Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Tenuipalpidae) development in sweet orange plants is influenced by previous mite infestation and the presence of shelters.

Citrus leprosis is the most important viral disease affecting citrus. The disease is caused predominantly by CiLV-C and is transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker mites. This study brings some insight into the colonization of B. yothersi in citrus [(Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae)] previously infested by viruliferous or non-viruliferous B. yothersi. It also assesses the putative role of shelters on the behavior of B. yothersi. Expression of PR1 and PR4 genes, markers of plant defense mechanisms, were evaluated by RT-qPCR to correlate the role of the plant hormonal changes during the tri-trophic virus-mite-plant interplay. A previous infestation with either non-viruliferous and viruliferous mites positively influenced oviposition and the number of adult individuals in the resulting populations. Mite populations were higher on branches that had received a previous mite infestation than branches that did not. There was an increase in the expression of PR4, a marker gene in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, in the treatment with non-viruliferous mites, indicating a response from the plant to their feeding. Conversely, an induced expression of PR1, a marker gene in the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, was observed mainly in the treatment with viruliferous mites, which suggests the activation of a plant response against the pathogen. The earlier mite infestation, as well as the presence of leprosis lesions and a gypsum mixture as artificial shelters, all fostered the growth of the B. yothersi populations after the second infestation, regardless of the presence or absence of CiLV-C. Furthermore, it is suggested that B. yothersi feeding actually induces the JA pathway in plants. At the same time, the CiLV-C represses the JA pathway and induces the SA pathway, which benefits the mite vector.

Skin scrapings versus standardized skin surface biopsy to detect Demodex mites in patients with facial erythema of uncertain cause - a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Standardized skin surface biopsy (SSSB) is considered to be the gold standard technique to evaluate the density of Demodex mites for the diagnosis of demodicidosis. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings is a much simpler procedure that can be used to detect pathogens in the superficial skin. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of potassium hydroxide preparation of skin scrapings as compared to the standard skin biopsy technique with regard to capacity to detect Demodex mites, time consumed and technician satisfaction. METHODS: One hundred outpatients presenting with facial erythema of uncertain cause were enrolled. Standardized skin surface biopsy and potassium hydroxide preparation of skin scrapings were undertaken in adjacent areas on the patients' right cheek. LIMITATION: Patients with normal facial skin were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The accuracy of Demodex mite detection by potassium hydroxide preparation of skin-scrapings when compared to the standard procedure is 82%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of this method are 75%, 84.2%, 60% and 91.43%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the standard and skin scraping techniques (P = 0.238) with regard to mite detection. Mean preparation time while using the skin scraping technique was 6 times less than that of the standard technique. For interpretation also, skin scraping technique (3.6 min) consumed much less time than the biopsy technique (9.8 min). Moreover, experienced technicians were more satisfied with skin scraping. CONCLUSION: Potassium hydroxide preparation of skin scrapings is an effective, time saving and practical technique to detect Demodex mites with accuracy comparable to the standard biopsy method.

Dermatologic immune restoration syndrome: report of five cases from a tertiary care center in north India.

BACKGROUND: Dermatologic conditions are often an early clue to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. As the disease progresses and the host immunity fails, patients may develop a number of skin conditions. At this point, they have a dominant T helper 2 immunologic response. After the initiation of antiretroviral therapy, the T helper 1 response is restored, and some skin problems, paradoxically, make their appearance then. CONCLUSION: Herpes zoster, mucocutaneous herpes, eosinophilic folliculitis, and mycobacterial infections have been known to occur at this stage. This may be because immune restoration of a host's immunity causes recognition of silent or latent infection and results in development of the condition. We report five cases that were seen at our center during a 2-year period.

Efeito de meios de cultura na virulência de Hirsutella thompsonii (Fischer) (Deuteromycetes) para o controle Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) / Effect of culture media on virulence of Hirsutella thompsonii (Fischer) (Deuteromycetes) to control Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a virulência de Hirsutella thompsonii (Fischer), a Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), produzido nos substratos: meio de cultura completo e sólido (MC-S); meio completo e líquido (MC-L); arroz pré-cozido (APC) e arroz pré-cozido seco e moído (APC-SM). Os adultos do ácaro foram mantidos em arenas foliares de citros inseridas em placas acrílicas contendo ágar-água. As suspensões do patógeno, preparadas em diferentes concentrações (3,2 x 10(5) a 1 x 10(7) conídios/ml) foram pulverizadas sobre os ácaros, estabelecendo-se as curvas de concentração-resposta após o quarto dia. Para a avaliação no campo, os adultos foram mantidos em arenas preparadas em frutos que foram colocados em plantas de citros. Nesse experimento, quatro tratamentos foram aplicados: H. thompsonii produzida em arroz (APC) em duas concentrações (20 kg/ha e 10 kg/ha), H. thompsonii produzida em meio líquido (MC-L) (5L/ha) e a testemunha (água estéril). A sobrevivência dos adultos e o número de ovos e ninfas originados foram avaliados 10 e 20 dias após as aplicações. A menor CL25 calculada foi para o patógeno produzido em MC-S (1,9 x 10(5) conídios/ml). Os valores de CL25 calculados para o fungo produzido em APC e APC-SM não diferiram estatisticamente. Para o fungo produzido em MC-L e MC-S os valores de CL25 foram de 1,9 x 10(6) células infectivas/ml e 2, 2 x10(5) conidios/ml. No campo, houve diferenças dos tratamentos quanto às concentrações aplicadas e o tempo após a pulverização. As aplicações do patógeno resultaram em redução apenas no número de adultos e de ovos.

The virulence of Hirsutella thompsonii (Fischer) to Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) was evaluated in laboratory, grown on complete and solid culture media (MC-S); complete and liquid culture media (MC-L); rice (APC) and powdered rice (APC-SM). Adults were confined to arenas prepared with citrus leaves in acrylic dishes containing water-agar. Conidial suspensions were prepared at different concentration (3.2 x 10(5) to 1 x 10(7) spores/ml) and applied on mites to establish the table curve-response on fourth day. For field evaluation, adults were maintained in arenas prepared with fruits which were placed in plants. In this test, four treatments were tried: H. thompsonii cultured on rice (APC) at two concentrations (20 kg/ha and 10 kg/ha), H. thompsonii produced by liquid fermentation (MC-L) (5 L/ha) and control (sterile water). Adult survival, number of eggs and nymphs per fruit were observed 10 and 20 days after the fungus application. The lowest LC25 value calculated was from pathogen produced in MC-S (1.9 x 10(5) conidia/ml).The LC25 values calculated to APC and APC-SM did not differ statistically. The LC25 values to MC-L and MC-S were 1.9 x 10(6) infective cells/ml and 2.2 x 10(5) conidia/ml. In the field, concentration and time to death differed between treatments and control. The applications resulted in reduction of adult survival and number of eggs.

Sarna noruega

Presentamos un caso de sarna noruega en una enferma con artritis reumatóide y sometida a corticoterapia general. Comentamos las principales características clínicas, etio-patogénicas, histopatológicas y terapéuticas de esta rara entidad.