Urinary lithiasis - conventional open surgery

The Guidelines Project, an initiative of the Brazilian Medical Association, aims to combine information from the medical field in order to standardize producers to assist the reasoning and decision-making of doctors. The information provided through this project must be assessed and criticized by the physician responsible for the conduct that will be adopted, depending on the conditions and the clinical status of each patient.

Successful cure of a patient with urosepsis using a combination of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous renal replacement therapy: A case report and literature review / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Holmium laser lithotripsy (HLL) is one of the common surgical methods for urolithiasis. It causes minor surgical trauma, but complications are not rare. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) treatment of sepsis is common, but venoarterial (VA)-ECMO treatment of urosepsis has not been reported yet. In this article, we reported a 67-year-old female patient with refractory septic shock caused by HLL under percutaneous nephroscope, involving breathing, heart, kidney and other organs, and organs support treatment was ineffective for the patient. Finally, we successfully treated the patient under VA-ECMO with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Combined ECMO and CRRT may provide a solution for addressing refractory sepsis. Here we present the case and review relevant literature, so as to provide a treatment strategy for patients with refractory urogenic sepsis and to reduce the mortality rate.

Predictors of surgical complications of nephrectomy for urolithiasis

ABSTRACT Objectives: Nephrectomy due to stone disease may be a challenging procedure owing to the presence of significant inflammation and infection, involving high complication rate. The objective of our study was to identify predictors for complications of nephrectomy for urolithiasis. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of 149 consecutive patients > 18y submitted to simple nephrectomy for urolithiasis from January 2006 to July 2012 was performed. Clinical data, computed tomography findings and pathology report were analyzed. Postoperative complications were categorized based on Clavien - Dindo classification. Logistic multivariate regression models assessed the predictors for surgical complications of nephrectomy for urolithiasis. Results: Eighty-three (55.7%) patients were submitted to laparoscopic nephrectomy and 66 (44.2%) to open procedure. Conversion to open surgery was necessary in 19.2% (16 / 83). On univariable analysis, higher preoperative chronic kidney stage (p = 0.02), Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 2 (p = 0.04), higher ASA score (p = 0.001), urgency due to sepsis (p = 0.01), kidney size ≥ 12 cm (p = 0.006), renal and perirenal abscess (p = 0.004 and 0.002 respectively) and visceral adhesion (p = 0.04) were associated with Clavien - Dindo score > 1. On multivariate analysis, higher ASA score (p = 0.01), urgency due to sepsis (p = 0.03), kidney size ≥ 12 cm (p = 0.04) and preoperative abscess (p = 0.04) remained significantly associated with complications. End - stage renal disease with dialysis was needed post - operatively in 3.4% (5 / 144) of patients. Conclusions: We identified that higher ASA score, urgency due to sepsis, kidney size ≥ 12 cm and preoperative abscess were associated with Clavien - Dindo score > 1.

Nefrectomia laparoscópica por nefrolitíase: quando é melhor evitar / Laparoscopic nephrectomy for urolithiasis: when is better to avoid it

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar os fatores de risco de conversão para cirurgia aberta na nefrectomia laparoscópica (NL) para urolitíase. Métodos: foram revisados os dados de todos os pacientes maiores de 18 anos de idade submetidos à NL entre janeiro de 2006 e maio de 2013 em nossa Instituição. Índice de Charlson, escore ASA, função renal pela equação e estágio de MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease), achados de tomografia computadorizada (TC) pré-operatória, complicações pela classificação de Clavien-Dindo e taxa de conversão foram analisados. Determinaram-se os fatores de risco para conversão por meio de regressão logística. Resultados: oitenta e quatro pacientes foram submetidos à LN, sendo que 16 (19%) tiveram seu procedimento convertido para cirurgia aberta devido à forte aderência do hilo renal aos órgãos adjacentes. Outras causas associadas à conversão foram sangramento excessivo (n=6) e lesão do intestino grosso (n=3). Na análise univariada, cirurgia renal prévia, borramento da gordura perirrenal, abscesso renal, abscesso perirrenal, abscesso pararrenal, fístula, aderência ao fígado ou baço e aderência ao intestino foram associados à conversão. Na análise multivariada, abscesso pararrenal e aderência ao intestino foram fatores de risco significativos para a conversão. Conclusão: abscesso pararrenal e aderência ao intestino demonstrados na TC pré-operatória são fatores de risco de conversão para cirurgia aberta em LN por urolitíase.

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the risk factors for conversion to open surgery in laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) for urolithiasis. Methods: we reviewed data on all patients over 18 years of age submitted to LN between January 2006 and May 2013 at our institution. We analyzed the Charlson's index, the ASA score, renal function by the equation and stage of MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease), preoperative computed tomography (CT) findings, complications by the Clavien-Dindo classification and conversion rate. We used logistic regression analysis to determine the risk factors for conversion. Results: eighty-four patients underwent LN, 16 (19%) sustaining convertion to open surgery due to the strong adhesion of the renal hilum to the adjacent organs. Other causes associated with conversion were excessive bleeding (n=6) and lesion of the large intestine (n=3). In the univariate analysis, previous renal surgery, perirenal fat blurring, renal abscess, perirenal abscess, pararenal abscess, fistula, adherence to the liver or spleen, and adherence to the intestine were associated with conversion. In the multivariate analysis, pararenal abscess and adherence to the intestine were significant risk factors for conversion. Conclusion: pararenal abscess and bowel adhesions demonstrated in the preoperative CT are risk factors for conversion to open surgery in LN due to urolithiasis.

Ureteroscopy and stone treatment in the elderly (≥70 years): prospective outcomes over 5- years with a review of literature

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess outcomes of ureteroscopy for treatment of stone disease in the elderly. Ureteroscopy (URS) is an increasingly popular treatment modality for urolithiasis and its applications are ever expanding with the development of newer technologies. Its feasibility and outcomes within the elderly population to our knowledge remain under-reported. Materials and Methods: We examined the patient demographics and surgical outcomes from our prospective database for patients ≥70 years who underwent URS for urolithiasis, in a 5-year period between March 2012 and December 2016. Results: A total of 110 consecutive patients underwent 121 procedures (1.1 procedure/patient) with a mean age of 77.2 years (range: 70-91 years). Stone location was in the kidney/ pelviureteric junction (PUJ) in 29%, ureter in 37% and in multiple locations in 34%. The initial and final stone free rate (SFR) was 88% and 97% respectively. While 73% were done as true day case procedures, 89% patients were discharged within 24 hours. Eleven patients (9%) underwent complications of which 10 were Clavien I/II including acute urinary retention, urinary tract infection, stent symptoms and pneumonia. One patient underwent Clavien IV complication where they needed intensive care unit admission for urosepsis but fully recovered and were discharged home subsequently. Conclusion: Ureteroscopy is a safe and effective method of managing urolithiasis in elderly patients. Although most patients are discharged within 24-hours, consideration needs to be made for patients where social circumstances can impact their discharge planning.

Forming a stone in pelviureteric junction obstruction: cause or effect?

ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate a possible causal relationship for stone formation in pelviureteric junction obstruction and to outline management options. Materials and Methods A literature search and evidence synthesis was conducted via electronic databases in the English language using the key words pelviureteric junction obstruction; urolithiasis; hyperoxaluria; laparoscopic pyeloplasty; flexible nephroscopy; percutaneous nephrolithotomy, alone or in combination. Relevant articles were analysed to extract conclusions. Results Concomitant pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) and renal lithiasis has been reported only scarcely in the literature. Although PUJO has been extensively studied throughout the years, the presence of calculi in such a patient has not received equal attention and there is still doubt surrounding the pathophysiology and global management. Conclusions Metabolic risk factors appear to play an important role, enough to justify metabolic evaluation in these patients. Urinary stasis and infection are well known factors predisposing to lithiasis and contribute to some extent. The choice for treatment is not always straightforward. Management should be tailored according to degree of obstruction, renal function, patient symptoms and stone size. Simultaneous treatment is feasible with the aid of minimally invasive operative techniques and laparoscopy in particular.

A retirada dos urólitos de oxalato de cálcio e desobstrução da uretra através da realização da técnica cirúrgica uretrostomia em cães: relato de caso / Removal of calcium oxalate uroliths and urethral clearing through urethrostomy in dogs: case report / La retirada de urólitos de oxalato de calcio y desobstrucción de la uretra a través de realización de la técnica quirúrgica urestrostomía en perros: relato de caso

A uretra do macho é uma continuação do sistema de ductos, originada de um óstio interno no colo da bexiga urinária e estendida até o orifício peniano uretral externo na extremidade livre do pênis. Relata-se um caso de um canino, macho, SRD, de três anos, pesando 12 kg. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Universitário "Jeremias Pereira da Silva" - HVU/UFPI, na área de Clínica Médica e Cirúrgica de cães e gatos. O mesmo apresentava manifestações clínicas como: dificuldade de locomoção, disúria, inapetência, hematúria, anúria, agressividade, dor abdominal, apatia e emagrecimento progressivo. A conduta clínica adotada diante do caso, após o resultado dos exames complementares que confirmaram o diagnostico inicial, indicativo de obstrução uretral total por urólitos de oxalato de cálcio, devido ao insucesso das tentativas clínicas de desobstrução foi optar pela técnica cirúrgica uretrostomia. Decorrido dez dias da cirurgia, o animal retornou para retirada dos pontos, apresentando-se em bom estado, alimentando-se bem, fluxo urinário constante (sem sangue), e andando normalmente. A urolitíase deve ser diagnosticada e tratada o mais previamente possível, uma vez que a doença se complica no avançar dos sinais clínicos, podendo ocasionar casos mais complexos, como obstruções urinárias severas e até morte do animal.(AU)

The male urethra is a continuation of the duct system originated from an internal ostium inside the bladder and extends to the external urethral penile hole at the free end of the penis. This is a case study of a 3-year old male mongrel dog weighing 12 kg. The dog was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital "Jeremias Pereira da Silva" ­ HVU/UFPI in the Clinical and Surgical Practice of dogs and cats. It presented clinical manifestations such as difficulty in walking, dysuria, loss of appetite, hematuria, anuria, aggressiveness, abdominal pain, lethargy and progressive weight loss. An urethrostomy was the clinical approach adopted for the case, after the laboratory tests confirmed the initial diagnosis of total urethral obstruction by calcium oxalate uroliths due to the failure of clinical unblocking attempts. Ten days after the surgery, the animal returned to the clinic to remove the stitches, and presented a good condition, feeding well, with a constant urine flow (no blood), and walking normally. Urolithiasis must be diagnosed and treated as early as possible, since the disease complicates itself with the worsening of the clinical signs, which may result in more complex cases, such as severe urinary obstruction and even the death of the animal.(AU)

La uretra del macho es una continuación del sistema de ductos, originada de un ostium interno en el cuello de la vejiga urinaria y se extiende hasta el orificio uretral externo en la extremidad libre del pene. Presentamos un caso de un canino, macho, SRD, de tres años, con un peso de 12 kg. Fue atendido en el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad "Jeremías Pereira da Silva" - HVU/UFPI, en el campo de Clínica Médica y Quirúrgica de perros y gatos. Lo mismo presentaba manifestaciones clínicas como: dificultad para caminar, disuria, pérdida de apetito, hematuria, anuria, agresividad, dolor abdominal, letargo y pérdida progresiva de peso. La conducta clínica adoptada delante el caso, tras el resultado de los exámenes complementarios que confirmaron el diagnóstico inicial, indicativo de obstrucción uretral total de cálculos de oxalato de calcio, debido al fracaso de las tentativas clínicas de desbloqueo cupo optar por uretrostomía, técnica quirúrgica. Después de diez días de la cirugía el animal volvió para retirada de los puntos de sutura, presentándose en buen estado, alimentándose bien, flujo de orina constante (sin sangre), y caminando normalmente. La urolitiasis debe ser diagnosticada y tratada cuanto antes posible, ya que la enfermedad se complica con el avance de los signos clínicos, pudiendo causar casos más complejos, como obstrucciones urinarias severas e incluso la muerte del animal.(AU)

Management of full-length complete ureteral avulsion

ABSTRACT Introduction Complete ureteral avulsion is one of the most serious complications of ureteroscopy. The aim of this report was to look for a good solution to full-length complete ureteral avulsion. Case presentation A 40-year-old man underwent ureteroscopic management. Full-length complete avulsion of ureter occurred during ureteroscopy. Pyeloureterostomy plus greater omentum investment outside the avulsed ureter and ureterovesical anastomosis were performed 6 hours after ureteral avulsion. The patient was followed-up during 34 months. Double-J tube was removed at 3 months after operation. Twenty three months after the first operation, the patient developed hydronephrosis because of a new ureter upside stone, then rigid ureteroscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy were used successfully. Conclusion Pyeloureterostomy plus greater omentum investment outside the avulsed ureter and ureterovesical anastomosis may be a good choice for full-length complete ureteral avulsion.

Current status of flexible ureteroscopy in urology

Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is being performed for the surgical management of upper urinary tract pathology. With the development of surgical instruments with improved deflection mechanisms, visuality, and durability, the role of RIRS has expanded to the treatment of urinary calculi located in the upper urinary tract, which compensates for the shortcomings of shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. RIRS can be considered a conservative treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) or for postoperative surveillance after radical treatment of UTUC under an intensive surveillance program. RIRS has a steep learning curve and various surgical techniques can be used. The choice of instruments during RIRS should be based on increased surgical efficiency, decreased complications, and improved cost-benefit ratio.

Intravenous misplacement of nephrostomy tube following percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Three new cases and review of seven cases in the literature

Purpose We investigated the characteristics and management of patients with intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube. Materials and Methods Between July 2007 and July 2013, 4148 patients with urolithiasis underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in our hospital. Intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube occurred in two of these patients. Another patient with intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube, who underwent PCNL in another hospital, was transferred to our hospital. The data of the three patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results The incidence of intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube following PCNL was 0.5% (2/4148) at our hospital. A solitary kidney was present in one of the three patients. The tip of tube was located into the inferior vena cava (IVC) in two patients and into the renal vein in one patient. All three patients were successfully managed with strict bed rest, intravenous antibiotics and one-step (one patient) or two-step (two patients) tube withdrawal under close monitoring. None of the patients underwent antithrombotic therapy. The original operations were performed successfully under close observation in two patients and changed to another operation in one patient. All patients were discharged uneventfully. Conclusions The incidence of intravenous misplacement of a nephrostomy tube following PCNL is 0.5% at our hospital. Intravenous nephrostomy tube misplacement is an uncommon complication of PCNL. A solitary kidney may render patients susceptible to this complication. Most patients may be managed conservatively with strict bed rest, intravenous antibiotics and one-step or two-step tube withdrawal under close monitoring. .

Occupational Hazard: Radiation Exposure for the Urologist – Developing a Reference Standard

Introduction To date, there is a paucity of literature offering practicing urologists a reference for the amount of radiation exposure received while surgically managing urolithiasis. This study examines the cumulative radiation exposure of an urologist over 9 months. Materials and Methods We present a case series of fluoroscopic exposures of an experienced stone surgeon operating at an academic comprehensive stone center between April and December 2011. Radiation exposure measurements were determined by a thermoluminescent dosimeter worn on the outside of the surgeon's thyroid shield. Estimations of radiation exposure (mrem) per month were charted with fluoroscopy times, using scatter plots to estimate Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. Results The total 9-month radiation exposure was 87 mrems for deep dose equivalent (DDE), 293 mrem for lens dose equivalent (LDE), and 282 mrem for shallow dose equivalent (SDE). Total fluoroscopy time was 252.44 minutes for 64 ureteroscopies (URSs), 29 percutaneous nephrolithtomies (PNLs), 20 cystoscopies with ureteral stent placements, 9 shock wave lithotripsies (SWLs), 9 retrograde pyelograms (RPGs), 2 endoureterotomies, and 1 ureteral balloon dilation. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients examining the association between fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure were not significant for DDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2), LDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2), or SDE (p = 0.6, Spearman's rho = 0.2). Conclusions Over a 9-month period, total radiation exposures were well below annual accepted limits (DDE 5000 mrem, LDE 15,000 mrem and SDE 50,000 mrem). Although fluoroscopy time did not correlate with radiation exposure, future prospective studies can account for co-variates such as patient obesity and urologist distance from radiation source. .

Presentaciones efectivas en medicina El arte de comunicar y transmitir: diez recomendaciones / Effective Presentations in Medicine. The Art of Communication and Transmission: Ten Recommendations

Para lograr una comunicación efectiva durante una conferencia o presentación, es necesario seguir reglas simples, que incluyen la preparación de la conferencia con el auditorio en mente y con la definición de un mensaje específico para dejar a la audiencia. Debe capturarse pronto la atención del público y todas las acciones posteriores deben ir encaminadas a mantenerla. Los textos deben ser precisos y con tamaños fácilmente visibles, las diapositivas deben ofrecer buen contraste, con fondos sólidos y simples y deben evitarse las animaciones excesivas. Al cierre de la conferencia, las conclusiones y la sesión de preguntas ofrecen la oportunidad invaluable de reforzar el mensaje que se quería dejar.

To communicate effectively during a lecture or presentation it is necessary to follow simple rules, including the preparation of the conference with the audience in mind and with the definition of a specific message to leave the audience. The public's attention should be quickly captured and all subsequent actions should aim to keep it. The text must be accurate and sizes easily visible, the slides should provide good contrast with solid and simple backgrounds and should avoid excessive animations. At the close of the conference, the conclusions and question session offers the invaluable opportunity to reinforce the desired message.

Cistolitectomia e ressecção de cisto renal por laparoscopia em uma cadela com aderências intraperitoneais: relato de caso / Cystolithectomy and renal cyst resection by laparoscopic surgery in a female dog with intraperitoneal adhesions: case report

No presente relato descreve-se a remoção de urólitos vesicais, bem como o tratamento de um cisto renal por cirurgia laparoscópica em um cão com aderências intraperitoneais. Para o acesso foram utilizados três portais, dois de 10mm e um de 5mm, dispostos na linha média ventral e nas paredes abdominal direita e esquerda. Após a remoção das litíases, realizou-se sutura intracorpórea da parede vesical em duas camadas. O cisto renal direito foi drenado e sua cápsula extirpada. Ocorreu a perda temporária de um urólito na cavidade abdominal e sua posterior recuperação pela cirurgia laparoscópica. O paciente não apresentou recidiva da doença pelo período mínimo de 14 meses. A cirurgia laparoscópica mostrou-se eficaz na terapêutica de ambas as patologias, sem a necessidade de alteração do posicionamento dos portais.

This study reports the laparoscopic treatment of urolithys and renal cist in a dog with adherences after laparotomy. Three portals (two with 10mm and one with 5mm) were used in the middle ventral line or lateral flanks. The calculi were removed, and two intracorporeal sutures were made in the vesicle tissue. The right cystic tissue was drained and its capsule was extirpated. One calculus was lost in the peritoneal cavity, but later recovered by laparoscopy. The patient did not show urinary vesicle disease during at least 14 months. The laparoscopic cistotomy appears to be adequate to remove urolithys and to treat renal cystic disease in dogs.

Urolitíase por cistina em cães no Brasil / Canine cystine urolithiasis in Brazil

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar três casos de urolitíase canina por cistina, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina entre o período de 2007 a 2009. O diagnóstico de urolitíase foi baseado na anamnese, no exame físico e nos exames laboratoriais e radiográficos, e a confirmação do tipo de urólito envolvido foi realizada no Centro de Urólitos de Minnesota-USA, por meio de análise quantitativa, revelando cálculos puros de cistina. A terapia instituída incluiu a remoção cirúrgica dos urólitos e a prevenção de recidivas, por meio do aumento da solubilidade da cistina na urina com dieta comercial própria, aumento da ingestão hídrica e alcalinização medicamentosa da urina.

Three cases of canine cystine urolithiasis were reported at the Veterinary Hospital of Londrina State University in the period from 2007 to 2009. The diagnosis of urolithiasis was based on clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests and radiographs, and the confirmation of the urolith type was performed at the Minnesota Urolith Center - USA, trough quantitative analysis, showing pure cystine uroliths. The therapy administered in both cases included surgical removal of the uroliths and prevention of recurrence by increasing the solubility of cystine in the urine with a commercial diet, increased fluid intake and alkalinization of the urine.

Ureteroscopia flexible: experiencia inicial / Flexible ureteroscopy: experience in 13 patients

Background: Flexible ureteroscopy is an increasingly used diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the upper urinary tract. Aim: To report our experience with flexible ureteroscopy. Material and Methods: Analysis of 13 procedures performed to seven males and 6 women aged 30 to 72 years. Results: The indications for flexible ureteroscopy were urinary lithiasis in six patients, a filling defect found in a CAT scan in five, proximal displacement of a double J catheter in one patient and unilateral hematuria in one patient. Lithiasis was managed with extracorporeal lithotripsy using a Holmium laser. Biopsies were obtained from the sites with filling defects; the catheter was extracted using a Dormia basket. In the patient with hematuria, a hemangioma was found and managed with laser excision. No complications were registered. Conclusions: Flexible ureteroscopy is safe and effective.

Introducción: El gran desarrollo tecnológico de los últimos años ha permitido un impresionante avance en la endourologia. Debido a esto, la ureteroscopia flexible ha ganado cada vez más espacio, tanto como método diagnóstico y terapéutico, en la patología de la vía urinaria alta. Presentamos nuestra experiencia inicial en ureteroscopia flexible. Material y Métodos: Entre marzo y noviembre de 2009 realizamos 13 ureteroscopias flexibles, analizándose en todos los casos las variables demográficas y perioperatorias. Se describe además la técnica quirúrgica. Resultados: Realizamos un total de 13 ureteroscopias flexibles en 7 hombres y 6 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 55 años. Respecto a la indicación del procedimiento, en 6 casos esta fue producto de un cuadro de litiasis urinaria, en 5 casos debido a un defecto de llene en la tomografía axial computada (TC), en 1 paciente debido al desplazamiento proximal de un catéter Doble-J y en 1 paciente producto de una hematuria unilateral. El manejo de las litiasis se realizó mediante litotricia intracorpórea con láser Holmium. En los defectos de llene, se realizaron biopsias del sitio del defecto. El catéter Doble-J fue extraído con Dormia. Finalmente, en el paciente con hematuria se evidenció la presencia de un hemangioma, el que fue manejado con láser. No se registraron complicaciones. Discusión: El desarrollo de los ureteroscopios flexibles ha permitido ampliar el uso de la ureteroscopia tanto en lo diagnóstico como en lo terapéutico. Las complicaciones son cada vez menos frecuentes, convirtiéndolo en un procedimiento seguro y eficaz para el manejo de la patología de la vía urinaria alta.

Anestesia espinal en dosis bajas para litotripsia extracorpórea (LEC): comparación de dos dosis de levobupivacaína hipobárica / Spinal anesthesia for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: comparison between two doses of hypobaric levobupivacaine

Introducción: Se han descrito diversas técnicas anestésicas para la Litotripsia Extracorpórea (LEC), procedimiento frecuentemente realizado en forma ambulatoria. El presente estudio compara la calidad de la analgesia, complicaciones y satisfacción usuaria entre dos modalidades de anestesia espinal con Levobupivacaína hipobárica en bajas dosis. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo secuencial, con pacientes electivos sometidos a LEC unilateral bajo anestesia espinal, asignados en forma secuencial a uno de los siguientes grupos: levobupivacaína 4,5 mg + 20 ug de fentanyl, volumen total 2,5 ml con agua destilada, concentración 0,18 por ciento (Grupo 1), y levobupivacaína 2,5 mg + 20 ug de fentanyl, volumen total 2,5ml con agua destilada, concentración 0,1 por ciento (Grupo 2). Se evaluó el nivel sensitivo (tórula bañada en alcohol),bloqueo motor (escala de Bromage), alteraciones hemodinámicas (bradicardia o hipotensión), tiempo hasta la primera micción y necesidad de suplemento analgésico durante el procedimiento. Además, se evaluó el grado de confort y si repetirían la técnica anestésica. Resultados: 159 pacientes fueron sometidos a LEC entre junio de 2005 y agosto de 2007, aleatoriamente asignados: 82 al Grupo 1 y 77 al Grupo 2. El nivel sensitivo fue más alto en el Grupo 1 con un 67 por ciento de los pacientes en el nivel T4 respecto al grupo 2 con un3,9 por ciento (p < 0,001). Además, el Grupo 2 presentó un nivel sensitivo más bajo con un 88,3 por ceinto de los pacientes en el nivel T5, en comparación al Grupo 1 con 37,7 por ciento (p < 0.001). El Grupo 1 tuvo mayor incidencia de bloqueo motor, con una escala de Bromage = 1 en 20,7 por ciento de los pacientes, respecto a 3,9 por ciento en el grupo 2(p = 0,001). El Grupo 2 presenta un menor bloqueo motor con Bromage = 0 en el 96,1 por ciento de los pacientes, comparado al Grupo 1 con 74,4 por ciento (p = 0,001). Respecto a las complicaciones hemodinámicas, 11 de los pacientes del Grupo 1...

Several anesthesia techniques have been described for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL).It is often performed as an ambulatory procedure. The aim of this study is to compare quality of analgesia, complications and patient’s satisfaction with two regional (spinal) anesthesia techniques with small doses of hypobaric Levobupivacaine. Methods: This is a sequential and prospective study in elective patients undergoing unilateral ESWL under spinal anesthesia. Patients were sequentially allocated to one of two groups: levobupivacaine 4,5 mg + 20 ug of fentanyl, total volume of 2,5 ml with distilled water,concentration 0,18 percent (Group 1), and levobupivacaine 2,5 mg + 20 ug of fentanyl, total volume of 2,5ml, concentration 0,1 percent (Group 2). We evaluated sensitive level (alcohol swab), motor block (Bromagescale), hemodynamic alterations (bradycardia and hypotension) and time until fi rst voiding and the need for further analgesic doses. Patient’s comfort and satisfaction with the technique for a new procedure was also recorded. Results: 159 patients underwent an ESWL between June 2005 and august 2007, and randomized to: Group 1, 82 and Group 2, 77. The sensitive level was higher in Group 1 with 67 percent of patients at T4 respect to Group 2, 3.9 percent (p < 0.001). Group 2 had a lower sensitive level with 88.3 percent of the patients at T5(< 0.001). Group 1 had a higher incidence of motor block: Bromage scale 1 in 20,7 percent of patients respect to3,9 percent in Group 2. Group 2 had lower motor block: Bromage scale 0 in 96,1 percent of patients compared to Group1, 74,4 percent (p = 0,001). With respect to the hemodynamic complications, 11 of the patients in Group 1 (13,4 percent)presented bradycardia, compared to 2 patients in Group 2 (2,5 percent) (p = 0,005). 6 patients in Group 1(7,3 percent)showed hypotension, 2 of those required ephedrine (10 mg). No patients in Group 2 presented hypotension (p = 0,014). There was no difference...

O que há de novo no diagnóstico e tratamento da litíase urinária? / What's new in the diagnosis and management of urinary lithiasis?

OBJETIVO. Atualizar aspectos do diagnóstico e do tratamento da litíase urinária. MÉTODOS. Uma revisão dos principais artigos publicados sobre o tema em revistas indexadas no "Medline" entre 1979 e 2009. RESULTADOS. A ocorrência de cálculos é maior em pacientes com IMC > 30. A TC sem contraste promove o diagnóstico correto em até 98 por cento dos casos. O uso de bloqueadores alfa-adrenérgicos aumenta a eliminação de cálculos ureterais menores que 8 mm em 29 por cento. O índice de pacientes livres de cálculo após LEOC varia entre 35 por cento e 91 por cento, conforme seu tamanho e localização. Cálculos renais maiores que 2 cm são eliminados pela NLPC entre 60 por cento e 100 por cento dos casos. Cálculos de ureter distal são tratados com sucesso em até 94 por cento dos casos pela ureteroscopia semirrígida contra 74 por cento da LEOC. Já para cálculos de ureter superior as taxas de sucesso situam-se entre 77 por cento e 91 por cento para ureteroscopia e 41 por cento e 82 por cento para a LEOC. CONCLUSÃO. A associação da calculose urinária com obesidade e Diabetes mellitus está bem estabelecida. A TC sem contraste é atualmente o padrão-ouro no diagnóstico da litíase urinária. A LEOC é o método de eleição em nosso meio para tratamento de cálculos renais menores que 2 cm e com densidade tomográfica < 1000 UH, exceto os do cálice inferior, onde o limite ideal de tratamento é 1 cm. A nefrolitotripsia percutânea é o melhor método para o tratamento de cálculos renais maiores que 2 cm e a ureteroscopia semi-rígida para o tratamento dos cálculos de ureter distal. A ureteroscopia flexível é uma alternativa para cálculos de ureter superior e renais menores de 1,5 cm que não respondem a LEOC ou com contraindicações para a realização de NLPC.

OBJECTIVE. To review developments in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary lithiasis. METHODS. A review of the most important articles on the subject published in Medline indexed periodicals between 1979 and 2009.RESULTS. Stones occur with greater frequency among people with BMI > 30. Computerized tomography without contrast provides the correct diagnosis in up to 98 percent of cases. Alpha-adrenergic blockers increase elimination of ureteral calculi smaller than 8 mm by 29 percent. The proportion of patients free from calculi after ESWL varies from 35 percent to 91 percent, depending on size and location. In between 60 percent and 100 percent of cases, renal calculi larger than 2 cm are eliminated with PCNL. Calculi of the distal ureter are successfully treated in up to 94 percent of cases using semi-rigid ureteroscopy, compared to 74 percent using ESWL. For calculi of the upper ureter success rates are around 77 percent and 91 percent for ureteroscopy and 41 percent and 82 percent for ESWL. CONCLUSION. The association between urinary lithiasis and Diabetes mellitus, is well-established. Computerized tomography without contrast is currently the gold standard for diagnosis of urinary lithiasis. In Brazil, ESWL is the method of choice for treating renal calculi smaller than 2 cm and with tomographic density < 1000 HU, except those of the lower pole, where the ideal limit for treatment is 1 cm. Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy is the best method of treating renal calculi larger than 2 cm and semi-rigid ureteroscopy is the best treatment for calculi of the distal ureter. Flexible ureteroscopy is an option for calculi of the upper ureter and renal calculi smaller than 1.5 cm that do not respond to ESWL or where PCNL is contraindicated.

Combined urethrolithotomy with vesicolithotomy in an 18-months old boy

We present a case of 18 months old male child who reported with acute urinary retention. He had a urethral calculus along with a vesical calculus. He was subjected to combined external urethrotomy and open vesicolithotomy in one sitting. The patient made a smooth post operative recovery and was followed up for 6 months

Técnicas cirúrgicas para urolitíase obstrutiva em pequenos ruminantes: relato de casos / Surgical techniques for obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants: cases reports

Relataram-se dois casos em que a penectomia com transposição peniana perineal foram as técnicas cirúrgicas de escolha e que resultaram em 50 por cento de sucesso. Quatro casos em que as cistotomias seguidas de cistostomias apresentaram 100 por cento de sucesso, um caso em que só a cistotomia foi realizada e não se obteve sucesso, um caso em que apenas o tratamento clínico foi eficiente e dois casos em que houve 100 por cento de insucesso, independentemente da técnica cirúrgica utilizada, devido ao quadro avançado de azotemia e choque toxêmico dos animais. O estudo foi realizado durante os anos de 2003 a 2005, com a casuística de urolitíase obstrutiva em caprinos e ovinos, de forma a descrever as causas e as conseqüências das decisões terapêuticas empregadas

Two cases in wich the penectomy and perineal penile transposition were the surgical technique of choice, technique of choice were described showing 50 percent of success. There are also reported four cases in wich cystotomy followed by cystostomy showed 100 percent of success, one case in wich the cystotomy alone was unsuccessfully, one case in wich only the clinical treatment was efficient and two cases showing 100 percent of unsuccessful despite of the surgical technique used due to the advanced stage of azotemy and toxemic shock of the animals. This article presents a study of urolithiasis in goats and sheep, from 2003 to 2005, aiming to describe the causes and the consequences of the therapeutic procedures followed