National Health Survey reveals high percentage of signs and symptoms of leprosy in Brazil. / Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde revela alto percentual de sinais e sintomas de hanseníase no Brasil.

Leprosy is a debilitating, infectious, systemic or localized dermato-neurological disease caused by Mycobacterium lepra. In Brazil, the magnitude and high disabling power keep the disease as a public health problem. Skin spotting and numbness are pathognomonic signs and symptoms in leprosy. The Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) 2019 National Health Survey (PNS-2019) considered the following question as a proxy to estimate its magnitude in the country. "Do you have a spot with numbness or part of the skin with numbness?". In Brazil, 1,921,289 adults reported having a patch or part of the skin with numbness, with no regional differences. As for the age group, the older, the higher the prevalence, for example, between 18 to 29 years old (235,445) and 30 to 39 years old (236,485), 0.7% had the condition, between 40 to 59 years old (827,887), 1.5% and among the elderly, 1.8% (621,472). Being able to estimate, in population-based surveys, with statistical representativeness, a reported morbidity such as leprosy is essential to support the formulation of public policies, notably those related to primary health care actions. In this way, the IBGE fulfills its constitutional role of portraying the reality of the Brazilian population and today it is the main external evaluator of the Unified Health System (SUS) and of public policies developed by the federal level.

A hanseníase é uma doença dermato-neurológica, infecciosa, sistêmica ou localizada, debilitante, causada por Mycobacterium leprae. No Brasil, a magnitude e o alto poder incapacitante mantêm a doença como um problema de saúde pública. Mancha na pele e dormência são sinais e sintomas patognomônicos na hanseníase. A Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 (PNS-2019), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), considerou a seguinte pergunta como proxy para estimar sua magnitude no país. "O(a) sr(a). tem mancha com dormência ou parte da pele com dormência?". No Brasil, 1.921.289 adultos referiram ter mancha ou parte da pele com dormência, sem diferenças regionais. Com relação ao grupo etário, quanto mais velho, maior a prevalência. Por exemplo, entre os de 18 a 29 anos (235.445) e de 30 a 39 anos (236.485), 0,7% possuía a condição, entre 40 e 59 anos (827.887), 1,5%, e entre os idosos, 1,8% (621.472). Poder estimar, em pesquisas de base populacional, com representatividade estatística, uma morbidade referida tal como a hanseníase é fundamental para apoiar a formulação de políticas públicas, notadamente as relativas às ações da atenção primária à saúde. Dessa forma, o IBGE cumpre seu papel constitucional de retratar a realidade da população brasileira e hoje é o principal avaliador externo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e das políticas públicas instituídas no âmbito federal.

Comparison of quality of life evaluated by SF-36 and DLQI in multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy patients from Sao Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Dermatological diseases have a negative impact on quality of life (QoL), affecting mental and physical health. Leprosy patients usually present with a worse QoL compared with those affected by other conditions. Reactions, neural damage, and pain are some of the consequences that contribute to the lower QoL. However, due to the wide spectrum of the disease, symptoms vary according to leprosy's subtype. This study aimed to compare the QoL between paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy patients. Individuals were also compared considering the presence of reactions and a correlation between questionnaires was performed. METHODS: A total of 104 patients with leprosy aged 18 years old and over were selected. QoL was assessed by the Brazilian-Portuguese validated versions of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) and the Dermatology Life Quality Life Index (DLQI). RESULTS: Multibacillary patients showed a more impaired physical function, worse bodily pain, lower score of SF-36, and higher interference of skin on the performance of daily activities when compared to the paucibacillary group. Individuals without reactions presented lower bodily pain and less effect of the skin on clothing choices compared to those with reactions. The SF-36 domains exhibited weak correlations with most DLQI questions, and the linear regression model showed that 32% of changes in QoL were related to the skin aspect. CONCLUSIONS: Multibacillary leprosy patients have a worse QoL when compared to paucibacillary patients. Reactions played a small role in the QoL of our cohort of patients.

A critical issue of using the variance of the total in the linearization method - In the context of unequal probability sampling.

Publicly available national survey data are useful for the evidence-based research to advance our understanding of important questions in the health and biomedical sciences. Appropriate variance estimation is a crucial step to evaluate the strength of evidence in the data analysis. In survey data analysis, the conventional linearization method for estimating the variance of a statistic of interest uses the variance estimator of the total based on linearized variables. We warn that this common practice may result in undesirable consequences such as susceptibility to data shift and severely inflated variance estimates, when unequal weights are incorporated into variance estimation. We propose to use the variance estimator of the mean (mean-approach) instead of the variance estimator of the total (total-approach). We show a superiority of the mean-approach through analytical investigations. A real data example (the National Comorbidity Survey Replication) and simulation-based studies strongly support our conclusion.

Encuesta 2017-2018: Conocimientos, actitudes y práticas de los pobladores del Chaco paraguayo sobre las enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas y el dengue, Resultados / Survey 2017-2018: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the inhabitants of the Paraguayan Chaco on neglected infectious diseases and dengue, Results

La presente publicación describe los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de los pobladores de los tres departamentos del Chaco Paraguayo sobre existencia de enfermedad, modo de trasmisión y sintomatología de las Enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas (EID y dengue. Asimismo, las actitudes de los pobladores del Chaco paraguayo en relación con la responsabilidad personal y comunitaria para prevenir las EID y el dengue

Could Mycobacterium leprae Infection Be an Occupational Disease? A Survey in Healthcare Workers From an Endemic Area in the Amazonian Region.

A serologic survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Mycobacterium leprae infection among healthcare workers and associated factors. Of 280 workers, 26 (9.3%) were positive using immunoglobulin M serology for PGL-I M. leprae antigen. Exposure to leprosy patients in the workplace was significantly associated with seropositivity (P=.044).

Survey on child leprosy patients and problems resulted from the disease in China.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the situation of child leprosy patients in the low prevalence situation pertaining in China. METHOD: A retrospective survey by questionnaire was carried out in all 32 provinces of mainland of China in 2011. All data concerning child cases detected from January 2005 to December 2009 were collected by professional health workers working at county level. RESULTS: During the study, only 165 questionnaires were collected for analysis. Among 165 child cases, 96 were boys, 69 were girls with an average age of 11-7 years old. 80% of child cases were members of families with other leprosy affected people. 145 (85%) child cases took their MDT secretly (nobody outside the family knew the child suffered from leprosy), and three (1.8%) children died, one each from dapsone syndrome, suicide and severe pneumonia. During follow-up, four child cases developed new disability increasing the Grade 2 disability rate to 13.3% (22/165). At end of the study, 8.2% of children had discontinued their study at school, and 7.5% had moved to a remote place to do casual work, while 6.3% stayed at home. 31% of child patients thought that leprosy caused a negative impact on their daily life. Two children had a hostile attitude toward society due to the stigma caused by leprosy. CONCLUSIONS: In both high and low endemic areas, as long as there is an infectious source of leprosy in the family, there is a possibility for children to develop leprosy. Contact surveys should be done to detect early disease, especially when there are children in the household.

Evaluation of the effect of Block Level Awareness Campaign on performance indicators of National Leprosy Elimination Program in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy is probably the oldest disease afflicting mankind and a public health problem for centuries. Many cases are hidden or undiagnosed, especially due to social stigma, and neglect of painless patches. Between years 2001 and 2005, during which time active surveillance for detection of leprosy was in practice, a steep fall in the prevalence rate (PR) of leprosy was observed. However, during later years, leprosy program discontinued active surveillance for detection of leprosy cases. Presently block level awareness campaign (BLAC) is a special measure undertaken in a campaign mode during September-November in priority areas, (PR>1/10000 population), during which information, education and communication (IEC) activities and active surveillance of leprosy cases is done. AIMS: To evaluate the effect of Block Level Awareness Campaign on performance indicators of national leprosy elimination program (NLEP) in Vadodara district. METHODS: The campaign was carried out for 6 days in 12 talukas of Vadodara district by the district leprosy office, Vadodara. Trained teams of health workers carried out information, education and communication (IEC) activity and active surveillance by undertaking house to house survey in each primary health centre (PHC) area. Suspected cases were identified by the team and confirmed clinically by medical officers in the primary health centre of the corresponding areas. A district nucleus team (DNT) validated these confirmed cases. These data were compared with the district's national leprosy eradication programme (NLEP) data for the same year, 2012 and the previous year, 2011. RESULTS: A total of 1,574,586 persons, comprising 76%of the population surveyed, were screened for leprosy, which resulted in detection of 358 clinically confirmed new cases of leprosy, out of which 225 (62.8%) were paucibacillary (PB) and 133 (37.2%) were multibacillary (MB) leprosy. Of these cases, 14 (4%) had deformities, and 37 (10.3%) were children. LIMITATIONS: Only 76% of the population could be covered. Histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis was not undertaken. Because of the large number of health workers invovled, variations in their skills may have influenced the diagnosis of suspected cases. CONCLUSIONS: Active surveillance linked to focused block level campaigns can be useful tools to detect new hidden leprosy cases.

Enfoque de los factores de riesgo de la lepra con las determinantes sociales de la salud / Approach to the risk factors for leprosy based on social determinants of health

Objetivos: identificar los factores de riesgo de la lepra, según las determinantes de salud. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de carácter transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por todos los casos de lepra notificados en la provincia desde 2009 hasta mayo de 2011. Para la obtención de la información se revisaron las tarjetas de enfermedades de declaración obligatoria y las encuestas epidemiológicas. Se utilizó como medida de resumen el porcentaje. Resultados: los principales factores de riesgos que se identificaron en el elemento de la biología humana fue la infección multibacilar; en el medio ambiente, el riesgo de la convivencia con pacientes con baciloscopia positiva; en la organización de la atención de salud el fallo del sistema de salud, al prevalecer la detección espontánea de los casos; en cuanto a estilos de vida, la conducta individual de las migraciones. De forma general, en la base socioeconómica, 40,7 por ciento de los pacientes tenían bajo nivel escolar. Conclusiones: estos factores de riesgo socioeconómicos, son de importancia ya que se conoce que el Mycobacterium leprae, es un germen transmisible, que requiere condiciones especiales para manifestar su patogenicidad, condicionamientos inmunogenéticos de receptividad individual y predominantemente. Alteraciones inmunoreactivas, determinadas por factores socioeconómicos que deprimen los mecanismos de defensa a la invasión bacteriana en grupos poblacionales que viven en hacinamiento, con déficit nutricionales y alteraciones metabólicas, así como un conjunto de factores dependientes de la pobreza, propios de países subdesarrollados, y que juegan un papel determinante en la presentación de la enfermedad(AU)

Objectives: identify the risk factors for leprosy on the basis of health determinants. Methods: cross-sectional observational descriptive study. The sample consisted of all the leprosy cases reported in the province from 2009 to May 2011. Data were obtained from notifiable disease cards and epidemiological surveys. The summary measurement used was percentage. Results: the main risk factors identified were the following: in human biology, multibacillary infection; in the environment, living with positive bacilloscopy patients; in health care, failure of the health system, since spontaneous detection prevails; and in life styles, the individual behavior of migrations. From a socioeconomic point of view, 40.7 percent of patients had a low schooling level. Conclusions: these are important socioeconomic risk factors. It is a well known fact that Mycobacterium leprae is a communicable germ requiring special conditions to manifest its pathogenicity: individual immunogenic reception conditioning and most of all immunoreactive alterations determined by socioeconomic factors depressing the defense mechanisms against bacterial invasion in population groups living in crowded conditions, with nutritional deficits and metabolic alterations, as well as a number of poverty-related factors typical of underdeveloped countries, which play a decisive role in the development of the disease(AU)

[Epidemiological survey of leprosy conducted in metropolitan France between 2009 and 2010]. / Enquête épidémiologique sur la lèpre en France métropolitaine en 2009 et 2010.

BACKGROUND: There is no official leprosy register in France. The last epidemiological survey on leprosy in metropolitan France was done between 1995 and 1998. We performed a new epidemiological study of leprosy in metropolitan France in 2009 and 2010. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We contacted 85 dermatology and infectious disease units by e-mail or by telephone in order to determine the number of leprosy patients either being followed up or newly diagnosed in 2009 and 2010. RESULTS: The response rate was 87%. In 2010, 127 patients were being followed up in metropolitan France, mostly at dermatology units (78%). Seventy-five patients were on anti-bacillary treatment and the prevalence was 0.011/10,000. There were 39 new cases diagnosed in 2009 and 2010 (mean 19 cases/year) (low case-detection rate: 0.003 per 10,000 inhabitants). Among the new cases, seven patients (18%) were of French origin, with two from metropolitan France and five from French overseas territories. DISCUSSION: Our study confirms the persistence of imported leprosy in France and shows no significant decrease in the number of new cases since 1998 (19 vs. 18 new cases/year) or in disease prevalence (0.013 vs. 0.011 per 10,000 inhabitants). This prevalence is very far removed from the one per 10,000 inhabitants proposed by the World Health Organization as the criteria for endemic disease. Most patients in our survey were immigrants (82%). Lepromatous forms (46%) were more frequent than the tuberculoid forms (33%). All patients had either travelled to or lived in areas of high leprosy prevalence, including metropolitan subjects. CONCLUSION: Leprosy remains present in metropolitan France, and it is still important to continue teaching about it at medical faculties in order to ensure diagnosis of new patients as early as possible.

Sonhos interrompidos, caminhos desviados: marcas amenizadas por pensões / Interrupted dreams, deviated pathways: marks aleviated by pension

Este artigo é resultado de pesquisa da Divisão Técnica de Hanseníase da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo realizada com pessoas acometidas pela hanseníase e que recebem pensões do Estado desde 1954, como política compensatória. Foi utilizado inquérito de saúde de base populacional com universo de 631 beneficiários, sendo entrevistados, através de um formulário, 485 sujeitos. As entrevistas com os pensionistas foram realizadas em Unidades de Saúde e nos antigos Hospitais-Colônia onde ainda vivem remanescentes do isolamento compulsório. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases: aspectos sociais, com questões fechadas e abertas, e avaliação de incapacidades.Portanto, trata-se de pesquisa com abordagem quantiqualitativa, que valorizou o discurso dos sujeitos.Os principais resultados qualitativos comprovam a importância do rendimento auferido pela pensão na sobrevivência dos pensionistas e familiares, bem como o impacto da hanseníase e do isolamento compulsório na vida destas pessoas.

Leprosy is a slow course, chronic, granulomatous infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.The disease causes lesions on face, hands and feet,which can generate severe physical disabilities that contribute to the installation of deformities and disabling patterns. The claw hand type lesion is a sequel observed in patients with upper limbs lesions. It canbe very disabling, making it difficult to the individuals to carry out their Daily Living Activities whichim pairs their quality of life and personal satisfaction.The occupational therapy intervention using low costassistive technology to aid in daily living activities ofpatients with claw hand aims at minimizing motorand manual dexterity deficits. Thus, this study aimsto demonstrate the self perception of patients about improving their feeding performance activity afteruse of functional adaptation. We conducted the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance protocol before and after 10 training interventions with adaptation to feeding activity to evaluate the perception of 20 patients on the Performance and Satisfaction with the performance of Daily Living Activities. It was observed that the variables showed improved indices with increase in the independence levels. The material proposed and used in this study showed to beadequate to the confection of the adaptations thatwere developed, which promoted reduction of costs.The adaptations developed in this study showed favorable results with statistical significance, obtained through analysis of the final data.

Perfil dos beneficiários de pensão do estado de São Paulo atingidos pela hanseníase: dados quantitativos e de prevenção de incapacidades / Profile of São Paulo state pension beneficiaries affected by leprosy: quantitative data and prevention of disability

Trabalho originado do projeto de pesquisa da Divisão Técnica de Hanseníase da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, intitulado “Perfil Epidemiológico Social das Pessoas com Hanseníase, Beneficiários de Pensão do Estado de São Paulo”. Teve como objetivo conhecer os beneficiários das leis e decretos-lei que dispõem sobre pensão vitalícia intransferível e/ou transferível em pacientes de hanseníase, com foco na situação clínica e qualidade de vida, através de um inquérito de saúde. Foram realizadas entrevistas, através de formulário, com 631 beneficiários cadastrados em maio de 2007 pela Coordenadoria de Regiões de Saúde; destes foram entrevistados 485 sujeitos. Os principais resultados mostram que: homens e mulheres se equivalem numericamente; 42% se encontra na faixa etária de 71 a 80 anos; e 27% residem na área do Departamento Regional de Saúde - DRS1-Capital.Quanto à renda mensal, 59% recebem de um a dois salários mínimos. Os viúvos são maioria (41,45%), sendo que 72,14% deles são do sexo feminino. Os analfabetos perfazem 21,44% sem diferença entre os sexos e o maior porcentual (47,22%) refere-se aos beneficiários que não completaram o ensino fundamental. O maior gasto mensal foi com alimentação (77,11%) e medicamentos (70,31%). Constatou-se ocorrência de incapacidades em torno de 88% nas mãos e nos pés, e em 63% nos olhos. Incapacidades Grau 1 foram mais frequentes nas mãos (13,69%), e com Grau 2 a sede mais acometida foi os pés (78,12%). Conclui-se que a pensão é essencial para atendimento das necessidades básicas dos beneficiários e compõe a renda familiar.

The work originated from research project of the Technical Division of Leprosy of Secretary of health in the State of São Paulo, titled “Social epidemiological profile of people with Leprosy, pension Beneficiaries of State of São Paulo”. The study aimed to identify, through a health survey, the clinical situation and the quality of life of the beneficiaries of laws that provide for annuity for patients who had leprosy. A total of 631 registered beneficiaries in May 2007 the Coordination of health regions were located and interviewed 485 individuals. The main results show that: men and women are equal numerically; 42% is aged 71 to 80 years; and 27% reside in the area of the Regional Department of Health-DRS1-Capital. As for monthly income, 59% receive one to two minimum wages. The widowers are majority (41.45%), being that they are the 72.14% of females literate. Of the respondents, 21.44% were illiterate and there was no gender difference and 47.22 of the beneficiaries of the pensiondid not complete primary school. The biggest monthly expense was (77.11%) and power (70.31%) medicines. Occurrence of disabilities found around 88% in the hands and feet, and 63% in the eyes. Disabilities were more frequent in Grade 1 (13.69%) hands, and with most other seat 2 Degree was the feet (78.12%). It is concluded that the pension is essential for meeting the basic needs of beneficiaries and composes the family income.

A Vigilância Epidemiológica da Hanseníase

Vídeo-aula que aborda a questão da Vigilância em Saúde

[Estimation of the execution of the national strategy of leprosy elimination in the "Hauts Bassins" region in Burkina Faso]. / Evaluation De La Mise En Oeuvre De La Strategie Nationale D'Elimination De La Lepre Dans La Region Des Hauts Bassins, Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Burkina Faso achieved the leprosy elimination as a public health problem but this benefit was being lost. So, the National Program for Fighting against Leprosy has defined a strategy to reverse this situation. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the performance of the national program in the execution of this strategy in the region of "Hauts Bassins" (Burkina Faso) from 2005 to 2009. METHOD: The survey was led through the five sanitary districts of the region. It consisted in interview with the mean actors of leprosy control program and the analysis of the data notified on the leprosy cases, in order to estimate the progression of the key indicators of detection and follow-up care for patients having leprosy. RESULTS: During the survey period, 248 cases of leprosy were recorded including 236 new cases and 12 relapses. The prevalence of leprosy was 0.28 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2009. The detection rate decreased from 3.77 per 100 000 in 2005 to 2.75 per 100 000 in 2009. Among the 236 new cases of leprosy, 194 (82.2 %) were multibacillary form (MB). MB patients proportion increased from 69,3 % in 2005 to 91.1 % in 2009. The proportion of children was on average 3.8 %, the one of female cases 38.9 %. Newly diagnosed cases with grade 2 disabilities moved up from 21.4 % in 2005 to 42.2 % in 2009. The completion of cure rate was globally 88.26 %. The losts from follow-up among the patients who started multi-drug therapy were 7.14 %. CONCLUSION: The aim of the leprosy elimination as a public health problem is achieved but some challenges may be taken up, particularly in the organization of leprosy detection by the heath structures.

Photoprotection and vitamin D status: a study on awareness, knowledge and attitude towards sun protection in general population from Kuwait, and its relation with vitamin D levels.

BACKGROUND: The primary cause of skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. And, for decades sun protection has been promoted in various public health education campaigns. Recently, however, vitamin D deficiency has been related to increased risk of skin cancers. And, skin being the primary site for the synthesis of active form of vitamin D, excessive sun protection could lead to vitamin D-deficient states. But, the results have so far been conflicting. AIMS: To study the level of awareness, knowledge and attitude of representative groups from the general population from Kuwait towards sun protection. And, also study the correlation of the level of sun protective measures used and vitamin D levels in these groups. METHODS: The study constituted of two main parts. First part comprised a questionnaire-based survey of representative group of people aged 18 and above to assess their knowledge, awareness and attitude towards sun protection. The second part consisted of measuring serum vitamin D levels in 150 volunteers amongst the responders of the questionnaire, who had been regularly using sunscreens for at least 2 years and compare to the levels seen in 150 age and sex-matched responders of similar skin phototypes, who had never used sunscreens. RESULTS: Out of the total of 1044 responders, 80% of them had adequate knowledge of the beneficial and harmful effects of sun exposure, and had been using sunscreens regularly, and adopting other sun protective measures in their daily life. The levels of vitamin D were found to be deficient in both sunscreen users and those who had never used sunscreens. The difference between the two groups was statistically insignificant (60.67% vs 54.67%; P value>0.001). CONCLUSION: Population at large seems to be adequately informed about the beneficial and deleterious effects of sun exposure. Vitamin D levels are deficient in majority of our people, and there is a need to do larger surveys covering all parts of the country and give supplemental doses of vitamin D to those found deficient.

WHO disability grade does not influence physical activity in Brazilian leprosy patients.

Disability caused by leprosy may be associated with stigma. The aim of this work is to describe the degree of disability, quality of life and level of physical activity of individuals with leprosy and to identify possible correlations between these factors. Ninety-seven patients from two referral centres were studied. A complete medical history was taken and the World Health Organization degree of physical disability classification (WHO-DG), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short-form health Survey (SF36) were applied. The mean age of patients was 51 +/- 14.9 years old; participants were predominantly men, married, unemployed, had concluded treatment and had had lepromatous leprosy. The WHO-DG and the level of physical activity (P-value = 0.36) were not correlated. The WHO-DG showed that 72.2% of patients had disabilities, 37.1% of whom performed vigorous physical activities. No significant association was observed between the WHO-DG and the domains of the QoL SF-36 except for functional capacity (P-value = 0.02); the physical capacity is generally 'very good' when individuals have no disabilities and 'bad' with severe disabilities. In conclusion, the WHO-DG of leprosy patients does not affect the level of physica activities or quality of life except functional capacity. There is no significan association between physical activities and quality of life in these individuals.

Evaluation of multi-drug therapy for leprosy in the United States using daily rifampin.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the occurrence of relapse of multibacillary leprosy after multi-drug treatment including daily rifampin. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed utilizing data from the National Hansen's Disease Program (NHDP) on patients with leprosy treated and followed from 1988-1997 who received multi-drug therapy including daily rifampin. The occurrence of relapse in this cohort was measured, and demographic data and various clinical variables were also gathered. RESULTS: Ultimately, 158 cases fulfilled the eligibility criteria. 77% of cases were multibacillary patients and were treated with 2 or 3 drug protocols at rates of 36% and 35% before and after 1992, respectively. Only one case of relapse was found, and this patient underwent 2-drug therapy versus 3-drug therapy. CONCLUSION: These data are remarkable for the absence of relapse with daily rifampin, as contrasted with the published experience using the WHO protocol with monthly rifampin.

Dermatoses in the first 72 h of life: a clinical and statistical survey.

BACKGROUND: The neonatal period is generally regarded as the first 28 days of extrauterine life. Skin disorders are commonly seen in the neonatal period, most of which are transient and limited to the first days or weeks of life. In spite of being so frequent, these transient conditions usually escape dermatologist's observations, and consequently few have been studied. AIMS: The study was designed to identify the dermatoses in the first 72 h of life; to report the relationship among the most common dermatoses with the newborn's features; and to verify how often dermatoses are reported by the neonatologist. METHODS: The authors carried out a cross-sectional study on newborn's dermatoses in a brazilian public hospital, including 203 healthy neonates, until 72 h of age, with skin disorders. RESULTS: Out of 34 different skin diagnosed conditions, hypertrichosis lanuginosa, Mongolian spot, sebaceous hyperplasia, epidermal hyperpigmentation, erythema toxicum, and salmon patch were the most frequent ones. The dermatoses with statistical significance were: Mongolian spot and epidermal hyperpigmentation with the non-white newborns; erythema toxicum and cutis marmorata with the white newborns; salmon patch with the female sex; physiologic desquamation with the cesarean section; acrocyanosis with the first pregnancy birth and Bohn's nodules with the vaginal delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty-four different types of dermatological alterations were identified in the healthy newborn within 3 days of life at the Maternity School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Underreporting of dermatoses with serious medical significance shows the importance of a dermatologist in the neonatal unit of a hospital.

Trends in new leprosy case detection over 57 years (1952-2008) in Yuxi, Yunnan Province of Southwest China.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy control and management in China was maintained via a vertical system. Despite substantial achievements in leprosy control in the past decades, leprosy has not been completely eliminated in several endemic areas of Yunnan Province, China. OBJECTIVES: To report the epidemiological trends and management of leprosy in Yuxi, Yunnan Province from 1952 to 2008. DESIGN: Diagnosis, control, and treatment data for 2223 leprosy cases detected from 1952 to 2008 were analysed. RESULTS: Two large-scale house-to-house surveys were launched in 1957-1958 and 1964-1965, and a remarkable number of new cases were identified during these two surveys. The overall prevalence rate of leprosy in the Yuxi region presented a roughly unimodal distribution between 1952 and 2008, with a peak (9.27 per 10000 population) in 1965. This reflects a combination of case detection and duration of treatment. Overall, the age distribution of the patients changed dramatically over the years, and there were only two childhood cases between 1995 and 2008 (both occurring in 1998). Nearly half of the total cases (49.1%) were classified as multibacillary leprosy type. With the introduction and ubiquitous coverage of the WHO multi-drug therapy (MDT) in this area, leprosy elimination was achieved in 1992. In recent years, the majority of cases (> 80%) were detected by passive approaches, and there is an increasing tendency to find multibacillary leprosy patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide an overall profile of our 57-year effort regarding the leprosy control in the Yuxi region. The trend in detection of new cases in recent years suggested that the transmission of leprosy has stopped in the area or, at least, dramatically declined.