Systemic lupus erythematosus mimicking leprosy: A challenge to early diagnosis.

We describe a case of a male patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis. A patient who was initially diagnosed with multibacillary leprosy, an infectious disease, with clinical symptoms for two years. However, after hospitalization and investigation, his diagnosis was revoked and replaced with SLE. The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of knowing the most important and significant clinical changes in SLE and thus allowing an accurate diagnosis, preventing disease progression with target organ involvement, and allowing better clinical management.

Tuberculoid leprosy masquerading as systemic lupus erythematosus: an interesting observation.

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious multisystem disease that may present with protean manifestations. It mimics many systemic and dermatological disorders. Here we report a case in which an elderly female presented with malar rash, intermittent fever, and arthralgia. Her diagnosis was significantly delayed due to a close clinical resemblance to systemic lupus erythematosus. It is important to be aware of such manifestations of leprosy and improve awareness of it in clinicians to avoid misdiagnosis and delay in treatment.

Leprosy: A Great Mimicking Disease.

Leprosy may mask a variety of diseases. One such disease is systemic lupus erythematosus. The early differentiation between the two diseases is of utmost importance to institute appropriate treatment and reduce patient morbidity and mortality. Leprosy is a communicable, chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This clinically manifests predominantly with neurological and cutaneous features. However, it may also manifest with a variety of autoimmune phenomena indicative of autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Rheumatoid Arthritis. Infection with Mycobocterium leprae not only mimics lupus flares, but possibly may also act as a trigger for lupus reactivation; however, its relationship is still not fully understood and explored. We report a case that was diagnosed as leprosy but retrospective analysis revealed that it was probablythe initial manifestations of Lupus. During hospitalization the patient suddenly developed hypoxia and was found to have pulmonary haemorrhage. He was successfully managed with steroids, Mycophenolatemofetil along with other supportive treatment. Our case highlights the rare presentation of pulmonary haemorrhage in a male lupus patient and focuses on leprosy mimicking lupus.

Borderline tuberculoid leprosy in childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus patient.

Leprosy is a contagious and chronic systemic granulomatous disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae. To our knowledge, no case of leprosy in a childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (c-SLE) patient has been reported. For a period of 31 years, 312 c-SLE patients were followed at the Pediatric Rheumatology Unit of our University Hospital. One of them (0.3%) had tuberculoid leprosy skin lesions during the disease course and is here reported. A 10-year-old boy from Northwest of Brazil was diagnosed with c-SLE based on malar rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, lymphopenia, proteinuria, positive antinuclear antibodies, anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-Sm and anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies. He was treated with prednisone, hydroxychloroquine and intravenous cyclophosphamide, followed by mycophenolate mofetil. At 12-years-old, he presented asymmetric skin lesions characterized by erythematous plaques with elevated external borders and hypochromic center with sensory loss. Peripheral nerve involvement was not evidenced. No history of familial cases of leprosy was reported, although the region where the patient resides is considered to be endemic for leprosy. Skin biopsy revealed a well-defined tuberculoid form. A marked thickening of nerves was observed, often destroyed by granulomas, without evidence of Mycobacterium leprae bacilli. At that time, the SLEDAI-2K score was 4 and he had been receiving prednisone 15 mg/day, hydroxychloroquine 200 mg/day and mycophenolate mofetil 3 g/day. Paucibacillary treatment for leprosy with dapsone and rifampicine was also introduced. In conclusion, we have reported a rare case of leprosy in the course of c-SLE. Leprosy should always be considered in children and adolescents with lupus who present skin abnormalities, particularly with hypoesthesic or anesthesic cutaneous lesions.

Multibacillary leprosy mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus: case report and literature review.

Leprosy is an infectious chronic disease with a wide range of clinical and serological manifestations. We report a case of a woman presenting with a malar rash, painless oral ulcers, photosensitivity, arthritis, positive antinuclear antibodies test and leuko-lymphopenia. Our case illustrates an unusual presentation of leprosy initially diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). After the confirmation of multibacillary leprosy and multidrug therapy recommended by the World Health Organization, a good clinical response was observed. Recognition of rheumatic manifestations in leprosy is important as they may be confused with SLE. A literature review is presented to encourage clinicians to consider leprosy as a differential diagnosis. Specifically in patients with unusual rheumatic manifestations and persistent skin lesions, and when neurological symptoms are present. Leprosy has not been eradicated, so misdiagnosis can be frequent. It is necessary to increase medical practitioner awareness in order start proper treatment.

Nasal septal ulceration.

Nasal septal ulceration can have multiple etiologies. Determining the exact cause depends on who the consulting specialist is, who could either be the ENT surgeon or the dermatologist. The common causes are infections (tuberculosis, leprosy, leishmaniasis), vasculitis (Wegener's granulomatosis and Churg-Strauss syndrome), and lupus erythematosus. Traumatic causes and malignancy can also be seen in tertiary referral centers. The diagnosis often requires thorough investigations and multiple tissue specimens from various sites, and in chronic cases, a suspicion of lymphoma should be considered. Apart from disease-specific therapy, a multidisciplinary approach is required in most cases to tackle the cosmetic disfigurement.

Arthritis and diagnosis of leprosy: a case report and review of the literature.

Leprosy is clinically characterized by involvement of peripheral nerves and skin. The immunological profile of the individual defines the diversity of clinical manifestations, from skin disorders to systemic manifestations, especially the articulation ones, common in multibacillary forms, which may mimic collagen diseases and often posing diagnostic difficulties in endemic areas. This is a case report of asymmetric polyarthritis of small and large articulations associated with skin lesions which had been treated by a rheumatologist for 2 years with initial clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, and later, with the appearance of skin lesions, of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Arthritis and diagnosis of leprosy: a case report and review of the literature

Leprosy is clinically characterized by involvement of peripheral nerves and skin. The immunological profile of the individual defines the diversity of clinical manifestations, from skin disorders to systemic manifestations, especially the articulation ones, common in multibacillary forms, which may mimic collagen diseases and often posing diagnostic difficulties in endemic areas. This is a case report of asymmetric polyarthritis of small and large articulations associated with skin lesions which had been treated by a rheumatologist for 2 years with initial clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, and later, with the appearance of skin lesions, of systemic lupus erythematosus.

[Application of the diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus to patients with multibacillary leprosy]. / Aplicação dos critérios diagnósticos do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico em pacientes com hanseníase multibacilar.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects multiple organs or systems. There is no pathognomonic clinical or laboratory test sensitive and specific enough for a specific diagnosis. The criteria proposed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), as modified in 1997, are used for the diagnosis. The presence of four or more criteria presents sensitivity and specificity of 96%. However, these diagnostic criteria for SLE may have lower specificity in areas that are endemic for chronic infectious diseases, such as Brazil (endemic for leprosy), which may have similar clinical and laboratory manifestations. METHODS: A prevalence study was conducted, applying the SLE criteria to patients with recently diagnosed multibacillary leprosy who were registered at the leprosy outpatient clinic, Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), during the data gathering period. The specificity and the number of false positives in this group were calculated. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included. The prevalences of some of the SLE criteria were high. The criteria with the highest prevalence were malar erythema (44%), arthritis (23%), photosensitivity (29%), lymphopenia (19%) and presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, including immunological criteria (20%). The specificity found (84%) was lower than the specificity allocated to the criteria in 1997 by the ACR. CONCLUSIONS: Diseases in our setting, such as leprosy in multibacillary forms, mimic the clinical and laboratory characteristics of SLE, and thus physicians need to be aware of the realities of local infectious diseases before affirming a definitive diagnosis of SLE.

Aplicação dos critérios diagnósticos do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico em pacientes com hanseníase multibacilar / Application of the diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus to patients with multibacillary leprosy

INTRODUÇÃO: O lupus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que acomete múltiplos órgãos ou sistemas, não apresenta manifestação clínica patognomônica ou teste laboratorial sensível e específico o suficiente para um diagnóstico específico. Para o diagnóstico, são utilizados os critérios propostos pelo Colégio Americano de Reumatologia (ACR), modificados em 1997. A presença de quatro ou mais critérios tem sensibilidade e especificidade de 96 por cento. Porém, esses critérios para o LES podem ter especificidade mais baixa em regiões endêmicas para doenças infecciosas crônicas, como o Brasil, endêmico para hanseníase, que pode apresentar manifestações clínico-laboratoriais semelhantes. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de prevalência, onde foram aplicados os critérios de LES, nos pacientes com diagnóstico recente de hanseníase multibacilar, que deram entrada no ambulatório de hanseníase da Clínica Dermatológica da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) durante o período da coleta de dados, além de calculada a especificidade e o número de falso-positivos nesse grupo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 100 pacientes. As prevalências de alguns dos critérios de LES foram elevadas. Os critérios com maior prevalência foram o eritema malar (44 por cento), a artrite (23 por cento), a fotossensibilidade (29 por cento), a linfopenia (19 por cento) e a presença dos anticorpos antifosfolípides, incluídos no critério imunológico (20 por cento). A especificidade encontrada (84 por cento) foi menor do que a atribuída aos critérios em 1997 pelo ACR. CONCLUSÕES: Doenças presentes em nosso meio, como a hanseníase nas formas multibacilares, mimetizam o quadro clínico-laboratorial do LES, o que deve deixar o médico atento à realidade das doenças infecciosas locais antes de afirmar um diagnóstico definitivo de LES.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects multiple organs or systems. There is no pathognomonic clinical or laboratory test sensitive and specific enough for a specific diagnosis. The criteria proposed by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), as modified in 1997, are used for the diagnosis. The presence of four or more criteria presents sensitivity and specificity of 96 percent. However, these diagnostic criteria for SLE may have lower specificity in areas that are endemic for chronic infectious diseases, such as Brazil (endemic for leprosy), which may have similar clinical and laboratory manifestations. METHODS: A prevalence study was conducted, applying the SLE criteria to patients with recently diagnosed multibacillary leprosy who were registered at the leprosy outpatient clinic, Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), during the data gathering period. The specificity and the number of false positives in this group were calculated. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included. The prevalences of some of the SLE criteria were high. The criteria with the highest prevalence were malar erythema (44 percent), arthritis (23 percent), photosensitivity (29 percent), lymphopenia (19 percent) and presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, including immunological criteria (20 percent). The specificity found (84 percent) was lower than the specificity allocated to the criteria in 1997 by the ACR. CONCLUSIONS: Diseases in our setting, such as leprosy in multibacillary forms, mimic the clinical and laboratory characteristics of SLE, and thus physicians need to be aware of the realities of local infectious diseases before affirming a definitive diagnosis of SLE.