[Forensic examination of air gun dart wounds]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya otsenka ranenii drotikami, metaemymi iz dukhovykh ruzhei.

The objective was to study the mechanism of formation of experimental wounds of the human body dummy by 12 different types of common air gun darts. The impact of dart tips design features on macro- and microscopic morphological patterns of wounds was established; the description of further laboratory diagnostics of the wounds was provided.

Association between Disturbances in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism and Development of Oxidative Stress during Experimental Diabetes Mellitus.

We studied the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus on the level of glycemia and some other indices of lipid metabolism, including fatty acid metabolism and LPO intensity, during the development of diabetes mellitus in rats. Even at the early terms of diabetes development, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were accompanied by changes in the blood content of fatty acid (at the expense of ω3 and ω6 fatty acids) that persisted throughout the observation period. Intensification of LPO against the background of suppressed activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced level of ω3 fatty acids attested to the development of oxidative stress. These data attest to antioxidant property of ω3 fatty acids, which is seen from positive correlations between these fatty acids and activity of antioxidant enzymes.

BIORESORBABLE PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN FIBERS IN ENDOMYSIUM AND PERIMYSIUM MUSCLE TISSUE

Scanning electron microscopy and histologic analysis were used in the comparative in vivo study of resorption of chitosan fibers implanted into endomysium and perimysium of a rat latissimus dorsi muscle. It was demonstrated that the mechanism and rate of chitosan fiber resorption depend on the position of fibers in muscular tissue. After implantation of chitosan fibers into endomysium (when chitosan was in direct contact with muscle fibers), the formation of cross-sectional cracks, fragmentation of implanted fibers and its partial resorption were observed in 14 days. Complete chitosan resorption in endomysium occurred after 30 days only. Chitosan fibers implanted into perimysium preserved integrity for 7 days, and fibrous tissue was formed around implants. After 45 days of exposure, no signs of chitosan fiber destruction were registered in this case. Biocompatibility of chitosan fibers proved by effective adhesion and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells on their surface.

[Composite materials based on chitosan and montmorillonite: prospects for use as a matrix for stem and regenerative cell cultivation].

This paper examines the structural and mechanical properties of composite materials based on chitosan and micro- and nanoparticles of Na-montmorillonite and possibility of application for cultivation and targeted delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative cells. It's have been shown by addition of Na-montmorillonite biomaterial acquires stability of structural and mechanical properties in the sterilization process the handling of liquid media in cell culture. In vitro studies using dermal fibroblasts and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated that this material has a set of properties to ensure matrix biocompatibility.

Influence of surface morphology of chitosan films modified by chitin nanofibrils on their biological properties.

The paper is devoted to the study of influence of chitin nanofibrils on the structure, surface morphology, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of chitosan-based composite films intended for use in biomedical technologies. It was demonstrated that the optimal concentration of chitin nanofibrils in the composite film is 5 wt.%. For the films of this composition, we observed orientation of structural elements on film surface, enhanced mechanical properties as well as an increase in both specific conductivity and proliferative activity of skin fibroblasts on film surface. These results are related to the appearance of oriented structure in nanocomposites and to self-organization of chitosan macromolecules on the surface of chitin nanofibrils. It was revealed that increase in surface energy and surface hydrophilicity did not facilitate effective adhesion, viability and proliferative activity of cells during cultivation on the surface of composite films.

[Telomere length of cord blood cells chromosomes as additional quality characteristic of sample for transplantation].

Telomeres are the ends of the chromosomes and represent repeated DNA sequence and protein complex. Telomeres shorten with each cell division, which limits proliferative potential of cells. There is a great progress in clinical application of telomere length now. Additional characteristic of stem cell proliferation activity estimated by telomere length can be an informative indicator of transplant quality. In this work, we analyzed 14 cord blood samples by flow-FISH, ELISA and gematologycal analisator, and also the number of CD34 + CD45dim cells. Average telomere length of leukocytes fraction CB cells was 20.4-4.9 % respectively the control cells 1301 (T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia).

[Syndrome of premature ageing in ataxia-telangiectasia patients].

Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), a genetic disorder due to mutation of gene atm characterized by progressive neurological abnormalities in combination with oculocutaneous telangiectasias, immunodeficiency, and increased frequency of malignant formations, is inherited according to autosome recessive mechanism. Cells of the patients with AT show increased radio sensitivity and some markers of premature ageing. The telomere lengths are sharply shortened in these cells already from the birth. We studied radio sensitivity (at the dose 2 Gy) and manifestations of premature ageing markers in cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from two unrelated AT patients and their heterozygous parents. We have shown that all the markers studied, that is HP1-gamma, phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX (gamma-H2AX), and focuses 53BP1, indicate premature ageing of both the patients' and their blood relatives' cells. However, cells of the heterozygous carriers express premature ageing to a less extent. Investigation of the repair process characteristics (the amount of gamma-H2AX and the deal of cells with focuses 53BP1 in their nuclei) after X-ray irradiation has given following results: the patients' cells complete repair only half even in 24 after irradiation, while the healthy donor's cells complete repair in 24 h. Heterozygous cells also reliably differ from healthy donor's cells. Only in the case of apoptosis marker, p21, heterozygous cells do not differ from normal cells, whereas the patients' cells differ significantly. It has been noted that the mutation of gene atm is related to suppression of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair systems, which, in its turn, is in accordance with the increased radio sensitivity and premature ageing at the cell level in the AT families.

[The atypical of Werner syndrome: effect of laminopathy].

A case of adult progeria has been described. During detailed studies of the cells from this patient the nuclear lamina and cytoskeleton aberrations were detected. It has been suggested that this case is an atypical form of Werner syndrome with laminopathy--not the WRN helicase-nuclease defect.

[An atypical case of Werner syndrome: epigenetic control and DNA damage response alterations].

A case of adult progeria has been described. It has been suggested that this case is an atypical form of Werner syndrome with laminopathy--not WRN helicase-nuclease defect. During detailed studies of the patient's cells, epigenetic control and DNA damage response alterations were detected.

[Discrimination of heterozygote currency of ataxia-telangiectasia by indirect immunofluorescent analysis].

The qualitative differences in P53 protein stabilization after ionizing irradiation in different doses were found in cells of members of ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) family--proband AT6SP, her sister AT(S)6SP and father AT(F)6SP. The method of indirect immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy was used.

[Characteristics of p53 protein stabilization in cells of patients with ataxia-telangiectasia after gamma-irradiation].

Stabilization of P53 protein in cells isolated from patients with a grave hereditary disease ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), characterized by strongly enhanced sensitivity to ionizing radiation and impairment of cell cycle control after DNA damage, was studied. The level of expression of these reactions by patients may vary, and it tends to be linked with the severity of the disease. In all AT strains studied, both acquired by the authors and obtained from foreign colleagues, we observed the alteration of timing and character of stabilization of P53 protein, after the action of ionizing radiation in sublethal dosage, as compared to that in cells from healthy donor.

[Neuromyelitis optica and aquaporin-associated syndromes]. / Optikomielit i akvaporin-assotsiirovannye sindromy.

Identification of aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is highly important to provide early diagnosis for starting pathogenetic treatment, and for differential diagnosis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMO-SD). In this paper, we review current pathogenetic and clinical aspects of NMO and NMO NMO-SD. We present our data on the identification of aquaporin-4 antibodies in CNS disorders. Aquaporin-4 antibodies were detected in 86.36% of patients with neuromyelitis optica, in 12.5% of patients with partial syndromes and in 100% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis or optic neuritis. There was the correlation between the extent of lesion in the spinal cord and positive aquaporin-4 antibodies.

Metabolic and ultrastructural characteristics of biosynthetic processes in the cerebral cortex at 3 months following a prolonged hemorrhagic shock.

Biochemical indicators (the content of ATP, total RNA and DNA, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity) and ultrastructural changes in cells of the nerve tissue were studied in the cerebral cortex of anesthetized dogs 3 months after they had sustained a 4-h hemorrhagic shock (arterial pressure = 40 mmHg). A new variant of reconstruction of cell membranes and organelles that develops in neurons and gliocytes of the brain in the process of adaptation 3 months after resuscitation is identified. This reconstruction variant is described by (a) the presence of a monolayer of a substance with a medium electron density with the incorporated dense granules instead of the common three-layer organisation; (b) the ability displayed by the organellar structure to detect "errors" in its organisation; (c) changes in the character of intercellular relations. The development of this variant of cell structure in the postresuscitation period is likely to be based on the information disintegration of a cell as a system, resulting in distortion of biosynthesis of supracellular ensembles and biological membranes of nerve cells in particular.

[Effects of intracellular Na+/K+ ratio on histone gene expression in ascitic cells of leukemia P-388 and Ehrlich cancer]. / Vliianie vnutrikletochnogo sootnosheniia Na+/K+ na ékspressiiu gistonovykh genov v astsitnykh kletkakh leikoza P-388 i raka Erlikha.

The intracellular Na+/K+ ratio was studied for its effect on histone genes expression in Ehrlich carcinoma and leukemia P-388 ascites cells. After equilibration with certain Na+/K+ ratio buffers at 0-4 degrees C the cells were treated during 1 h at 37 degrees C with ouabain added to the corresponding medium. Then total RNAs were extracted and analyzed by the reaction of blot-hybridization with histone genes cluster in plasmid p604. The maximal level of histone genes expression in leukemia P-388 cells was observed under conditions when intracellular Na+/K+ ratio corresponded to those at S-phase of the mitotic cycle. In Ehrlich carcinoma ascites cells the expression of histone genes was not dependent on the Na+/K+ ratio. A conclusion is drawn that the intracellular ratio of monovalent cations is one of the possible mechanisms which regulates the gene expression during the mitotic cycle.

[Effects of intracellular Na+/K+ ratio on expression of c-fos oncogene and beta-actin gene in ascitic cells of leukemia P-388 and Ehrlich tumor]. / Vliianie vnutrikletochnogo sootnosheniia Na+/K+ na ékspressiiu onkogena c-fos i gena beta-aktina v astsitnykh kletkakh leikoza P-388 i raka Erlikha.

The intracellular Na+/K+ ratio was studied for its effect on expression gene beta-actin and oncogene c-fos and activity of these genes during the mitotic cycle in ascites cells of leukemia P-388 and Ehrlich tumour. It was established that gene beta-actin was activated at high and low ratios of Na+/K+, while c-fos only at high ones. The expression of these genes during the mitotic cell cycle was due to changes in the intracellular Na+/K+ ratio. The obtained data showed an important role of intracellular homeostasis of monovalent cations in regulation of gene expression during the mitotic cell cycle.

[P53-status of cells from patients with progeria and ataxia-telangiectasia exposed to ionizing irradiation]. / P53-status kletok bol'nykh progeriei i ataksiei-teleangiéktaziei posle deistviia ioniziruiushchei radiatsii.

P53 protein expression and stabilization in cell strains derived from patients suffering from progeria and ataxia-telangiectasia following gamma-irradiation have been described. A similar pattern of P53-status in healthy donor and progeria patient cells was shown using immunofluorescent cell staining. In ataxia-telangiectasia cells (strain AT2SP) the P53 protein was not detected by the same method. These data well compare with literary evidence on a disturbed P53-status at ataxia-telangiectasia.

[The effect of inhibitors of ionic passive transport on the structure of a cell population of Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma]. / Vliianie ingibitorov passivnogo transporta ionov na strukturu kletochnoi populiatsii astsitnoi kartsinomy Erlikha.

Triampur is a drug, containing triamterene and dichlotiazide, which inhibits passive influx of Na+ through cell membrane. Triampur was injected intraperitoneally to mice with the Ehrlich ascite carcinoma. The drug was injected in the exponential phase of tumor growth with 2 hour intervals within 24 hours. A subsequent sedimentation and fractionation of cells according to the cell cycle position displayed an additional peak in sedimentogram, that was absent in the control sedimentogram. This peak is due to cell blocking in G1-period; the pool of blocked cells contains 20-25% of the total cell population. If the drug was injected during 3 days and nights with 8-hour intervals, the pool of blocked cells amounted up to 40%. This effect is reversible: when the drug is cancelled, the peak of G1-blocked cells is reduced. Estimation of intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentration and Na+, K(+) pump indicates a significant decrease in Na+ permeability in the blocked cells due to Triampur effect. The obtained data well compare with an idea of the importance of increasing a passive influx of Na+ for G1-S transition, and indicate a possibility to affect the structure of tumor cell population via the system of intracellular ionic homeostasis.

[Detection of a steady increase in endonuclease activity in dog liver cell nuclei after long term arterial hypotension and in post-resuscitation period]. / Obnaruzhenie ustoichivogo povysheniia éndonukleaznoi aktivnosti v kletochnykh iadrakh pechini sobak pri dlitel'noi arterial'noi gipotenzii i v postreanimatsionnom periode.

Presence of Ca2+, Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease activity was found in dog liver cell nuclei. Specific characteristics of chromatin autolysis were also studied in liver cell nuclei after 2-4 hrs long arterial hypotension as compared with that within the later restoration period 1-3 months. The rate of DNA acid-soluble fraction accumulation correlated directly with the arterial hypotension duration. Quantitative evaluation of the liver tissue Ca2+, Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease activity was undertaken under conditions of hemorrhagic shock. The enzymatic activity was not normalized both after death and in the postresuscitation period. Analysis of the chromatin autolysis and of alterations in the enzymatic activity during postresuscitation period enabled to suggest that the isozyme spectrum of Ca2+, Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease was altered.

[Indications and contraindications to glomectomy in patients with bronchial asthma]. / Pokazaniia i protivopokazaniia k gloméktomii u bolnykh bronkhialnoi astmoi.

Thirty-year experience in surgical treatment of more than 3,000 patients with severe and moderately severe bronchial asthma showed that unilateral glomectomy produces a stable positive result in 69.5% of patients in follow-up repiods of two and more decades. Clinical recovery occurred in 23.2% of patients. Immunocorrection methods, such as hemosorption, plasmapheresis, plasmacytopheresis, xenosplenoperfusion, and the use of splenoperfusate raise the efficacy of the operation to 80-90%. The indications and contraindications for glomectomy in patients with bronchial asthma and methods for immunocorrection treatment of patients after glomectomy were developed.