A method used to access the functional outcome of tibial posterior tendon transfer for foot drop in leprosy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to access the postoperative functional results of posterior tibial tendon transfer for foot drop as a consequence of nerve palsy in leprosy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirteen patients (9 males and 4 females) with ages ranging from 9 to 69 years were submitted to posterior tibial tendon transfer by the circumtibial route to correct foot drop in leprosy. The length of postoperative follow-up ranged from 1 to 5 years. The Stanmore system was used as a method for evaluating the functional results of postoperative posterior tibial tendon transfer. This system is made up of 7 different categories and the total score is 100. RESULTS: According to the Stanmore system, the results were poor in 1 patient (7.6%), moderate in 2 feet (15.3%), good in 5 feet (38.4%), and excellent in 5 feet (38.4%). All the patients were satisfied with the final outcome. CONCLUSION: The posterior tibial tendon transfer for foot drop in leprosy was efficient in restoring normal function of the foot and gait without changing foot posture. In the absence of a standardized method for assessing the results of posterior tibial tendon transfer, the Stanmore system seems to be a good tool for an objective evaluation.

Disability profile in leprosy patients' diagnoses in a rural reference leprosy centre in Ethiopia during 1999-2009.

We assessed the epidemiology of disabilities in leprosy cases treated in a rural hospital over a 10-year period. This is a retrospective data collection using leprosy registers and treatment cards in a rural private mission hospital. Over the 10-year period, 210 patients with leprosy were registered for treatment. One hundred and twenty-eight (61.5%) had disabilities (26.0% grade 1 and 35.6% grade 2): 13.5% ocular disabilities, 44.5% disabilities in hands and 44.7% foot impairment. Patients >19 years had more disabilities (66.7% versus 50.7%) (P = 0.03), especially ocular disabilities (16.7% in >20 versus 6.0% in <20 years) (P = 0.03). This study detected a high prevalence of disabilities.

Multiple grade II deformities in a child: tragic effect of leprosy.

Stigma is almost synonymous with visible deformity and this is what makes leprosy a dreaded disease for the common man. Deformities in children are more distressing, due to the limitation of their physical, academic and social life. An 11-year-old female child was presented with trophic ulceration of right foot and triple nerve paralysis (i.e. total claw hand with wrist drop) of the left hand of 2 years duration. In addition, she had multiple hypopigmented hypoaesthetic patches on the extremities and buttocks. She was diagnosed as a case of borderline tuberculoid leprosy and was started on WHO MB MDT therapy. Leprosy in children is an indicator for disease prevalence in general population and occurrence of deformities points towards the delay in making the diagnosis and the stigma associated with the disease.

Fracture of calcaneum following drop foot surgery--a case report.

The usual protocol for correction of drop foot in leprosy, a consequence of damage to the common peroneal nerve, is a tendon transfer, immobilisation to heal the tendon juncture and post-operative exercises to put the transfer into use. Tarsal disintegrations have been reported in literature in drop foot patients when the transferred tendons were inserted into the bone making a drill hole to ensure firm anchorage. Such disintegrations are rarely seen these days because bony insertion of the tendon transfers is not performed in the leprosy-affected foot. We report here a case of drop foot that developed a fracture of the calcaneum during the post-operative period after tibialis posterior two tail transfer (to tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus) along with lengthening of the tendoachillis. The case is interesting in the sense that osteoporosis and walking strains resulted in a fracture of the body of the calcaneum which healed with conservative treatment and controlled mobilisation of the patient.

Surgical treatment of three cases of plantar foot ulceration in leprosy.

Neurophatic foot ulceration (NFU) is a common problem in leprosy patients. Three cases of NFU, who did not respond to conservative measures, were treated with orthopaedic surgery. The purpose of the treatment was, by using different approaches, the reduction of bone hyper pressure areas, allowing the ulcer to heal.

Follow-up of tibialis posterior transfer surgery (TPT) for drop-foot in leprosy.

Prevention of Disability (POD) service needs to be expanded for future reducing the leprosy burden. Tibialis Posterior Transfer Surgery (TPT) is an established procedure and relatively easy to do at district level general hospitals. It can protect further damages of affected foot and consequently reduce patient's social burden as well. Totally 70 TPT surgeries were done during a joint project of JICA on leprosy control and basic health service in Myanmar for training purpose (Jan/2002-Jan/2006). A follow-up assessment was done for exploring the effectiveness of foot drop surgery, in Nov/2006 at 9-selected townships in Mid-Myanmar. 33 cases (Male 22, Female 11) were reviewed and the mean of follow up period was 29.1 months (SD=7.1, 10-48 months). Total results were; good: 25 cases (76%), fair: 4 cases (12%) and poor: 4 cases (12%). In good and fair cases, patients were satisfied with the results and TPT improved the QOL of patients. In almost all cases (32/33, 97%) after TPT, patients are free from plantar ulcer. Most serious complication of operation (4 cases, 12%) identified was inversion deformity due to loosed tension of lateral tail of grafted TP tendon sutured to Extensor Digitorum Longus. From the results of TPT surgery follow-up, it can benefit much to the patients if resources permit to make it as a routine service in more places.

[Conjugal leprosy]. / Lepra conyugal.

OBJECTIVES: Determining the occurrence of leprosy amongst couples and establishing the type of leprosy in index and secondary cases. METHODS: The characteristics of leprosy were studied between 1980 and 2000 in Atlántico Department located on the Colombian Caribbean Coast. Clinical histories of patients registered in the Leprosy Control Programme were reviewed. Clinical exams were performed and personal interviews carried out with couples suffering from leprosy. RESULTS: Twenty-six married couples were found to be suffering from leprosy, representing 5.4% of leprosy cases detected during the study period. They were aged from 20 to 89. 65.4% of the index cases were men and 22 (84.6%) were multibacillary, lepromatous cases; two had indeterminate leprosy and two were suffering from tuberculoid leprosy. Sixty-one percent of the secondary cases were paucibacillary patients, 42% of them being tuberculoid. No paucibacillary cases were associated with multibacillary leprosy in the couples. Only two couples had consanguinity. None of the couples had had leprosy at the time of being married. The time between leprosy being detected in index cases and the disease being detected in secondary patients varied from 5 to 40 years. Disabilities were more common in the feet and to a higher degree in lepromatous index cases who had had the disease for a longer time than the secondary cases because these were more frequently paucibacillary patients who had a disease having shorter evolution. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of ongoing, prolonged contact, conjugal leprosy is not frequent and requires several years to develop in the second person. Lepromatous leprosy in index cases was more frequently associated with leprosy in the couple. When the primary case was paucibacillary, no multibacillary leprosy occurred in the secondary case.

Lepra Conyugal / Conjugal leprosy

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la ocurrencia de lepra entre cónyuges y precisar las características de la enfermedad en el caso índice y en el secundario. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos sus características en una zona de la Costa Caribe colombiana (Departamento del Atlántico), durante 1980-2000, a través de la revisión de las historias clínicas del Programa Control de Lepra, del examen clínico y de entrevistas con los afectados. RESULTADOS: Encontramos 26 parejas con lepra conyugal, que representan el 5,4 % de los casos diagnosticados durante el periodo, con edades entre 20 y 89 años. El 65,4 % de los casos índices fueron hombres y 22 (84,6 %) lepromatosos; dos tenían lepra indeterminada y dos tuberculoide. Los casos secundarios fueron tuberculoides en su mayoría (42,3 %) y, en conjunto, 61 % paucibacilares. Ningún caso índice paucibacilar se asoció con lepra multibacilar en el cónyuge. Sólo dos parejas tenían consanguinidad. Ninguno de los cónyuges llegó enfermo al matrimonio y su convivencia entre la aparición de la enfermedad en el caso índice y el secundario, varió entre 5 y 40 años. La convivencia de los cónyuges varió entre 5 y 44 años. Las discapacidades se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en los pies y fueron más graves en los casos índices lepromatosos, con enfermedad de larga evolución, que en los secundarios, porque éstos fueron paucibacilares con mayor frecuencia y se detectaron cuando su enfermedad tenía menor tiempo de evolución. CONCLUSIONES: La lepra conyugal es poco frecuente, requiere varios años de convivencia para presentarse en el segundo cónyuge y es más común cuando el caso primario es lepromatoso. Cuando un cónyuge es paucibacilar su pareja no desarrollara lepra multibacilar.

[Background of development and effectiveness of myanmar sandals (the activity of Leprosy Control and Basic Health Services Project in Myanmar)].

"Leprosy control and Basic health service Project" was terminated at March 2005 within the scope of the period. I was assigned to develop the Plantar protect footwear for neuropathic feet, which called "Myanmar Sandals" in common. These sandals are not made by new technologies but made by basic knowledge. I would like to report about this activity as which is a part of distinguished strategy of ODA (Official Development Assistance) for developing country, but not as the technical report of these sandals. There is only one National Leprosy Hospital in Myanmar. At the time this project started, there were only two footwear technicians for the people who had disabilities by after effect of Hansen's disease in this country. And, it would appear that the number of the people is over 50,000. Furthermore, the budget of national hospital is not enough to refill necessary consumable supplies and materials. Although, I should instruct new technique which like making in Japan in ordinary circumstances, I could not think that such technical transfer by using costly imported materials woud bring beneficial effect and be continued. We were bound to be anxious about such situations when we made the plan. As a result of examining a plan based on these situations, we reached the conclusion that development of the simplified ready-made footwear was pressing need.

Patients' perceptions of reconstructive surgery in leprosy.

Reconstructive surgery has made significant advances in correcting deformities in leprosy. However, several patients seem hesitant and unenthusiastic to take advantage of this facility. A study was therefore carried out at the Leprosy Mission Hospital in Kolkata during 1999, to assess patients' perceptions to reconstructive surgery. Of about 300 patients operated during 1991-1997, 117 were interviewed using a Visual Analogue Scale on their pre-operative expectations and satisfaction after surgery. Nearly 40% had their expectations fully met, another 40% partially, and about 10% perceived benefits more than expected. Less than 5% were not satisfied. Results are presented for surgery on hand, foot and eye among males and females, and the implications for future discussed.

[What was found in deformities of leprosy patients from the view-point of orthopedics?].

No more deformities which are the cause of social stigma by early detection and chemotherapy! Let patients learn how to avoid getting deformed to keep normal ADL & QOL. Fight against the nerve damage and stop the progressive deformities by organizing the team approach. Instead of intense efforts of taking care by well organized team work, deformities are resulted inevitably in some cases. Let their deformities be out of the way of their keeping normal community lives without any prejudice, respecting their human rights and dignity.

[A long-term follow-up result of posterior tibialis muscle transfer for foot-drop in leprosy patients].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term results and possible complications of the posterior tibialis transfer in correction of the foot-drop in leprosy patients, and to compare the results by the circum-tibial and interosseous routes. METHODS: From January to October 2001, 37 cases (treated from October 1989 to October 1999) were followed up. Walking gait, active dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle joint, deformities of the feet, and patients' satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: Of 37 patients, 22 were treated by circum-tibial transfer, 15 by interosseous transfer. All patients' Achilles tendons were lengthened. Excellent and good results were obtained in 30 cases (86%). The active dorsiflexion was better by interosseous route than by circum-tibial route. Out of 35 patients followed up for 2-11 years (4 years on average), 14 had talipes varus in 22 by circum-tibial transfer, 2 had talipes varus in 13 by interosseous transfer; there was significant difference between two routes (P < 0.05). The complications included drop-toe(5 cases), muscle atrophy (4 cases), tendon rupture (1 case) and tendon adhesion (1 case). CONCLUSION: Tibialis posterior transfer with elongation of tendo Achilles can obtain excellent results in treating foot-drop due to leprosy. Interosseous route is preferred and physiotherapy is emphasized pre- and postoperatively.

Surgical reconstruction of leprotic foot drop.

We have operated 152 patients for correction of foot-drop due to leprosy from March 1992 to July 1999. The method used was circumtibial transfer of the tibial is posterior to the tendons of extensor hellucis longus and the extensor digitorum longus in the foot together with lengthening of the Achilles tendon. The results were satisfactory in 135 of these cases as judged by adequate restoration of heel--toe gait and of active dorsiflexion. The follow up period ranged from 6 months to 8 years. Inadequate post-operative physiotherapy was the reason for unsatisfactory results in seventeen cases.

[Disabilities observed in new cases of leprosy diagnosed in the Bamako district (Mali) in 1994]. / Les infirmités observées chez les nouveaux cas de lèpre dépistés dans le district de Bamako (Mali) en 1994.

Our study concerns 244 new cases of leprosy diagnosed in the Bamako district in 1994. 154/244 patients could be contacted and were examined in the Leprosy Department of the Marchoux Institute in Bamako. Results showed that the presence of leprosy induced physical disabilities was associated with male gender (59%), advanced age (68%) and multibacillary disease (68%). Disabilities were also more frequent among patients having a rural or manual occupation at the time of screening or afterwards. There was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the prevalence of disabilities when comparing patients at the time of diagnosis (29%) and thereafter (48%). This means that in 40% of disability cases, lesions developed during or after the treatment. Disabilities were predominantly observed in hands (33%) and feet (29%) with more frequent lesions in lateral popliteal, superior ulnar and posterior tibial nerves. Our results seem to demonstrate the inadequacy of preventive measures and management. This stresses the need for adequate prevention and therapy of leprosy induced disabilities in order to obtain proper eradication of leprosy induced health problems.