Uso de colgajos libres perforantes de la región abdominal tipo DIEP y SIEA para reconstrucción mamaria / Use of perforator flaps from the lower abdomen (DIEP and SIEA) for breast reconstruction

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia que afecta en forma más frecuente a las mujeres en el mundo. Posterior a una mastectomía, el uso de tejidos autógenos para la reconstrucción mamaria tiene mejores resultados a largo plazo. La utilización de colgajos libres obtenidos del abdomen se ha planteado como una alternativa adecuada. Objetivos: Se reportan una serie de casos con el uso de colgajos libres de vasos perforantes de la arteria epigástrica inferior profunda (DIEP) y vasos epigástricos inferiores superficiales (SIEA) en la reconstrucción de mama. Pacientes y método: Describimos 21 casos de reconstrucción mamaria utilizando el colgajo DIEP y 3 casos de colgajo SIEA en la Clínica Las Condes (CLC) entre el 2007 y 2015. Resultados: De un total de 24 pacientes con un rango de edad de entre 48 y 60 años, 18 de ellas fueron sometidas a reconstrucción unilateral, 3 a reconstrucción bilateral con DIEP, y 3 fueron sometidas a reconstrucción unilateral con colgajo SIEA. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 6,5 h y el tiempo de hospitalización, de 6 días. En una reconstrucción bilateral hubo pérdida del colgajo izquierdo por trombosis venosa, la cual se sometió a una segunda reconstrucción con colgajo libre. Discusión: En nuestra experiencia en la CLC, la reconstrucción mamaria con colgajos libres perforantes de la zona inferior del abdomen tiene una baja morbilidad. La literatura avala esta técnica como una alternativa válida en pacientes seleccionadas.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasia affecting women worldwide. After mastectomy for breast cancer, autologous tissue breast reconstruction offers better long-term results. The use of abdominal free flaps has shown to be an adequate option. Aim: We report a series of cases of deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP flap) and superficial inferior epigastric artery flap reconstructions. Patients and methods: We describe 21 patients with breast reconstruction using DIEP flap and 3 cases of SIEA flap in CLC between 2007 and 2012. Results: 24 patients underwent the procedure with an age range of 48 to 60 years; 18 patients underwent a unilateral reconstruction and 3 patients bilateral reconstructions with DIEP flaps; 3 patients underwent unilateral breast reconstruction with SIEA flap. Mean operative time was 6,5 h and mean hospitalization was 6 days. In one bilateral reconstruction the left flap was lost, which required a second free flap reconstruction. Discussion: In our experience, microvascular breast reconstruction using perforator flaps has a low morbidity. As described in the literature, this is a valid alternative in selected patients.

The effects of passive tobacco smoking on the microcirculation of the abdominal wall in rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To analysis the effects of passive smoking on the microstructure of tissues of the abdominal wall regarding microcirculation, using histopathological study of the tobacco exposed rats. METHODS: Twenty four male Wistar rats were divided in Control Group (CG = 8 animals) and Exposition Groups (EG = 16 animals). EG was exposed to cigarette smoke 4x/day for 120 days, while CG was preserved from exposure. Food, water and housing were similar for both groups. After 120 days, urine samples were collected before necropsy to analyze cotinine levels (ng/mL) in urine and blinded histopathological analysis of the abdominal wall performed to count arteries and veins in dermal and muscular fascia layer. RESULTS: No difference in weight was observed between both groups (P>0.05). Cotinine concentration was significantly higher in EG (P<0.05). In dermal layer, the average of vessels per animal was 8.72 (IC95%: 8.31-9.13) for CG and 11,23 (IC95%: 10.09-12.38) for EG. In muscular fascia layer the average of vessels per animal was 17.97 (IC95%: 15.79-20.15) for CG, whereas the average for EG was of 14,85 (IC95%: 12.71-17.01) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Exposition to passive smoking may cause increase in the number of vessels in dermal layer, with the opposite effects at the muscular fascia layer.

Linfoma intravascular, un desafio diagnóstico: Caso clínico / Intravascular lymphoma: Report of one case

Intravascular lymphoma is a rare subtype of extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma characterized by clonal proliferation of lymphocytes inside of small and medium caliber vessels. Its incidence is estimated at one case per million. The clinical picture is very variable, but frequently has skin and central nervous system involvement. It is diagnosed by demonstrating pathological blood vessel infiltration by lymphoma cells. We report a 44 years old male presenting with fever, malaise and erythematous lesions in the abdominal wall. An abdominal wall biopsy showed dilated vascular vessels with atypical cells in their lumen, compatible with large B-cell intravascular lymphoma. He was treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine and prednisone and an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, achieving a complete remission that has lasted two years.

A Case of Lateral Abdominal Wall Hematoma Treated with Transcatheter Arterial Embolization / 대한소화기학회지

Paracentesis is a diagnostic, therapeutic procedure performed in patients with ascites. It is generally thought to be a safe procedure and transfusion of platelet concentrate or fresh frozen plasma is not recommended before the procedure, because the incidence of clinically significant bleeding is very low. We report a case of lateral abdominal wall hematoma due to the injury of the deep circumflex iliac artery after paracentesis in patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis who was treated with transcatheter arterial embolization.

Utilidad de la angioresonancia en la planificación preoperatoria de reconstrucción mamaria mediante colgajos libres abdominales DIEP, SIEA y TRAM / Usefulness of magnetic resonance angiography in the preoperative study for breast reconstruction using epigastric flaps

Background: Mammary reconstruction after surgery for breast cancer can be performed with free abdominal flaps such as DIEP (deep inferior epigastric perforator), TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneus) y SIEA (superficial inferior epigastric artery). Aim: To report our experience with the use of magnetic resonance angiography to plan mammary reconstruction. Material and Methods: The superficial epigastric vascular axis and the connections between the superficial and deep axis were explored with magnetic resonance angiography in 25 patients aged 32 to 63 years. Dominant perforating arteries (those with the greater caliber and predominant distribution through adipose tissue), were localized. Their intramuscular trajectory and that of the deep epigastric artery were also studied. The findings of magnetic resonance were compared with those of intraoperative Doppler ultrasound examination dissection during operation. Results: There was a 100 percent concordance between magnetic resonance findings and those of intraoperative Doppler. However in two patients a perforating artery with an adequate caliber was missed with magnetic resonance. Conclusions: Magnetic resonance angiography is useful in the planning of mammary reconstruction with epigastric flaps.

Objetivos: Dar a conocer nuestra experiencia en la toma de decisiones para la reconstrucción mamaria con colgajos libres de tejido abdominal mediante angioresonancia. Materiales y Métodos: Nuestra muestra corresponde a 25 pacientes intervenidos entre los años 2007-2009. Mediante angioresonancia se exploró el eje vascular epigástrico superficial, así como las conexiones entre el sistema profundo y superficial, localizando las perforantes dominantes (las de mayor calibre y distribución predominante por la grasa), su trayecto intramuscular y estudiando el trayecto de la arteria epigástrica profunda. Resultados: Los hallazgos en la angioresonancia fueron utilizados en el mareaje preoperatorio y contrastados con los hallazgos evidenciados por la ultrasonografía y durante la disección intraoperatoria de los colgajos, siendo la información obtenida congruente en un 100 por ciento de los casos, lo que facilita la decisión del colgajo a disecar, acortando los tiempo operatorios y dando mayor seguridad al cirujano. Conclusiones: La angioresonancia es un método útil en el estudio preoperatorio otorgando el beneficio adicional de no irradiar a los pacientes.

Infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with unusual presentation.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) is a rare entity which forms approximately 0.4 to 2% of all congenital heart disease. The infracardiac type usually involve obstructions on pulmonary venous connections and comprising a quarter of all TAPVD cases. The clinical findings in patients with obstructed infracardiac TAPVD could mimic respiratuary distress of several different etiologies during first hours of life. In this article,we present a case of a neonate with infracardiac type of TAPVD presented with only distinct subcutaneous veins of abdominal and thoracic wall.

Hematomas espontáneos de la pared abdominal / Spontaneous Hematomas of the abdominal wall

Introducción: El hematoma espontáneo de la pared abdominal (HEPA) es una entidad de aparición infrecuente y de difícil diagnóstico debido a la similitud clínica con otros procesos agudos. Suele aparecer en pacientes que siguen tratamiento anticoagulante y se caracteriza por su forma de presentación brusca como dolor abdominal agudo. La cirugía puede evitarse en la mayoría de los casos si se diagnostica correctamente mediante pruebas de imagen. Observaciones clínicas: Presentamos 12 casos de HEPA tratados en nuestro Servicio entre los años 1999 y 2005, y realizamos una revisión de esta entidad en cuanto a etiología, factores desencadenantes, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusión: El tratamiento del HEPA debe ser conservador, reservando la cirugía para aquellos casos que presenten deterioro hemodinámico por sangrado activo.

Introduction: Spontaneous hematoma of the abdominal wall is infrequent and difficult to diagnose due to its clinical similarity with other acute processes. It is usually associated with patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy and is characterized for its form of abrupt presentation like acute abdominal pain. Surgery can be avoided in most patients if hematoma is correctly diagnosed by imaging tests. Clinical observations: We present 12 cases of spontaneous hematoma of the abdominal wall from 1999 through 2005 and we review the etiology, precipitating factors, diagnosis and treatment of this clinical entity. Conclusion: Treatment of spontaneous hematoma of abdominal wall must be preservative, reserving the surgery for those cases that present hemodynamic compromise by persistent hemorrhage.

Emergencia y Trayecto de las Arterias Epigástricas Superiores: Aplicación en los Abcesos Quirúrgicos Abdominales / Emergency and Trajectory of the Superior Epigastric Arteries: Aplication on the Assessement Abdominal Surgery

El conocimiento de la vascularización de la pared anterior del abdomen es un importante instrumento para la realización de incisiones y punciones abdominales, contribuyendo a evitar algunas complicaciones reurrentes de este procedimiento. Con el propósito de estudiar la emergencia y el trayecto de las arterias epigástricas superiores, fueron disecados 32 cadáveres adultos, del sexo masculino, no fijados, blancos y no blancos, con edades entre 18 y 65 años. Se observó el trayecto de las arterias epigástricas superiores, su emergencia y su forma de distribución. Las arterias epigástricas superiores emergieron por atrás del 7 cartílago costal en todos los casos. En el 75% de los casos las arterias epigástricas se presentaron como un tronco único y en 15 casos (23,44%) bifurcadas, siendo 11 a la derecha y 4 a la izquierda y en 1 caso (1,56%) a la izquierda. En este último, caso dio origen a tres ramos principales. Cuando era un tronco único, su trayecto fue descendente de medial para lateral en relación al margen lateral del músculo recto del abdomen. Cuando era bifurcada, sus ramos se separaron uno del otro luego de su emergencia, volviendo a convergir próximo a la cicatriz umbilical.

The knowledge of the vascularization of the anterior abdominal wall is very important on the incisions and abdominal punctures, contributing to avoid the injuries of this vessels during this procedures. With the goal to study the emergency and the trajectory of the superior epigastric arteries, 32 adult not preserved cadavers, of the masculine sex, white and not white, with age between 18 and 65 years were studied. The trajectory of the superior epigastric arteries, your emergency and distribution form were observed. The superior epigástric arteries emerged behind to 7th costal cartilage in all the cases. In 75% of the cases they appeared like an only trunk and in 15 cases (23,44%) they appeared forked, being 11 to the right and 04 to the left and in 01 case (1,56%) to the left, it'd origin three main branches. When in an only trunk, your trajectory went descending of medial for lateral in relationship to the lateral margin of the rectus abdominal muscle. When forked, your branches separated one of the other immediatelly after your emergency, back converging close to the umbilical scar.

Doença de Mondor da mama: relato de um caso / Mondor's disease in breast: case report

A doença de Mondor da mama é um evento pouco frequënte na prática clínica, com cerca de 281 casos na literatura mundial de 1966 a 2002, caracterizando-se por uma tromboflebite de veia superficial da região toracoabdominal de natureza benigna. Pode manifestar-se secundariamente a doenças sistêmicas, a intervenções cirúrgicas ou idiopáticas. Geralmente tem regressão espontânea em poucas semanas. Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 35 anos, que apresentou-se com dor e cordão fibroso na região toracoabdominal ântero-lateral esquerda havia um mês, sem outros sintomas associados. Ao exame físico apresentava bom estado geral, mamas normais e presença de endurecimento em todo o trajeto da veia torácica lateral esquerda. Com diagnóstico clínico de doença de Mondor, submeteu-se à realização de exames complementares que foram normais. Recebeu antiinflamatórios não-hormonais, com melhora sintomática em duas semanas. A resolução completa do cordão fibroso ocorreu após 18 meses de seguimento.

Mondor's disease of breast is an uncommon benign condition with approximately 281 cases related in world literature from 1966 to 2002, characterized by thoracoabdominal superficial vein thrombophlebitis. It can be secondary to sistemic diseases, surgical procedures, or idiopathic. It is generally a self-limited condition. The authors present a case of a 35-year-old female who complained of pain and a fibrous "string" on the left anterolateral thoracoabdominal region for one month, without correlated symptoms. At a physical examination she presented good health, normal breast and skin induration along left lateral thoracic vein. With clinical diagnosis of Mondor's disease she was submitted to complementary exams which were normal. She received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with symptomatic relief in two weeks. After 18 months, complete resolution of the fibrous "string" ocurred.