15,P＜0.001),eye plastic surgery,facial contouring and minimally invasive plastic surgery were positively associated with SAS score(β=2.00-3.64,P＜0.05).Conclusion:The younger and the more prominent the per-sonality dysfunction the clients are,the severer anxiety symptom they have.The clients who consult for eye plastic surgery,facial contouring,and minimally invasive plastic surgery have severer anxiety symptom.
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Objective:To report the design,field investigation and main findings of mental health survey in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,and to provide valid data for mental disorder prevention.Methods:According to the design of China Mental Health Survey,a cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 390 eligible participants se-lected by multi-stage sampling.The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to complete computer assisted personal interview.According to the diagnostic criterion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ),the 12-month prevalence and lifetime prevalence were calculated using post-stratification weighting.Results:In 4 085 respondents interviewed in the survey,the 12-month prevalence rate of any mental disorder was 9.4％,and the lifetime prevalence was rate 15.1％.The prevalence rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas(10.9％vs 7.9％,P＜0.01).The prevalence rates of anxiety disorder and mood disorder in the female were higher than those in the male(5.3％vs.2.9％,4.9％vs.3.3％,Ps＜0.05),while the prevalence rates of substanceuse disorder and impulse-control disorder were higher in the male than those in the fe-male(2.5％vs.0.2％,2.3％vs.1.5％,Ps＜0.05).The 12-month prevalence rate of any mental disorder showed a decreasing trend with age growth.Among those who met any mental disorder's criteria,93.4％never sought help,and 57.5％of the help seekers didn't receive any effective help.Conclusion:Mental disorders have become an important public health problem in Ningxia,prevention and control measures should be taken accordingly.
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Objective:To investigate the prevalence of anxiety disorder and its distribution,and related factors in adults in Ningxia community.Methods:Using the method of China Mental Health Survey,anxiety disorder was investigated with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview,and related factors were analyzed.Twelve-month prevalence and life-time prevalence and their distributions were calculated according to DSM-Ⅳ criteria.Results:A total of 4 085 respondents were interviewed in the survey.The 12-month prevalence rate of any anxiety disorder was 4.2％,and the lifetime prevalence rate was 5.6％.The 12-month prevalence rates of social phobia,special phobia and generalized anxiety disorder were higher in women than in men(P＜0.05).The prevalence of special phobia and any anxiety disorder in rural area was higher than that in urban area.Logistic regression model revealed that fe-male(OR=1.86,95％CI:1.32-2.64)had higher prevalence risk of anxiety disorder,and individuals with somat-ic pain had higher risk of anxiety disorder than those without(P＜0.05).Conclusion:Anxiety disorder is prevalent in Ningxia.It suggests that strengthening somatic pain community mental health service is necessary to develop tar-geted intervention programs among the high-risk population.
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Objective:To explore the prevalence of mood disorders and utilization of health services inadults in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,thus providing the scientific basis for disease prevention and control.Methods:Using Composite International Diagnostic Interview with the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statis-tical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ),the first survey on mood disorders was carried out by multiple stage sampling.The Rao-Scott x2 test was used to compare the prevalence rate of mood disorders in popula-tions with different characteristics.Results:The 12-month prevalence rate of mood disorder was 4.0％,while life-time prevalence rate of mood disorder was 7.4％.The 12-month prevalence rate was higher in female than male(4.9 vs.3.3％),and the 12-month prevalence rate in rural area was higher than that in urban area(5.0％vs.3.0％)(Ps＜0.05).The 12-month prevalence rate of bipolar Ⅰ disorder decreased with age growth(P＜0.001),and the 12-month prevalence rate of any mood disorder and major depressive disorder decreased with the increase of education level(Ps＜0.05).Among those who met any mood disorder's criteria,92.6％never sought help,45.8％of the help secekers didn't receive any effective help.Conclusion:The prevalence of mood disorder in Ningxia adults is relatively high,but the utilization of mental health services is very low.Females,rural residents,and persons with low education level are the key groups for the prevention of mood disorder.
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Objective:To investigate the prevalence of alcohol use disorder in adult residents in Ningxia and related factors,and to provide scientific evidence for intervention.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,multi-stage sampling was administrated.According to the diagnostic criterion of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ),face-to-face interview in household was carried out using Composite Interna-tional Diagnostic Interview in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.The prevalence of alcohol use disorder and the re-lated factors were analyzed.Results:In 4 085 residents who completed the survey,the 12-month prevalence of alco-hol use disorder was 1.2％,and the life-time prevalence rate was 3.5％.The twelve-month prevalence rates of alco-hol abuse and alcohol dependence were 1.1％and 0.6％,respectively,and the life-time prevalence rates of them were 2.8％and 1.2％,respectively.Comparing with control population,male(OR=10.84,95％CI:2.88-40.87),age groups of 18 to 29 years old(OR=3.67,95％CI:1.27-10.59),30 to 39 years old(OR=5.12,95％CI:1.98-13.24),and 40 to 49 years old(OR=3.82,95％CI:1.45-10.06),secondary school(OR=3.07,95％CI:1.22-7.75),high school or above(OR=3.13,95％CI:1.21-8.12),smoking(OR=3.00,95％CI:1.34-6.70)and body pain(OR=1.88,95％CI:1.05-3.36)were risk factors of alcohol use disorder.Conclusions:The prevalence of alcohol use disorder in different populations distribute dissimilarly in Ningxia.Males,middle-aged and young people,smokers,and those with physical pain should be key objects of intervention for alcohol use disorders.
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Objective:To analyze the detection rate and related factors of depressive and anxious symptoms comorbidity in 2021 and 2022.Methods:Based on the results of the Seventh National Population Census in 2021,the residents of 32 provinces,municipalities,and autonomous regions were sampled by gender and age.The gender and age of the samples were in line with the characteristics of China's population.A face-to-face interview survey was conducted in community residents in each province in 2021(n=11 005)and 2022(n=30 421)with the Gen-eralized Anxiety Questionnaire-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9.Results:The detection rates of depressive and anxious symptoms comorbidity were 10.67％in 2021 and 11.72％in 2022.The prevalence of depressive and anxi-ety comorbidity were higher in male,younger(age≤17 years),divorced,lower BMI(BMI＜18.5 kg/m2),higher education(graduate),students,and residents with chronic medical history(Ps＜0.001).In 2022,32.06％of people with depressive symptoms had anxious symptoms and 47.62％of people with anxious symptoms had depressive symptoms.Conclusion:In 2021 and 2022,the detection rates of depressive and anxious symptoms comorbidity were both about 10％,and half of patients with anxious symptoms were accompanied by depressive symptoms,So atten-tion should be paid to the comorbidity of depression and anxiety symptoms.
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Objective:To explore stigma and related factors among family members of patients with mental disorders in psychiatric hospitals.Methods:Totally 1 365 family members of inpatients with mental disorders were-surveyed,and were assessed with the Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination Scale and a self-made demographic characteristics questionnaire.Results:The screening rate of stigma among the patient's family members was 61.5％.Males(OR=2.26,95％CI:1.06-5.01),age group of 18-29 years(OR=1.91,95％CI:1.15-3.20),monthly income ≥500 yuan(P＜0.05),disease duration of 0.5-＜lyear(OR=3.14,95％CI:1.66-6.03),care for patients within＜lyear(P＜0.05),teachers(OR=2.32,95％CI:1.24-3.44),self-employed person(OR=1.63,95％CI:1.02-2.24),civil servants(OR=1.77,95％CI:1.09-2.45),schizophrenia(OR=1.87,95％CI:1.32-2.42),affective disorders(OR=1.52,95％CI:1.03-2.016)were the main riskfactors of stigma.Conclusions:Family members of patients with mental disorders generally have a severe stigma,especially of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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Objective:To investigate whether facial expression recognition correct rates were changed in stable patients with major depressive disorder.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed in patients with major depressive disorder (n=80) (according to the DSM-IV) and matched normal controls by age, gender and education year (n=41) in this study.All subjects would recognize five different expression (anger, contempt, fear, happiness and sadness).These emotions were displayed on four different male and female computerized cartoon faces, and each expression was shown once in a static format and once in a dynamic format.The facial expression recognition correct percentage would be compared between the two groups.Results:The correct identification rate of contempt was lower in the patients than in the normal controls (93％ vs.94％, P＜0.05).The correct identification rate of dynamic contempt was lower in the patients than in the normal controls (93％ vs.95％, P＜0.05).The correct identification rate of fear was lower in the patients than in the normal controls (89％ vs.93％, P＜0.05).The correct identification rate of dynamic fear was lower in the patients than in the normal controls (90％ vs.94％, P＜0.05).Regarding error rates of misattribution, compared with normal controls, depressive patients over-identified fear to anger (3.7％vs.1.8％) and contempt (2.9％vs.0.9％), sadness to contempt (5.0％ vs.1.7％) and happiness (2.0％ vs.0.2％) (Ps＜0.05).Conclusion:Patients with MDD have significantly great difficulties identifying negative expressions.
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Objective:To investigate the relationship between the depressive symptoms and blood biochemical indexes in elderly inpatients.Methods:Totally 201 inpatients without depression were enrolled in this study.Blood tests and the Geriatric Depression Scale-5 (GDS-15) were performed on all of the patients.The patients were divided into non-depressive symptoms group and depressive symptoms group according to GDS-15 score.Differences between two groups were compared, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to screen for risk factors by SPSS 22.0.Results:Serum total protein (TP) [ (60.7±4.3) vs. (63.5±5.6) g/L] and hemoglobin [ (121.6±20.1) vs. (129.7±19.4) g/L] were lower in the depressive symptoms group than in the non-depressive symptoms group (Ps＜0.05).There were no differences between the two groups in age, BMI, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (Ps＞0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that TP was the predictive variable for GDS-15 score (β=-0.4, P＜0.05).Conclusion:Serum total protein and hemoglobin levels in patients with depressive symptoms may be significant lower than those in patients without depressive symptom.There is association between serum total protein and depressive symptoms.
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Objective:To investigate the natural course and psychosocial risk factors of depressive symptoms in college freshmen.Methods:Changes in depressive symptoms among college freshmen were observed for two year periods,self-reporting questionnaires were used to collect data every half yearly.The depressive symptoms were assessed with the Centre for Epidemiological Study-Depression Scale,and psychosocial factors were tested as the potential risk factors,rating by Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Neuroticism Subscale,Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale,Parental Rearing Scale,Adolescents Self-Rating Life Events Checklist,Epworth Sleepiness Scale,daytime sleep time,Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire.Generalized estimating equations model was used to analyze the date.Results:Totally 1339 college students were recruited in the survey.It was found the depressive scores significantly increased in the second and third surveys,then decreased in the fourth and fifth surveys.Male (Coef=-1.01,SE =0.42,P =0.017),not interested in the major (Coef=3.89,SE =1.42,P =0.006),neuroticism(Coef =0.79,SE =0.23,P =0.001),self-esteem(Coef =-1.57,SE =0.25,P ＜ 0.001),anxiety(Coef =4.79,SE =0.16,P ＜ 0.001),life events (Coef =0.08,SE =0.01,P ＜ 0.00l),daytime sleepiness (Coef =0.80,SE =4.56,P ＜ 0.001) were significantly correlated with depressive symptoms.Conclusion:The first year of college is a critical time in the prevention depression.Not interested in the major,high neuroticism,low self-esteem,anxiety,life events,daytime sleepiness may be risk factors of depressive symptom in college students.
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Objective: To explore risk factors for cognitive impairment among elderly patients. Methods: There were 257 qualified subjects recruited, a case-control study was performed by collecting data of Mini Mental State Examination, carotid artery color Doppler flow imaging, biochemical tests, personal information on ages, medical histories, smoking as well as physical exercise among the recruited elderly in-patients/out-patients. A logistic regression was conducted to screen main effects of variables on occurrences of cognitive impairment. Results: Using logistic regression, the carotid intima-media thickness was found to be a significant risk factor (P<0.001) with larger regression coefficients (15.105 - 22.065) for the occurrence of cognitive impairment among elderly; about 71％ -78％ and 4％ decrease in risks of dementia occurrence for every 1 pg/mL serum free triiodothyronine and lkg body weight increase. Conclusion: The increase in carotid intima-media thickness is a significant risk factor for the occurrence of cognitive impairment among elderly patients. The decrease in serum free triiodothyronine and body weight are the related factors to increase risk for dementia.
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Objective:To study the association between set shifting in ADHD and NRXN1 gene.Methods:According to the diagnostic standard of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ).Totally 756 Han Chinese ADHD children and 133 Han Chinese unaffected children were involved in the analysis.Set shifting,including number connection time (NOTIM),number connection error times (NOERR),number and letter alternant connection time (LETIM),number and letter altemant error times (LEERR),and shifting time(each value was the difference between LETIM and NOTIM),was recorded by trail making test (TMT).Two SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) of NRXN1 gene,rs1592728 and rs4971652,were chose to detect genotype using Sequenom Mass ARRAY system by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Linear regression analysis was applied to explore the influence of set shifting,then,stratified analysis was used to study the association between set shifting and rs1592728 as well as rs4971652 in ADHD cases and controls separately.Results:Linear regression analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between set shifting and month (β =0.42,P ＜0.001),IQ (β =0.34,P ＜ 0.001),group (β =0.08,P =0.004),GG genotype of rs4971652 (β =0.06,P =0.039).Among ADHD children,there was a negative relationship between set shifting and month (β =0.46,P ＜0.001),IQ (β =0.32,P ＜ 0.001),GG genotype of rs4971652 (β =0.07,P =0.018),a positive association was found between set shifting and ADHDSUB (β =0.06,P =0.033),set shifting damaged higher with ADHD-Ⅰ children than ADHD-C children.While,in controls,set shifting was in inverse relation with month (β =0.25,P =0.002) and IQ (β =0.40,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion:It suggests that the association between shift in ADHD children and polymorphism of NRXN1 gene is existed,set shifting deficit less seriously in GG genotype.