[A Brazilian medical collection: Central Brazil in Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna's scientific expedition and Julio Paternostro's voyage to Tocantins]. / Uma brasiliana médica: o Brasil Central na expedição científica de Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna e na viagem ao Tocantins de Julio Paternostro.

The article addresses the role played within the social imaginary of Brazil by the scientific voyages of physicians in the first half of the twentieth century. Two texts are analyzed: a report by Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna published in Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and another by Julio Paternostro, released in 1945 in Viagem ao Tocantins. The former contributed to singling out pathology as defining mark of national identity during the First Republic (1899-1930), a fact that had repercussions in the following decades, as apparent in Paternostro's book, which at the time of its publication was presented as an indictment of national problems. These portraits of Brazil highlight as attributes of the country not only disease but also the geographic and, primarily, cultural distance separating the coast from the sertão.

Uma brasiliana médica: o Brasil Central na expedição científica de Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna e na viagem ao Tocantins de Julio Paternostro / A Brazilian medical collection: Central Brazil in Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna's scientific expedition and Julio Paternostro's voyage to Tocantins

Aborda o papel das viagens científicas realizadas por médicos, durante a primeira metade do século XX, na imaginação social sobre o Brasil. Com esse objetivo, são analisados dois textos: o relatório de Arthur Neiva e Belisário Penna, publicado em Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, e o de Julio Paternostro, que veio a público em 1945 no livro Viagem ao Tocantins. O primeiro contribuiu para que se apontasse a patologia como marca definidora da identidade nacional durante a Primeira República (1899-1930). Esse fato teria repercussões nas décadas seguintes, como se verificou com relação ao livro de Paternostro, apresentado na época de sua publicação como obra de denúncia dos problemas nacionais. Além das doenças, a distância não apenas geográfica, mas sobretudo cultural entre litoral e sertão são os atributos ressaltados nesses retratos do Brasil.

The article addresses the role played within the social imaginary of Brazil by the scientific voyages of physicians in the first half of the twentieth century. Two texts are analyzed: a report by Arthur Neiva and Belisário Penna published in Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and another, by Julio Paternostro, released in 1945 in Viagem ao Tocantins. The former contributed to singling out pathology as the defining mark of national identity during the First Republic (1899-1930), a fact that had repercussions in the following decades, as apparent in Paternostro's book, which at the time of its publication was presented as an indictment of national problems. These portraits of Brazil highlight as attributes of the country not only disease but also the geographic and, primarily, cultural distance separating the coast from the sertão.

V.R. Khanolkar: father of pathology and medical research in India.

Vasant Ramji Khanolkar was the first pathologist in India. He made major contributions to the epidemiology and understanding of cancer, blood groups, and leprosy. He was the first to show the existence of dhoti cancers, and was among the earliest to demonstrate the carcinogenicity of tobacco and the use of needle aspiration cytology for the diagnosis of neoplasms. He was an acclaimed teacher and was on the boards of numerous international organizations. He was a bibliophile and his writings are Oslerian in style. He serves as a role model to the few in India who are aware of him. He deserves to be called the "Father of pathology and medical research in India."

V.R. Khanolkar: father of patology and medical research in India

Vasant Ramji Khanolkar was the first pathologist in India. He made major contributions to the epidemiology and understanding of cancer, blood groups, and leprosy. He was the first to show the existence of dhoti cancers, and was among the earliest to demonstrate the carcinogenicity of tobacco and the use of needle aspiration cytology for the diagnosis of neoplasms. He was an acclaimed teacher and was on the boards of numerous international organizations. He was a bibliophile and his writings are Oslerian in style. He serves as a role model to the few in India who are aware of him. He deserves to be called the "Father of pathology and medical research in India."

[Historiography of diseases in Finland]. / "Ovatko taudit itsenäisiä, eläväisiä olentoja?" - eli voimmeko kirjoittaa niiden historian.

The 19th century was a period of comprehensive, "big" histories of diseases. German historiographers of diseases were especially prominent. World-famous is August Hirsch's Handbuch der historisch-geographischen Pathologie (the second edition appeared in three volumes in 1881-1886). The first volume of the Finn Immanuel Ilmoni's (1797-1856) Bidrag till Nordens sjukdoms-historia (A History of Diseases in the Nordic Countries) was published in 1846, the second volume in 1849 and the third in 1853. In this book Ilmoni treated the history of disease up to the year 1800. He planned a fourth volume, dealing with the 19th century, but this book was never published. Ilmoni was strongly influenced by the ideas of Thomas Sydenham and the German exponents of Naturphilosophie. Ilmoni's "ontological" concept of disease was rejected by Erik Alexander Ingman, a contemporary Finnish representative of "modern" medical ideas. After Ilmoni, nobody has attempted to write a comprehensive history of diseases in Finland, but histories of cholera (Carl Qvist, 1872) lepra (Lars Fagerlund, 1886), malaria (Richard Sievers, 1891) and pulmonary tuberculosis (Woldemar Backman and Severi Savonen, 1934) have been published. Diseases in Finland received very little attention in the "world histories" of diseases. After Hirsch only one comprehensive "world history" of diseases has been published (1993).