Rapid diagnosis of Leishmania infection with a portable loopmediated isothermal amplification device.

L. donovani is an intracellular protozoan parasite, that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and consequently, post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis is crucial for decreasing its transmission. Various diagnostic techniques like microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and PCR-based methods are used to detect leishmaniasis infection. More recently, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay has emerged as an ideal diagnostic measure for leishmaniasis, primarily due to its accuracy, speed and simplicity. However, point-of-care diagnosis is still not been tested with the LAMP assay. We have developed a portable LAMP device for the monitoring of Leishmania infection. The LAMP assay performed using our device can detect and amplify as little as 100 femtograms of L. donovani DNA. In a preliminary study, we have shown that the device can also amplify L. donovani DNA present in VL and PKDL patient samples with high sensitivity (100%), specificity (98%) and accuracy (99%), and can be used both for diagnostic and prognostic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the development and application of a portable LAMP device which has the potential to evolve as a point-of-care diagnostic and prognostic tool for Leishmania infections in future.

Zoonotic parasites infecting free-living armadillos from Brazil.

Armadillos are specialist diggers and their burrows are used to find food, seek shelter and protect their pups. These burrows can also be shared with dozens of vertebrate and invertebrate species and; consequently, their parasites including the zoonotics. The aim of this study was to diagnose the presence of zoonotic parasites in four wild-caught armadillo species from two different Brazilian ecosystems, the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) and the Pantanal (wetland). The investigated parasites and their correspondent diseases were: Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis), Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Leishmania spp., (leishmaniasis), Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Paracoccidioidomicosis) and Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen's disease). Forty-three free-living armadillos from Pantanal and seven road-killed armadillos from the Cerrado were sampled. Trypanosoma cruzi DTU TcIII were isolated from 2 out of 43 (4.65%) armadillos, including one of them also infected with Trypanosoma rangeli. Antibodies anti-T. gondii were detected in 13 out of 43 (30.2%) armadillos. All seven armadillos from Cerrado tested positive for P. brasiliensis DNA, in the lungs, spleen, liver fragments. Also, by molecular analysis, all 43 individuals were negative for M. leprae and Leishmania spp. Armadillos were infected by T. cruzi, T. rangeli, P. brasiliensis and presented seric antibodies to T. gondii, highlighting the importance of those armadillos could have in the epidemiology of zoonotic parasites.

Correlates of GLA family adjuvants' activities.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a well-defined agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 that activates innate immune responses and influences the development of the adaptive response during infection with Gram-negative bacteria. Many years ago, Dr. Edgar Ribi separated the adjuvant activity of LPS from its toxic effects, an effort that led to the development of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). MPL, derived from Salmonella minnesota R595, has progressed through clinical development and is now used in various product-enabling formulations to support the generation of antigen-specific responses in several commercial and preclinical vaccines. We have generated several synthetic lipid A molecules, foremost glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) and second-generation lipid adjuvant (SLA), and have advanced these to clinical trial for various indications. In this review we summarize the potential and current positioning of TLR4-based adjuvant formulations in approved and emerging vaccines.

A lupane-triterpene isolated from Combretum leprosum Mart. fruit extracts that interferes with the intracellular development of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in vitro.

BACKGROUND: 3beta,6beta,16beta-trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene is a lupane triterpene isolated from Combretum leprosum fruit. The lupane group has been extensively used in studies on anticancer effects; however, its possible activity against protozoa parasites is yet poorly known. The high toxicity of the compounds currently used in leishmaniasis chemotherapy stimulates the investigation of new molecules and drug targets for antileishmanial therapy. METHODS: The activity of 3beta,6beta,16beta-trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene was evaluated against Leishmania (L.) amazonensis by determining the cytotoxicity of the compound on murine peritoneal macrophages, as well as its effects on parasite survival inside host cells. To evaluate the effect of this compound on intracellular amastigotes, cultures of infected macrophages were treated for 24, 48 and 96 h and the percentage of infected macrophages and the number of intracellular parasites was scored using light microscopy. RESULTS: Lupane showed significant activity against the intracellular amastigotes of L. (L.) amazonensis. The treatment with 109 µM for 96 h reduced in 80 % the survival index of parasites in BALB/c peritoneal macrophages. At this concentration, the triterpene caused no cytotoxic effects against mouse peritoneal macrophages. Ultrastructural analyses of L. (L.) amazonensis intracellular amastigotes showed that lupane induced some morphological changes in parasites, such as cytosolic vacuolization, lipid body formation and mitochondrial swelling. Bioinformatic analyses through molecular docking suggest that this lupane has high-affinity binding with DNA topoisomerase. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results have showed that the lupane triterpene from C. leprosum interferes with L. (L.) amazonensis amastigote replication and survival inside vertebrate host cells and bioinformatics analyses strongly indicate that this molecule may be a potential inhibitor of topoisomerase IB. Moreover, this study opens major prospects for the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents with leishmanicidal activity.

Validação de proteínas recombinantes da leishmania infantum e da saliva do lutzomyia longipalpis como biomarcadores para o sorodiagnóstico e avaliação da exposição às leishmanioses / Validation of recombinant proteins of Leishmania infantum and saliva of Lutzomyia longipalpis as biomarkers for serodiagnosis and assessment of exposure to leishmaniasis

O controle das populações de flebotomíneos, a contenção das epidemias nas fases iniciais e a facilitação do diagnóstico precoce dos indivíduos parasitados são estratégias traçadas pela OMS para a vigilância e controle da leishmaniose. Neste contexto, os testes sorológicos utilizando tanto o sonicado de glândula salivar (SGS) dos flebotomíneos quanto o antígeno solúvel de Leishmania (SLA) são importantes ferramentas para o controle/diagnóstico das Leishmanioses. No entanto, os testes realizados a partir da utilização de antígenos obtidos de frações brutas, apesar de apresentarem alta sensibilidade, alguns destes antígenos apresentam reação cruzada com epítopos compartilhados por outros patógenos/vetores. Além disso, o preparo dos antígenos não tem adequada reprodutibilidade devido a grande dificuldade de obtenção e/ou padronização destes. No presente trabalho, objetivamos identificar biomarcadores para a vigilância e o controle das Leishmanioses, utilizando proteínas recombinantes da saliva dos flebotomíneos como biomarcadores de exposição ao vetor e proteínas recombinantes da Leishmania para obtenção de um diagnóstico sorológico mais preciso para a Leishmaniose Tegumentar humana. Numa primeira etapa, foram realizados testes imunoenzimáticos contra as proteínas recombinante da saliva do vetor L. longipalpis (rLJM11 e rLJM17) para estimar a positividade anti-saliva num pequeno número de soros de crianças de uma área endêmica para Leishmaniose Visceral. Foi observado que os soros que reconhecem o SGS do L. longipalpis também reconhecem em diferentes proporções as proteínas rLJM17 e rLJM11. Ademais, as proteína recombinantes foram capazes de detectar a soroconversão anti-saliva de soros de uma segunda área endêmica para LV, havendo aumento no reconhecimento quando utilizadas as duas proteínas recombinantes de forma combinada. Além disso, a análise das curvas ROC evidenciou o desempenho superior da combinação das proteínas rLJM17 + rLJM11. Estes dados foram confirmados com a avaliação das proteínas frente um grande painel de 1.077 amostras de soro de indivíduos de uma outra área endêmica para LV. Nesta etapa, nossos resultados indicam que as proteínas rLJM11+rLJM17 representam uma ferramenta epidemiológica promissora que pode auxiliar na implementação de medidas de controle contra a Leishmaniose Visceral. Numa segunda etapa, testes imunoenzimáticos foram realizados contra uma série de proteínas recombinantes da Leishmania (HSP70, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 e KMP11) a fim de selecionarmos proteínas antigênicas contra soros de pacientes com Leishmaniose Cutânea (LC) e Leishmaniose Mucosa (LM) e que apresentassem elevada especificidade quando testadas contra soros de indivíduos com outras patologias (doença de Chagas, Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico, Hanseníase e Tuberculose). Para avaliar a eficácia das proteínas recombinantes foram utilizadas curvas ROC, possibilitando a seleção de antígenos possivelmente mais eficientes que o SLA no imunodiagnóstico da Leishmaniose. As proteínas recombinantes HSP70 e H2A foram selecionadas por apresentarem elevada sensibilidade, sendo reconhecida por anticorpos dos soros de pacientes com LM e LC respectivamente. Na última etapa dos experimentos, utilizando soros de indivíduos que apresentavam outras patologias, observou-se que a reação cruzada diminui frente aos antígenos recombinantes, especialmente para a rHSP70, quando comparamos à observada para o SLA. Nossos resultados mostram a elevada antigenicidade da rHSP70, sugerindo a possibilidade de utilização desta proteína recombinante para o sorodiagnóstico da Leishmaniose Tegumentar. Neste trabalho foi possível identificar e validar o uso de proteínas recombinantes do parasito e da saliva dos flebotomíneos como biomarcadores para o sorodiagnóstico e avaliação da exposição às leishmanioses.

Evaluation of Leishmania species reactivity in human serologic diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

The sensitivities and specificities of IgG-ELISA and IgG flow cytometry based techniques using different Leishmania species were determined using sera collected from 40 cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis patients. The flow cytometry technique, using promastigote parasite forms, performed better than total soluble extract IgG-ELISA. At the species level, the use of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania major as antigens in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) decreased the overall sensitivity. To assess the specificity of these tests, sera from malaria, toxoplasmosis, amoebiasis, schistosomiasis, and leprosy patients were used. We also included sera from Leishmania non-infected endemic individuals. The cutaneous species displayed a decreased specificity in both assays. Although more sensitive, flow cytometry using promastigote parasite forms generally presented lower levels of specificity when compared with total extract of IgG-ELISA. Overall, the results of the study show the potential of IgG flow cytometry for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Although highly sensitive, a refinement of the flow cytometry method should be performed to improve the overall specificity.

Differential recognition of Leishmania aethiopica antigens by lymphocytes from patients with local and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Evidence for antigen-induced immune suppression.

Data are presented to suggest that differential Ag expression by parasites derived from diffuse (DCL) vs local (LCL) cutaneous leishmaniasis patients may be responsible for the Ag-specific anergy seen in DCL patients. The evidence suggests that promastigotes derived from DCL patients express epitopes which preferentially stimulate suppressor activities in DCL patients. These determinants appear to be expressed less, if at all by promastigotes derived from LCL patients. The Ag-specific suppression or nonresponsiveness which dominates the immune response in DCL patients during an active infection can be abrogated by drug treatment or removal of live DCL parasites, which suggests that Ag-induced regulatory cells, probably of T cell lineage, are most likely responsible for the nonresponsiveness seen in untreated DCL patients. Thus the mechanisms of immune regulation operating in this disease differ from that of lepromatous leprosy where the specific unresponsiveness (anergy) is irreversible even after successful treatment.

Repeated tissue sampling with a dental broach. A trial in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

A simple and almost painless technique for repeated sampling of dermal infiltrates with a dendritic broach was used in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This technique can be used to advantage to obtain organisms and cell underneath crusted lesions and to evaluate not only the number of organisms but also the cell pattern at different depths of the lesion. It can be used repeatedly on the same lesions without appreciably disturbing the natural progress of the disease and is therefore well suited to monitor the in vivo effects of therapeutic agents on organisms. Its use in twenty-one cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and one case of cutaneous leprosy is described.