RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the pre-microbiological era, it was widely accepted that diseases, today known to be infectious, were hereditary. With the discovery of microorganisms and their role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, it was suggested that exposure to the pathogen was enough to explain infection. Nowadays, it is clear that infection is the result of a complex interplay between pathogen and host, therefore dependant on the genetic make-up of the two organisms. Dermatology offers several examples of infectious diseases in different stages of understanding of their molecular basis. In this review, we summarize the main advances towards dissecting the genetic component controlling human susceptibility to infectious diseases of interest in dermatology. Widely investigated diseases such as leprosy and leishmaniasis are discussed from the genetic perspective of both host and pathogen. Others, such as rare mycobacterioses, fungal infections and syphilis, are presented as good opportunities for research in the field of genetics of infection.
Assuntos
Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Dermatopatias Infecciosas/genética , Histoplasmose/genética , Humanos , Leishmania/genética , Leishmaniose/genética , Hanseníase/genética , Mycobacterium leprae/genética , Paracoccidioidomicose/genética , Fatores de Risco , Sífilis Cutânea/genética , Tuberculose Cutânea/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the pre-microbiological era, it was widely accepted that diseases, today known to be infectious, were hereditary. With the discovery of microorganisms and their role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, it was suggested that exposure to the pathogen was enough to explain infection. Nowadays, it is clear that infection is the result of a complex interplay between pathogen and host, therefore dependant on the genetic make-up of the two organisms. Dermatology offers several examples of infectious diseases in different stages of understanding of their molecular basis. In this review, we summarize the main advances towards dissecting the genetic component controlling human susceptibility to infectious diseases of interest in dermatology. Widely investigated diseases such as leprosy and leishmaniasis are discussed from the genetic perspective of both host and pathogen. Others, such as rare mycobacterioses, fungal infections and syphilis, are presented as good opportunities for research in the field of genetics of infection.
INTRODUÇÃO: Durante a era pré-microbiológica, era comum a visão de que doenças, hoje sabidamente infecciosas, eram hereditárias. Com a descoberta dos microorganismos e seu papel na patogênese de diversas patologias, chegou-se a propor que a exposição ao patógeno era condição suficiente para explicar infecção. Hoje, está claro que infecção é o resultado de uma complexa interação entre patógeno e hospedeiro, dependendo portanto, em última análise, do make-up genético de ambos os organismos. A dermatologia oferece diversos exemplos de doenças infecciosas em diferentes graus de entendimento de suas bases moleculares. Nesta revisão, resumimos os principais avanços na direção da dissecção do componente genético controlando suscetibilidade do ser humano a doenças infecciosas de importância na dermatologia. Doenças amplamente estudadas, como a hanseníase e a leishmaniose, são discutidas sob o ponto de vista da genética tanto do hospedeiro quanto do patógeno. Outras, como micobacterioses raras, micoses e sífilis, são apresentadas como boas oportunidades para pesquisa na área de genética de infecção.
Assuntos
Humanos , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Dermatopatias Infecciosas/genética , Histoplasmose/genética , Leishmania/genética , Leishmaniose/genética , Hanseníase/genética , Mycobacterium leprae/genética , Paracoccidioidomicose/genética , Fatores de Risco , Sífilis Cutânea/genética , Tuberculose Cutânea/genéticaRESUMO
Infectious and parasitic diseases have always challenged man. Although many of them are typically seen in some areas of the world and can be adequately managed by just improving socioeconomic status and sanitary conditions, they are still quite prevalent and may sometimes be seen outside their original geographical areas. Human migration due to different reasons, tourism, blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation has created new concerns for health professionals all over the world. If not for diagnostic purposes, at least these tropical and infectious diseases should be largely known because their epidemiology, pathogenesis, host/parasite interaction, inflammatory and reparative responses are quite interesting and teach us about human biology. Curiosity is inherent to pathology practice and so we are compelled to look for things other than tumours or degenerative diseases. This review focuses on infectious and parasitic diseases found in a developing country and brings up-to-date information on diseases caused by viruses (dengue, yellow fever), bacteria (typhoid fever, leprosy), parasites (Chagas' disease, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, Capillaria hepatica, schistosomiasis, cysticercosis) and caused by fungi (paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis) that may be useful for pathologists when facing somewhat strange cases from developing countries.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmissíveis/patologia , Adolescente , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Países em Desenvolvimento , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Micoses/diagnóstico , Micoses/patologia , Doenças Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Doenças Parasitárias/patologiaAssuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Síndrome Inflamatória da Reconstituição Imune/diagnóstico , Hanseníase Dimorfa/diagnóstico , Hanseníase Tuberculoide/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , HIV-1 , Humanos , Hansenostáticos/uso terapêutico , Hanseníase Dimorfa/induzido quimicamente , Hanseníase Tuberculoide/induzido quimicamente , MasculinoRESUMO
Infectious and parasitic diseases have always challenged man. Although many of them are typically seen in some areas of the world and can be adequately managed by just improving socioeconomic status and sanitary conditions, they are still quite prevalent and may sometimes be seen outside their original geographical areas. Human migration due to different reasons, tourism, blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation has created new concerns for health professionals all over the world. If not for diagnostic purposes, at least these tropical and infectious diseases should be largely known because their epidemiology, pathogenesis, host/parasite interaction, inflammatory and reparative responses are quite interesting and teach us about human biology. Curiosity is inherent to pathology practice and so we are compelled to look for things other than tumours or degenerative diseases. This review focuses on infectious and parasitic diseases found in a developing country and brings up-to-date information on diseases caused by viruses (dengue, yellow fever), bacteria (typhoid fever, leprosy), parasites (Chagas' disease, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, Capillaria hepatica, schistosomiasis, cysticercosis) and caused by fungi (paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis) that may be useful for pathologists when facing somewhat strange cases from developing countries.