Effect of sainfoin proanthocyanidins on milk fatty acids from ewes rearing suckling lambs.

Proanthocyanidins (PAC) can modulate the fatty acid (FA) profile of animal products and make them healthier for human consumption, but their effects are highly variable depending on several factors such as PAC chemical structure or dose. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of PAC on the milk FA profile of Rasa Aragonesa ewes fed fresh sainfoin (PAC-containing forage legume) during the rearing period of suckling lambs (4 weeks postlambing). Twenty lactating ewes rearing a single male lamb were fed fresh sainfoin ad libitum plus 200 g/d of barley. Half the ewes were orally dosed with 100 mL of water (Sainfoin Group; n = 10) and the other half with polyethylene glycol (50 g PEG4000/100 mL water, Sainfoin + PEG Group; n = 10) to block PAC effects. Sainfoin and milk samples were collected weekly to determine their FA profile by gas chromatography. Fresh sainfoin contents of C18:3n-3 decreased from week 1 to week 2, C16:0 and C18:0 increased from week 1 to week 3, and C18:2n-6 did not change. Regarding milk FA, there were minor effects of PAC on milk-saturated FA. During the whole study, the presence of PAC increased C18:0, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3 and total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) n-6 and n-3, and decreased C18:1 t11, branched- and odd-chain FA. However, the decrease of milk concentrations of trans-monounsaturated FA, C18:1 t10, and total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the increase of total PUFA due to the presence of PAC occurred only in week 1, while CLA c9,t11 was lower during weeks 1 and 2. The canonical analyses confirmed the differences between treatments in the FA profile of milk. Overall, the use of fresh sainfoin in the diet of lactating ewes resulted in a beneficial modification of the concentration of several milk FAs, suggesting some changes in ruminal biohydrogenation.

Field pea can replace soybean meal-corn mixtures in the fattening concentrate of young bulls improving the digestibility.

The inclusion of pea (Pisum sativum) in the fattening concentrate at 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% as a replacement for soybean meal and corn was evaluated on in vitro and in vivo digestibility studies of young Parda de Montaña bulls. In the in vitro trial, gas production was determined with an Ankom system for 48 h. The 30%pea and 45%pea concentrates increased the organic matter (OM) degradability, the ammonia-N content and the ratio of acetic:propionic, with no effect on gas production, final ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid production. In the in vivo assay, 4 young bulls (initial weight 251 ± 4 kg) received restricted amounts of concentrates plus straw during 4 consecutive experimental periods. No differences in intake were observed and 30%pea and 45%pea had higher digestibility of crude protein (CP), and OM than the rest of treatments. The nitrogen intake increased linearly with the inclusion of pea with similar nitrogen urinary and faecal excretions, and the nitrogen retained was greater in 30%pea and 45%pea than the rest of treatments. The plasma concentrations of IGF-1, total protein, ß-hydroxybutyrate and urea at the beginning and at the end of each period were not affected by the inclusion of pea. In conclusion, the total replacement of soybean-corn mixtures by pea in the fattening concentrate of bulls could be recommended as it improved the CP digestibility and nitrogen retention.

Effects of feeding sainfoin proanthocyanidins to lactating ewes on intake, milk production and plasma metabolites.

There is increasing interest in using sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) to feed sheep, but it contains proanthocyanidins (PACs), and the associated effects of PAC on sheep production are not well-known. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the presence of PAC from sainfoin, through the inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG), on the intake and productive parameters of local ewes bearing one male lamb. For the experiment, 20 ewes and their newborn male lambs were placed in individual indoor cages. All ewes were fed ad libitum fresh sainfoin plus 200 g/d barley. Twice daily, half of the ewes were orally dosed with only water (Sainfoin Group; n = 10), and the other half were orally dosed with 100 g/d PEG 4000 per ewe (Sainfoin + PEG Group; n = 10). Sucking lambs were permanently housed with their dams until they reached 10-12 kg BW. The intake of sainfoin was recorded daily, and its chemical composition was analysed. Weekly, the BW, body condition score (BCS), milk yields and individual milk and blood samples were recorded. At the beginning and end of the experiment, faecal samples were collected from ewes and analysed for the anthelmintic role of PAC. The chemical composition, polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of the diet and milk were analysed. The presence of PAC did not affect the intake, BW, BCS or milk yield of the dams (P > 0.05); however, all parameters were affected by the week of lactation (P < 0.05). Milk components were affected by the week of lactation (P < 0.001), but only the polyphenol and urea contents were reduced in the presence of PAC (P < 0.01). Similarly, the presence of PAC decreased the plasma urea concentration (P < 0.01) without effect on the rest of metabolites, polyphenols and antioxidant activity (P > 0.05). The presence of PAC had no effect on parasitism (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the presence of PAC had no relevant effects on milk production, although it affected protein metabolism, as indicated by the urea contents in milk and plasma.

Modelling beef cows' individual response to short nutrient restriction in different lactation stages.

Short-term nutrient restrictions can occur naturally in extensive beef cattle production systems due to low feed quality or availability. The aims of the study were to (1) model the curves of milk yield, plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) contents of beef cows in response to short nutritional challenges throughout lactation; (2) identify clusters of cows with different response profiles; (3) quantify differences in cows' response between the clusters and lactation stages. Data of BW, body condition score (BCS), milk yield, NEFA, and BHB plasma concentration from 31 adult beef cows (626 ± 48 kg at calving) were used to study the effect of 4-day feed restriction repeated over months 2, 3 and 4 of lactation. On each month, all cows received a single diet calculated to meet the requirements of the average cow: 100 % requirements for 4 days (d-4 to d-1, basal period), 55 % requirements on the next 4 days (d0 to d3, restriction period) and 100 % requirements for 4 days (d4 to d7, refeeding period). Natural cubic splines were used to model the response of milk yield, NEFA and BHB to restriction and refeeding in the 3 months. The new response variables [baseline value, peak value, days to peak and to regain baseline, and areas under the curve (AUC) during restriction and refeeding] were used to cluster cows according to their metabolic response (MR) into two groups: Low MR and High MR. The month of lactation affected all the traits, and basal values decreased as lactation advanced. Cows from both clusters had similar BW and BCS values, but those in the High MR cluster had higher basal milk yield, NEFA and BHB contents, and responded more intensely to restriction, with more marked peaks and AUCs. Reaction times were similar, and baseline values recovered during refeeding in both clusters. Our results suggest that the response was driven by cows' milk potential rather than size or body reserves, and despite high-responding cattle's higher milk yield, they were able to activate metabolic pathways to respond to and recover from the challenge.

A negative energy balance during the peri-implantational period reduces dam IGF-1 but does not alter progesterone or pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) or fertility in suckled cows.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a negative energy balance during the first third of gestation on metabolic, endocrine, and pregnancy recognition parameters in 2 beef cattle breeds adapted to semiextensive conditions. Seventy-five lactating Parda de Montaña and 40 Pirenaica multiparous cows rearing calves were synchronized and timed artificial inseminated (TAI) on day 76 postpartum. Cows were assigned to one of 2 diets (CONTROL or SUBNUT; 100% or 65% of their requirements supplied) until day 82 of gestation. Pregnancy was diagnosed 37 d post-TAI using ultrasound. Blood samples were obtained to determine metabolic (glucose, NEFA, ß-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, and urea) and endocrine (IGF-1) status throughout the first third of gestation and to determine the concentrations of progesterone and pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) in the peri-implantational period. Undernutrition affected both cow and calf performance. The CONTROL cows maintained BCS and BW, whereas SUBNUT cows had negative daily gains. The CONTROL lactating calves had higher BW gains than SUBNUT. These negative effects were more evident in the Pirenaica breed, which was more sensitive to undernutrition. The negative energy balance was reflected in the cows' metabolic profiles, with higher NEFA values and lower IGF-1 concentrations in SUBNUT cows. However, undernutrition did not affect dam pregnancy/TAI or pregnancy recognition and maintenance, confirming that during periods of undernourishment pregnant dams prioritize the allocation of dietary energy toward reproductive functions. Progesterone concentration on day 21 post-TAI (with a 4.8 ng/mL cut-off value) and PSPB on day 26 post-TAI (with a 0.57 ng/mL cut-off value) were determined as the earliest indicators to accurately establish dam pregnancy status, regardless of breed or nutrition treatment. In summary, early undernutrition affected cow performance and metabolic profiles and impaired lactating calf growth, but did not affect progesterone or PSPB concentrations or the pregnancy/TAI rate in suckled cows.

Maternal nutrient restriction in early pregnancy increases the risk of late embryo loss despite no effects on peri-implantation interferon-stimulated genes in suckler beef cattle.

Reducing feeding costs in suckler beef herds to improve economic returns could have detrimental impacts on fertility. This study sought to determine whether maternal nutrient restriction during early pregnancy affects interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during the peri-implantation period in two beef cattle breeds. Relationships were also examined between subnutrition and pregnancy failure defined according to ISG fold changes on Days 18 and 21 and to plasma pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) concentrations on Day 28 post-artificial insemination (AI). Pirenaica or Parda de Montaña dams were assigned to a control (n = 23) or subnutrition (n = 30) group, receiving 100% or 65% of their estimated nutritional requirements from Day 1 to 82 post-AI, respectively. Treatment did not affect ISG expression or fertility. According to ISG fold changes (chi-square P = .023) or PSPB levels (chi-square P = .04) recorded in the subnutrition group, late embryo loss was more likely than in controls. Positive correlation was detected between Day 28 PSPB concentrations and both Day 18 MX1, MX2 and ISG15 expression, and Day 21 OAS1 expression. OAS1 and MX1 fold changes were found to be the best variables to discriminate pregnancy status. Our findings indicate that maternal nutrient restriction during the first third of pregnancy does not impair embryo signalling yet may increase the risk of pregnancy failure.

Influence of postweaning feeding management of beef heifers on performance and physiological profiles through rearing and first lactation.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 2 postweaning feeding management approaches (FEED: 0.8 [HIGH] vs 0.6 [MOD] kg/d target ADG) on the performance of heifers of 2 beef breeds (BREED: Parda de Montaña [PA] vs Pirenaica) calving at 2 yr. Twenty-five heifers previously creep fed before weaning (6 mo) were assigned to 2 planes of nutrition from 6 to 15 mo of age. At 15 mo, they were inseminated, and then received similar diets until weaning of their first calf (4 mo postcalving). Several parameters were measured to analyze growth and development (BW; ADG; size measures at 6 mo, 15 mo, calving, and weaning), performance at puberty and first breeding, and dam and calf performance in the first lactation (calving traits, ADG, milk yield). Metabolic (glucose, cholesterol, NEFA, ß-hydroxybutyrate, and urea) and endocrine status (IGF-I and leptin) were assessed in plasma samples collected every 3 mo from 6 mo to calving and monthly during lactation. No interaction between BREED and FEED was observed. Heifers from the HIGH feeding treatment had higher postweaning ADG than those on the LOW diet. At 15 mo, they had greater BW, heart girth, and external pelvic area, but they did not differ thereafter. All heifers reached puberty at similar BW (55% mature BW) but different ages. Heifers from the HIGH treatment tended (P < 0.09) to be pubertal earlier, and PA heifers were 1.6 mo younger than Pirenaica heifers (P < 0.05) at puberty. At the time of conception (452 ± 59 kg) and calving (471 ± 51 kg), BW was above common recommendations in all groups. Calving traits and performance in lactation did not differ between feeding treatments. BREED only influenced birth weight; PA calves being heavier (P < 0.05), which resulted in a larger calf/cow BW ratio, but no effect on calving difficulty or subsequent performance. Metabolic substrates and hormones depended mostly on sampling date, which was related to current energy and protein intake. Glucose (P < 0.001), cholesterol (P < 0.001), and IGF-I (P < 0.05) were greater during the postweaning phase in heifers on the HIGH diet, and persistent physiological effects were observed during lactation. Age at puberty was negatively related with IGF-I (r = -0.43, P < 0.001), but not with leptin concentrations. In conclusion, regardless of breed, a moderate growth rate ensured adequate heifer development and performance until the first lactation, whereas no advantage was gained from enhanced postweaning gains.

Milk yield and genomewide expression profiling in the mammary gland of beef primiparous cows in response to the dietary management during the pre- and postweaning periods.

Accelerated growth programs during prepubertal periods have been promoted to advance the first calving of beef heifers. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate nutrition-induced changes on first lactation milk yield and composition and on gene expression of the mammary gland in Parda de Montaña primiparous cows. Female calves ( = 16) were involved in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. In the preweaning period (PRE-W; 0-6 mo), female calves were either fed a creep feed supplement (Creep) or fed only their dam's milk (Control). In the postweaning period (POST-W; 6-15 mo), heifers received either a high-energy diet (91.7 MJ/d) or a moderate-energy diet (79.3 MJ/d). All the heifers were managed together from breeding (15 mo) to the end of their first lactation (32 mo). Animal performance; milk production and quantity during the first lactation; plasma glucose, IGF-I, and leptin concentrations; and RNA samples from the mammary gland at the end of the first lactation of the primiparous cows (32 mo) were analyzed. The BW and ADG of the primiparous cow during its first lactation were not different among treatments; however, creep feeding during PRE-W reduced milk production ( < 0.01), milk CP, crude fat, lactose, nonfat solids, and casein content throughout lactation and increased somatic cell count in the third ( < 0.05) and fourth month of lactation ( < 0.10). The energy level during the POST-W had no effect on milk production and quality. Gene expression in the mammary gland was affected by the diet in the PRE-W and POST-W, with the PRE-W diet having the greatest impact. During the PRE-W, creep feeding resulted in upregulation of genes related to immune response and chemokine activity, suggesting that these animals might be in a compromised immune status. Therefore, this strategy would not be recommendable; meanwhile, increasing the energy level in the diet during the POST-W would be recommendable, because it had no deleterious effects on milk yield and composition.

Epidemiological patterns of bovine besnoitiosis in an endemic beef cattle herd reared under extensive conditions.

Bovine besnoitiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Besnoitia besnoiti. Described many decades ago, recent epidemiological studies reveal its important spread within Europe in the last years. To date, many epidemiological aspects related to life cycle, routes of transmission, incidence rates and associated risk factors are lacking; hence, the establishment of appropriate disease control programmes poses an important challenge. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the epidemiological pattern of the disease in an endemic herd reared under extensive conditions (Spanish Pyrenees) by identifying main factors associated with infection and clinical disease dynamics. The study population consisted of 276 Brown Swiss and Pirenaica adult animals and 145 calves born and weaned at the farm during the study. Three sampling time frames were used: January 2010, September 2010 and February 2011, which allowed us to differentiate two periods designated as mountain and valley periods. The data related to animals (breed, sex and age) and herd management (animal grouping and time in housing) were recorded. The data collection methodology was mainly based on clinical examinations and defining the serological status against bovine besnoitiosis by the immunofluorescent antibody testing of blood samples. The total prevalence among adult animals was 38.34% (CI95%: 34.53-42.07), with 18.54% of seropositive animals showing clinical signs. In regard to the cumulative incidence, 34.57% of new infections were detected during the mountain period, in contrast to the 24.59% observed in the valley period. The incidence density was 0.058 and 0.061 new infections per animal-month for the mountain and valley periods, respectively. According to the seroepidemiological study, the seroconversion probability of B. besnoiti infection was directly associated with the number of seropositive cows with whom an animal had been stabled as well as the housing period duration, supporting horizontal transmission by close contact as one of the most important methods of disease spread. In addition, the risk of developing the clinical course increased with age, and the presence of clinical signs was related to higher antibody responses. Among calves (from 3.1 to 7.1 months old) sampled once at weaning, the total seroprevalence was 15.17% (CI95%: 9.36-21.04), and the chronic stage was observed in three animals, supporting the ability of B. besnoiti to infect and even cause disease in animals less than 6 months old. Finally, the risk of calf seroconversion was positively related to the serological status of the cows, suggesting postnatal transmission between dams and offspring by contact during the suckling period.

Metabolic, endocrine, and reproductive responses of beef heifers submitted to different growth strategies during the lactation and rearing periods.

The effects of different feeding strategies (0.7 kg/d target ADG [LO] and 1.0 kg/d target ADG [HI] during the lactation period (LACT; 0-6 mo) and the rearing period (REAR; 6-15 mo; HI-HI, HI-LO, LO-HI, and LO-LO treatments) on the growth and reproductive parameters of beef heifers bred by fixed-time AI at 15 mo were analyzed. Animal weights were recorded weekly (from birth to 18 mo), and size measures were recorded at 6 and 15 mo. Heifers were bled to determine the onset of puberty and the metabolic and endocrine (IGF-I and leptin) status. During lactation, calves in the high lactation treatment (LactHI) had greater weight ( < 0.001), weight gain ( < 0.001), and body size ( < 0.001) than calves in the low lactation treatment (LactLO). The greater energy balance of LactHI heifers at weaning was reflected in greater concentrations of plasma glucose ( < 0.001), urea ( < 0.001), and IGF-I ( < 0.001); plasma levels of NEFA were lower ( < 0.001). During REAR, LactLO heifers had a greater growth rate than did LactHI heifers ( < 0.001), partially overcoming the lower gains during lactation. The differences in size measurements registered at weaning were also compensated, with the exception of LO-LO heifers. The IGF-I profile was highly correlated with animal performance traits and metabolic profiles, providing a useful indicator of growth, nutritional, and metabolic status at key points in development. By contrast, the function of leptin as an indicator of growth and reproductive development of heifers was less clear. All treatments had similar weights at puberty onset (55.9% mature BW), although LactLO ( < 0.01) and the low rearing treatment (RearLO; < 0.001) heifers were older than the others. The animals with greater glucose and IGF-I levels at weaning and greater cholesterol concentrations during REAR reached puberty earlier. The fertility rate (86%) was similar among treatments. The heifers in the high rearing treatment (RearHI) required more AI services to become pregnant and were older at conception ( < 0.05). The age of conception was positively correlated with glucose ( = 0.57, < 0.01) and cholesterol ( = 0.68, < 0.001) at 9 mo. Our results show that a 0.7 kg/d gain from birth allowed the first breeding at 15 mo, 6 mo earlier than usual for these conditions, without any negative effect on heifer reproductive performance.

Effects of suckling frequency and breed on productive performance, follicular dynamics and postpartum interval in beef cows.

One experiment was conducted to determine the influence of suckling frequency (restricted suckling (RS) versus ad libitum suckling (AS)) and breed (Brown Swiss versus Pirenaica) on productive performance, follicular dynamics and postpartum cyclicity resumption in beef cows. Twenty-four spring-calving cows (12 Brown Swiss and 12 Pirenaica) were used. After calving cows were assigned, within breed, to the two suckling frequencies (RS versus AS). During the postpartum period, cows were fed 100% of the daily energy estimated requirements. The study was conducted from calving to either day 90 postpartum or to detection of the second ovulation whenever it came later. The pattern of follicular development was monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography, and blood samples were collected three times a week to analyse progesterone concentrations by RIA. Body condition score at calving was 2.5 (from 1 to 5). Productive parameters were not significantly affected by suckling frequency. Pirenaica cows gained more weight (P<0.001), while Brown Swiss cows had higher milk yield (P<0.001) and thus their calves grew faster (P<0.05). In the present moderate conditions of nutrition, either suckling frequency or breed did not affect follicular dynamics (on average there were 6.5 follicles in emergence, growth rate of dominant follicle (DF) was 1.3mm per day and maximum diameter of dominant follicle was 13.9mm). There were gradual increases in maximum diameter and growth rate of dominant follicle related to the proximity of the ovulatory waves, and they were defined by third order polynomial equations. Postpartum anoestrous interval (PPI) was markedly affected by the interaction between suckling frequency and breed (P<0.001): ad libitum suckling prolonged significantly the interval from calving to first ovulation in Brown Swiss cows (31.8 day versus 82.7 day, in RS and AS groups, respectively, P<0.05), but not in Pirenaica cows (43.5 day versus 32.6 day, in RS and AS groups, respectively, not statistically significant). It is concluded that in moderate pre- and postpartum nutritional conditions Brown Swiss cows were more susceptible to the suppressor effect of ad libitum suckling on postpartum anoestrous interval than Pirenaica cows, although this breed difference did not seem to be mediated by differences in energy balance or in ovarian follicular dynamics.

Preweaning growth curves in Brown Swiss and Pirenaica calves with emphasis on individual variability.

A quadratic polynomial model with random regression coefficients was used to describe preweaning growth curves of two beef cattle breeds widely used in the Spanish Pyrenees, according to genotype and season of birth effects. In addition, parameters of individual variability that can be used in a stochastic model were obtained. Data recorded indoors from birth to weaning of 217 Brown Swiss calves (3,509 observations) born either in spring or autumn (BS-S, BS-A) and 101 spring-born Pirenaica calves (PI-S, 967 observations) were analyzed. A quadratic model accurately fitted the preweaning weights (R2 = .99). Use of random regression coefficients improved the weaning weight adjustment; the residual variance of the model with intercept and linear random coefficients (9.61 kg2) was smaller than that of the model without them (130.03 kg2). Brown Swiss-S and PI-S calves had similar birth weight (40.9 +/- .96 vs 39.4 +/- .73 kg), but BS-S calves achieved significantly higher weaning weights at 150 d of age (175.2 +/- 2.45 vs 158.4 +/- 3.17 kg). Preweaning growth patterns were different for each season of birth, but there were no differences in weaning weight at 150 d of age (172.9 +/- 2.01 BS-A vs 175.2 +/- 2.45 BS-S). Standardization of weaning weights using a linear approximation could lead to biases, especially when comparing animals from the two calving seasons. The estimate of variances of random parameters should be done within breed and season of birth in order to take into account heteroscedasticity. The variances for BS-A, BS-S, and PI-S were 39.9, 57.6, and 32.2 kg2 for the intercept, respectively, and .0159, .0141, and .0205 kg2 for the linear coefficient. Covariance between the intercept and the linear coefficient (.34 kg2) was only statistically significant in the case of BS-S. The individual variance of weight at 150 d was 424.7 kg2 and 526.7 kg2 for BS-S and PI-S, respectively, almost 65% of the observed variance of weaning weight.

Factors affecting animal performance during the grazing season in a mountain cattle production system.

The factors influencing weight changes during the grazing season of Brown Swiss autumn-calving cows and Brown Swiss and Pirenaica spring-calving cows and their calves were studied over an 8-yr period in Spanish mountain conditions. The data set comprised 552 annual production cycles of cows that calved in two consecutive years. The animals grazed on alpine ranges during the summer and on forest pastures in the spring and autumn. They were housed during the winter and fed at different feeding levels (83 to 117% of their energy requirements) throughout the years of study. Weights were recorded every 3 mo and corrected to account for changes of digestive content and fetal growth, using theoretical relationships. Cow weight gains both on forest pastures and high mountain ranges were higher in autumn- than in spring-calving Brown Swiss cows, and therefore also during the whole grazing season (52.1 vs 7.7 kg, respectively, P < 0.001). Therefore, weight at calving and thereafter was significantly higher in autumn- than in spring-calving cows, which was associated with better reproductive performance (35.5 vs 49.1 d from calving to first ovulation, P < 0.01). In the spring-calving herd, Pirenaica cows had slightly higher gains than Brown Swiss cows during the grazing period (18.5 vs 7.7 kg, P < 0.001), mainly due to their higher gains on forest pastures, but their reproductive performance was similar (44.5 vs 49.1 d from calving to first ovulation, respectively, not statistically significant). Gains were higher in multiparous than in primiparous cows (31.1 vs 14.1 kg, respectively, P < 0.001), especially in the case of Brown Swiss cows, which were younger at first calving. Gains were affected by year of study (P < 0.001) and previous weight changes during the housing period (r = -0.35 and r = -0.21 in autumn- and spring-calving cows respectively, P < 0.001). In the case of autumn-calving cows, performance on pasture was also affected by the stage of pregnancy at housing (r = -0.51, P < 0.001). Growth rates through lactation were higher in autumn- than in spring-born calves (P < 0.001), although the shorter lactation period resulted in lower weight at weaning of the former (P < 0.001). Breed was a significant source of variation in the performance of spring-born calves, weights and gains being higher in Brown Swiss than in Pirenaica calves (P < 0.001).

A new single nucleotide polymorphism in the calpastatin (CAST) gene associated with beef tenderness.

First we looked for putative causative mutations in the CAST and CAPN1 genes associated with meat tenderness and found a total of 31 and 7 polymorphisms, respectively, in the Parda de Montaña and Pirenaica breeds. Tenderness was not affected by mutations in CAPN1. However, three SNPs located at intron 5 (BTA7: g.98533962C>G on UMD 3.0), exon 7 (g.98535683A>G) and intron 12 (g.98545188T>A) of the CAST gene were significantly associated with meat tenderness at 7 days post-mortem in the Parda de Montaña breed. The haplotypes h2 and h5 showed significant associations with meat toughness being consistent with the SNP association results, which showed that the g.98535683A>G SNP in CAST might be the causative mutation of the effect found in this study. This mutation changes the amino acid sequence at position p.Thr182Ala (NM_174003). This amino acid substitution could affect the interacting regions between the calpastatin L-domain and calpain, and then could generate a more stable union between calpain and calpastatin.

Instrumental meat quality of veal calves reared under three management systems and color evolution of meat stored in three packaging systems.

This study evaluated the meat quality of grazing suckling calves (GR), suckling plus supplemented calves (SUP) and weaned calves finished on concentrates (FIN) and the color evolution of meat packaged in film (FILM), modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and vacuum packaging (VAC). Intramuscular fat was quite low for all treatments and GR meat had greater percentages of PUFA and lower SFA, MUFA and n6/n3 than SUP and FIN. FIN and SUP meat had more L* and was more tender when aged than GR. GR meat was tough and dark. The packaging system was more influential on meat color than the feeding management. VAC had the lowest values of metmyoglobin when aged. MAP had the greatest L* and hue angle and the lowest redness after 13 d of aging, thus MAP was the packaging with the shortest shelf life.

Chronic bovine besnoitiosis: intra-organ parasite distribution, parasite loads and parasite-associated lesions in subclinical cases.

Bovine besnoitiosis caused by Besnoitia besnoiti is a chronic and debilitating disease. The most characteristic clinical signs of chronic besnoitiosis are visible tissue cysts in the scleral conjunctiva and the vagina, thickened skin and a generally poor body condition. However, many seropositive animals remain subclinically infected, and the role that these animals may play in spreading the disease is not known. The aim of the present study was to assess the intra-organ parasite distribution, the parasite load and the parasite-associated lesions in seropositive but subclinically infected animals. These animals were seropositive at the time of several consecutive samplings, had visible tissue cysts in the past and, at time of slaughter, had detectable specific anti-Besnoitia spp. antibody levels, but they did not show evident clinical signs at culling. Thus, histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses of several samples from the respiratory tract, reproductive tract, other internal organs and skin from six cows were performed. The tissue cysts were located primarily in the upper respiratory tract, i.e., in the rhinarium and larynx/pharynx (four cows), followed by the distal genital tract (vulva/vagina) and the skin of the neck (three and two cows, respectively, out of the four cows with cysts in the respiratory tract). We were unable to detect any parasites in the two remaining cows. Cysts were associated with a significant non-purulent inflammatory infiltrate consisting predominantly of T lymphocytes and activated monocytes/macrophages in two cows. The parasite burden, estimated by quantitative real-time PCR, was very low. It is noteworthy that the only animal that showed a recent increase in the antibody titre had the highest parasite burden and the most conspicuous inflammatory reaction against the cysts. In conclusion, although these cows no longer displayed any visible signs of besnoitiosis, they remained infected. Therefore, cows without visible signs of disease may still be able to transmit the parasite.

Grazing lucerne as fattening management for young bulls: technical and economic performance and diet authentication.

Three fattening systems were evaluated from weaning to slaughter in order to find alternatives to grain feeding in young bulls, and to test the reliability of carcass subcutaneous fat colour to discriminate among them. After weaning (224 kg), one group of animals was fed concentrates and straw until they reached the target slaughter weight (450 kg; Feedlot), another group grazed rotationally on lucerne supplemented with 1.8 kg DM/day barley until slaughter (LUC), and the third group had the same management as LUC animals for 3 months (period 1) and thereafter was finished on concentrates and straw until slaughter (period 2; LUC + Feedlot). Animals were weighed weekly and sampled monthly for serum IGF-I and leptin, and plasma non-esterified fatty acids and carotenoid pigment concentration analyses. Carcass characteristics and subcutaneous fat colour were recorded after slaughter. In period 1, Feedlot animals had slightly greater weight gains than their grazing counterparts (P < 0.10), and at the end of period 1 they had 66% greater IGF-I and 35% greater leptin concentration (P < 0.01). Plasma carotenoid pigments were undetectable in Feedlot animals, but increased during grazing in LUC and LUC + Feedlot treatments. In period 2, weight gains were lowest for LUC, intermediate for Feedlot and greatest for LUC + Feedlot animals (P < 0.001), conditioning the time taken to reach slaughter weight (73, 58 and 47 days, respectively; P < 0.05). Leptin and IGF-I concentrations increased in all management systems during period 2. Plasma carotenoid pigment concentration reached its maximum at the end of period 2 in LUC animals, but it decreased sharply in LUC + Feedlot animals in this period. Management did not affect carcass traits except for subcutaneous fat colour. Yellowness, Chroma (C*) and the value of the integral of the translated reflectance spectrum (SUM), estimator of carotenoid pigment content in fat, were higher in LUC than in LUC + Feedlot and Feedlot animals (P < 0.001). Two logistic regressions were obtained to discriminate carcasses from LUC treatment: P (LUC) = (1 + e(18.8-5.6 × lightness-36.9 × redness + 0.3 × SUM + 29.8 × C*))(-1) and LUC + Feedlot treatment: P (LUC + Feedlot)=(1 + e(833.7-11.8 × lightness + 4.7 × redness + 0.2 × SUM-2.5 × C*))(-1). The economic margin, calculated as income achieved minus costs, was greatest for LUC, intermediate for LUC + Feedlot and lowest for Feedlot treatment. Therefore, grazing lucerne supplemented with barley was an interesting alternative for fattening young bulls in these conditions, producing carcasses of similar quality, which could be accurately traced by measuring subcutaneous fat colour.

A spline polynomial model to describe serum IGF-I concentration from birth to slaughter in calves: effects of weaning age, pre-weaning concentrate feeding and breed.

The statistical analysis of hormones sampled throughout the production cycle is complicated because factors such as age and weight at the measuring date interfere. Spline curves constructed from pieces of low-degree, random-effects polynomials could be used for a more accurate analysis of data. Concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), weight gain, and concentrate intake of Parda de Montaña (PM) (n=27) and Pirenaica calves (n=14) were modeled with a spline model according to age at weaning, pre-weaning concentrate feeding, and breed. At birth, calves were randomly assigned to early weaning (EW) at 90 d or traditional weaning (TW) at 150 d. During lactation, half of PM calves received concentrates (S), whereas the remainder received no concentrates (NS). After weaning, calves received concentrates on an ad libitum basis until they reached a weight of 450 kg. The spline model had better likelihood than a polynomial of 6 degrees or a split-plot model. Serum IGF-1 concentration was greatly affected by age at weaning and pre-weaning concentrate feeding, but not by breed. In NS calves, IGF-1 concentration was greater in EW than in TW calves from 120 to 300 d, irrespective of breed. During lactation, S calves had greater IGF-1 concentration than NS calves. After weaning, EWNS calves reached the IGF-1 concentration of EWS calves after 4 mo on concentrates, whereas TWNS calves attained IGF-1 concentration of TWS calves after only 2 mo, because of their increased concentrate intake relative to TWS calves. Concentration of IGF-1 was positively correlated with the immediate weight gains and intake, but it was not a good predictor of performance in the long term.

Lucerne grazing compared with concentrate-feeding slightly modifies carcase and meat quality of young bulls.

Carcase and meat quality of young bulls raised on one of three fattening strategies from 224 to 450 kg were compared. One group was fed concentrates (CON), another group grazed on lucerne plus 1.8 kg DM barley/day (LUC) and the last group had the same management as LUC young bulls for 3 months and was then finished on concentrates for 2 months. Among carcase traits, only tissue composition differed, with LUC young bulls having more muscle and less subcutaneous and intermuscular fat than their counterparts. Concerning meat quality, most attributes did not differ among fattening strategies but LUC young bulls had the lowest intramuscular fat, which presented greatest n-3 PUFA content. It can be concluded that lucerne grazing can be a good alternative to concentrates for young bulls, with similar carcase and meat quality but with lower fat content and healthier fatty acid composition than young bulls fed concentrates during the finishing period.

Effect of age at weaning on the physiological stress response and temperament of two beef cattle breeds.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of age at weaning and breed on the stress response of calves to weaning and their temperament. At calving, 14 Parda de Montaña calves and 14 Pirenaica calves were randomly assigned to either early weaning (at 90 days) or traditional weaning (at 150 days) treatment. During nursing, calves were allowed to suckle their dams twice a day for 30 min. After weaning, calves were placed in an adjacent barn without access to their dams, where they remained for 7 days. On day 8 after weaning, they were transported to a feedlot where they received an intensive diet. Blood samples were taken 168 h before weaning (baseline) and 6, 24, 48 and 168 h after weaning for cortisol, fibrinogen and haematology analyses, and temperament was measured 90 and 180 days after weaning with the flight speed test. Cortisol concentration increased after weaning, irrespective of age at weaning. Early-weaned calves had a lower fibrinogen baseline and a greater increase in fibrinogen concentrations 48 h after weaning than traditionally weaned calves. Moreover, fibrinogen concentration returned to baseline values 168 h after weaning in traditionally weaned calves, whereas it remained high in early-weaned calves. Concerning breed effects, Pirenaica calves had higher cortisol concentration and fibrinogen increments after weaning than Parda de Montaña calves. Slight alterations occurred after weaning in haematology, but all parameters returned to baseline values 168 h after weaning, with no significant effects of age at weaning or breed. Despite the absence of clinical signs, early-weaned calves of both breeds suffered marginal anaemia, according to haemoglobin values. Regardless of age at weaning, Pirenaica calves had greater reactivity to human presence than Parda de Montaña calves, according to their higher flight speed values measured. Finally, early-weaned calves were lighter than traditionally weaned calves at weaning, but had similar weight gains in the feedlot. Consequently, they needed an additional 40 days to reach the target weight, irrespective of breed. Therefore, age at weaning had no major effects on the stress response to weaning or temperament, but early weaning increased the length of the feedlot period. On the other hand, Pirenaica calves were more reactive than Parda de Montaña calves to the stress of weaning and human presence.