Hohlraum Reheating from Burning NIF Implosions.

As fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) approach and exceed breakeven, energy from the burning capsule is predicted to couple to the gold walls and reheat the hohlraum. On December 5, 2022, experiment N221204 exceeded target breakeven, historically achieving 3.15 MJ of fusion energy from 2.05 MJ of laser drive; for the first time, energy from the igniting capsule reheated the hohlraum beyond the peak laser-driven radiation temperature of 313 eV to a peak of 350 eV, in less than half a nanosecond. This reheating effect has now been unambiguously observed by the two independent Dante calorimeter systems across multiple experiments, and is shown to result from reheating of the remnant tungsten-doped ablator by the exploding core, which is heated by alpha deposition.

Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming.

The majority of the Earth's terrestrial carbon is stored in the soil. If anthropogenic warming stimulates the loss of this carbon to the atmosphere, it could drive further planetary warming. Despite evidence that warming enhances carbon fluxes to and from the soil, the net global balance between these responses remains uncertain. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of warming-induced changes in soil carbon stocks by assembling data from 49 field experiments located across North America, Europe and Asia. We find that the effects of warming are contingent on the size of the initial soil carbon stock, with considerable losses occurring in high-latitude areas. By extrapolating this empirical relationship to the global scale, we provide estimates of soil carbon sensitivity to warming that may help to constrain Earth system model projections. Our empirical relationship suggests that global soil carbon stocks in the upper soil horizons will fall by 30 ± 30 petagrams of carbon to 203 ± 161 petagrams of carbon under one degree of warming, depending on the rate at which the effects of warming are realized. Under the conservative assumption that the response of soil carbon to warming occurs within a year, a business-as-usual climate scenario would drive the loss of 55 ± 50 petagrams of carbon from the upper soil horizons by 2050. This value is around 12-17 per cent of the expected anthropogenic emissions over this period. Despite the considerable uncertainty in our estimates, the direction of the global soil carbon response is consistent across all scenarios. This provides strong empirical support for the idea that rising temperatures will stimulate the net loss of soil carbon to the atmosphere, driving a positive land carbon-climate feedback that could accelerate climate change.

A group sequential test for ABR detection.

Objective: To detect the auditory brainstem response (ABR) automatically using an innovative sequentially applied Hotelling's T 2 test, with the overall goal of optimising test time whilst controlling the false-positive rate (FPR). Design: The stage-wise critical decision boundaries for accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis were found using a new approach called the Convolutional Group Sequential Test (CGST). Specificity, sensitivity, and test time were evaluated using simulations and subject recorded data. Study sample: Data consists of click-evoked ABR threshold series from 12 normal hearing adults, and recordings of EEG background activity from 17 normal hearing adults. Results: Reductions in mean test time of up to 40-45% were observed for the sequential test, relative to a conventional "single shot" test where the statistical test is applied to the data just once. To obtain these results, it will occasionally be necessary to run the test to a higher number of stimuli, i.e. the maximum test time needs to be increased. Conclusions: The CGST can be used to control the specificity of a sequentially applied ABR detection method. Doing so can reduce test time, relative to the "single shot" test, when considered across a cohort of test subjects.

Objective measures for detecting the auditory brainstem response: comparisons of specificity, sensitivity and detection time.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the specificity, sensitivity and detection time of various time-domain and multi-band frequency domain methods when detecting the auditory brainstem response (ABR). DESIGN: Simulations and subject recorded data were used to assess and compare the performance of the Hotelling's T2 test (applied in either time or frequency domain), two versions of the modified q-sample uniform scores test and both the Fsp and Fmp, which were evaluated using both conventional F-distributions with assumed degrees of freedom and a bootstrap approach. STUDY SAMPLE: Data consisted of click-evoked ABRs and recordings of EEG background activity from 12 to 17 normal hearing adults, respectively. RESULTS: An overall advantage in sensitivity and detection time was demonstrated for the Hotelling's T2 test. The false-positive rates (FPRs) of the Fsp and Fmp were also closer to the nominal alpha-level when evaluating statistical significance using the bootstrap approach, as opposed to using conventional F-distributions. The FPRs of the remaining methods were slightly higher than expected. CONCLUSIONS: In this work, Hotelling's T2 outperformed the alternative methods for automatically detecting ABRs. Its promise as a sensitive and efficient detection method should now be tested in a larger clinical study.

Differences in executive functioning between violent and non-violent offenders.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of neuropsychological and neurobiological research shows a relationship between functioning of the prefrontal cortex and criminal and violent behaviour. The prefrontal cortex is crucial for executive functions such as inhibition, attention, working memory, set-shifting and planning. A deficit in these functions - a prefrontal deficit - may result in antisocial, impulsive or even aggressive behaviour. While several meta-analyses show large effect sizes for the relationship between a prefrontal deficit, executive dysfunction and criminality, there are few studies investigating differences in executive functions between violent and non-violent offenders. Considering the relevance of identifying risk factors for violent offending, the current study explores whether a distinction between violent and non-violent offenders can be made using an extensive neuropsychological test battery. METHOD: Male remand prisoners (N = 130) in Penitentiary Institution Amsterdam Over-Amstel were administered an extensive neuropsychological test battery (Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery; CANTAB) measuring response inhibition, planning, attention, set-shifting, working memory and impulsivity/reward sensitivity. RESULTS: Violent offenders performed significantly worse on the stop-signal task (partial correlation r = 0.205, p = 0.024), a task measuring response inhibition. No further differences were found between violent and non-violent offenders. Explorative analyses revealed a significant relationship between recidivism and planning (partial correlation r = -0.209, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Violent offenders show worse response inhibition compared to non-violent offenders, suggesting a more pronounced prefrontal deficit in violent offenders than in non-violent offenders.

Using video in childbirth research.

BACKGROUND: Conducting video-research in birth settings raises challenges for ethics review boards to view birthing women and research-midwives as capable, autonomous decision-makers. AIM: This study aimed to gain an understanding of how the ethical approval process was experienced and to chronicle the perceived risks and benefits. RESEARCH DESIGN: The Birth Unit Design project was a 2012 Australian ethnographic study that used video recording to investigate the physical design features in the hospital birthing space that might influence both verbal and non-verbal communication and the experiences of childbearing women, midwives and supporters. Participants and research context: Six women, 11 midwives and 11 childbirth supporters were filmed during the women's labours in hospital birth units and interviewed 6 weeks later. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by an Australian Health Research Ethics Committee after a protracted process of negotiation. FINDINGS: The ethics committee was influenced by a traditional view of research as based on scientific experiments resulting in a poor understanding of video-ethnographic research, a paradigmatic view of the politics and practicalities of modern childbirth processes, a desire to protect institutions from litigation, and what we perceived as a paternalistic approach towards protecting participants, one that was at odds with our aim to facilitate situations in which women could make flexible, autonomous decisions about how they might engage with the research process. DISCUSSION: The perceived need for protection was overly burdensome and against the wishes of the participants themselves; ultimately, this limited the capacity of the study to improve care for women and babies. CONCLUSION: Recommendations are offered for those involved in ethical approval processes for qualitative research in childbirth settings. The complexity of issues within childbirth settings, as in most modern healthcare settings, should be analysed using a variety of research approaches, beyond efficacy-style randomised controlled trials, to expand and improve practice-based results.

Application of the Childbirth Supporter Study to Advance the Birth Unit Design Spatial Evaluation Tool.

OBJECTIVE: Translational research to advance design criteria and apply the Childbirth Supporter Study (CSS) findings to practice. BACKGROUND: The physical design of birth environments has not undergone substantial improvements in layout or ambiance since the initial move to hospitals. Cooperative, continuously present childbirth supporters are beneficial and are an expectation for most modern birth practices, yet the built environment does not offer support for the supporter. METHODS: To advance design criteria, we use a comparative case study approach to create translational findings. Specifically, CSS findings were used as indicators to advance the Birth Unit Design Spatial Evaluation Tool (BUDSET) design characteristics in pursuit of better support for childbirth supporters in the built hospital birth environment. RESULTS: This comparative case study provides eight new BUDSET design domain suggestions to benefit the supporter-woman dyad, and subsequently the baby and care providers. CONCLUSIONS: Research-informed design imperatives are needed to guide the inclusion of childbirth supporters as both a supporter and as an individual in the birth space. Increased understanding of relationships between specific design features and childbirth supporters' experiences and reactions are provided. Suggestions to enhance the applicability of the BUDSET for birth unit design facility development are made, specifically ones that will better accommodate childbirth supporters.

[The nature, extent and judicial response to aggression and violence directed against care workers in psychiatry]. / Agressie en geweld tegen hulpverleners in de psychiatrie; aard, omvang en strafrechtelijke reactie.

BACKGROUND: The Dutch government and the Council for public prosecutions consider aggression against and violence directed against public officers and care workers as unacceptable. But what is the attitude of these official bodies to violence directed against mental health care workers? AIM: To examine the nature and the prevalence of violence against mental health care professionals and the possible judicial consequences of this violence. METHOD: Dutch mental health professionals who work in the psychiatric hospitals and clinics were asked to fill in an online questionnaire about their experiences, over the past five years, of violence perpetrated by patients. RESULTS: The 1534 respondents had encountered violence regularly in the course of their work. Some of the violence was of a very serious nature and sometimes had severe consequences. Only a small number of the violent incidents were reported to the police and ultimately brought to court. The victims were poorly informed about the possible judicial consequences of the violence they had encountered. CONCLUSION: Not only should the mental health institutes counsel and inform the employees who have been victims of violence, they should also promote the development and implementation of an effective prosecution policy.

Direct measurement of energetic electrons coupling to an imploding low-adiabat inertial confinement fusion capsule.

We have imaged hard x-ray (>100 keV) bremsstrahlung emission from energetic electrons slowing in a plastic ablator shell during indirectly driven implosions at the National Ignition Facility. We measure 570 J in electrons with E>100 keV impinging on the fusion capsule under ignition drive conditions. This translates into an acceptable increase in the adiabat α, defined as the ratio of total deuterium-tritium fuel pressure to Fermi pressure, of 3.5%. The hard x-ray observables are consistent with detailed radiative-hydrodynamics simulations, including the sourcing and transport of these high energy electrons.

Breast meat quality and consumer sensory properties of broiler carcasses chilled by water, air, or evaporative air.

Three poultry chilling methods, namely, water chilling (WC), air chilling (AC), and evaporative air chilling (EAC), were compared to evaluate their effects on broiler breast meat quality and consumer sensory characteristics. A total of 189 birds were processed with 1 of the 3 chilling methods. One-third of the birds were hard scalded (57.7°C, 120 s) and subjected to WC (an ice slurry immersion at 0°C). The remaining birds were soft scalded (50°C, 220 s) and randomly assigned to either AC (blowing air, 1.0 m/s) or EAC (blowing air plus each carcass sprayed with 0.5 L of 0.4°C water) in a chilling room (0.9 ± 0.4°C). Water chilling reduced the carcass temperature most efficiently (57 min), whereas AC and EAC were the least (125 min) and intermediate (93 min) in efficiency, respectively. No significant difference was found among the chilling methods in moisture content, cooking yield, and shear force of deskinned breast fillets stored overnight. However, the pH (5.6) of 24-h stored fillets was higher in WC fillets than in AC (5.5) and EAC (5.5) fillets. For the surface color of skinless breasts, WC carcasses showed a higher Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) L* value than AC or EAC carcasses, whereas AC carcasses exhibited more redness (higher CIE a*) and yellowness (higher CIE b*) than the other 2 chilling methods. When raw breast meat was made into cooked gels, no significant difference was observed in cooking loss, moisture content, shear stress, and shear strain, regardless of the chilling method. In consumer sensory evaluations, AC breasts had a higher juiciness score than did WC and EAC breasts, but no significant difference was found for flavor, texture, and overall acceptability.

Controlling test specificity for auditory evoked response detection using a frequency domain bootstrap.

BACKGROUND: Statistical detection methods are routinely used to automate auditory evoked response (AER) detection and assist clinicians with AER measurements. However, many of these methods are built around statistical assumptions that can be violated for AER data, potentially resulting in reduced or unpredictable test performances. This study explores a frequency domain bootstrap (FDB) and some FDB modifications to preserve test performance in serially correlated non-stationary data. METHOD: The FDB aims to generate many surrogate recordings, all with similar serial correlation as the original recording being analysed. Analysing the surrogates with the detection method then gives a distribution of values that can be used for inference. A potential limitation of the conventional FDB is the assumption of stationary data with a smooth power spectral density (PSD) function, which is addressed through two modifications. COMPARISONS WITH EXISTING METHODS: The FDB was compared to a conventional parametric approach and two modified FDB approaches that aim to account for heteroskedasticity and non-smooth PSD functions. Hotelling's T2(HT2) test applied to auditory brainstem responses was the test case. RESULTS: When using conventional HT2, false-positive rates deviated significantly from the nominal alpha-levels due to serial correlation. The false-positive rates of the modified FDB were consistently closer to the nominal alpha-levels, especially when data was strongly heteroskedastic or the underlying PSD function was not smooth due to e.g. power lines noise. CONCLUSION: The FDB and its modifications provide accurate, recording-dependent approximations of null distributions, and an improved control of false-positive rates relative to parametric inference for auditory brainstem response detection.

Risk factors of violent offending in mentally ill prisoners with autism spectrum disorders.

BACKGROUND: Results of research regarding a possible causal relation between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and violence are mixed. Several explanations have been proposed. AIMS: To assess prevalence rates of comorbid disorders in a large sample of mentally ill offenders diagnosed with ASD. Offenders with and without comorbid mental disorders were compared on several characteristics. To better understand the relationship between ASD and violent criminal behavior, the predictive value of several proposed risk factors (comorbidity, negative social network/influenceability, and childhood trauma/victimization) on violent offending was investigated. METHOD: Data of 394 male offenders with a diagnosis of ASD were included. Prevalence rates of comorbid mental disorders next to ASD were calculated, and characteristics were compared using chi-square or t-tests. The predictive value of the risk factors was assessed using a binary logistic regression (n = 357). RESULTS: High rates of comorbidity were found (78.9%), specifically for substance use disorders (39.8%), schizophrenia spectrum disorders (31.7%), and neurodevelopmental disorder other than ASD (24.1%). Offenders with and without comorbidity differed significantly in their criminal and mental health care history. Both comorbidity (OR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.27-2.18) and a negative social network/influenceability (OR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.11-1.99) showed to be significant predictors of violent offending within this sample. CONCLUSIONS: The highest rates of comorbid disorders found were disorders that have been previously linked to violent offending, and the risk of violent offending could be unrelated to ASD. However, the role of social functioning indicates a risk specific to the symptoms of ASD.

Shifting dominance within a montane vegetation community: results of a climate-warming experiment.

In experimentally heated plots that each span a soil moisture gradient in a Rocky Mountain meadow, aboveground biomass of Artemisia tridentata (a sagebrush) increased in the drier habitat and that of Pentaphylloides floribunda (a shrub cinquefoil) increased in the wetter habitat relative to control plots. In contrast, aboveground forb biomass decreased in the wet and dry habitats of the heated plots. These results, combined with evidence for enhanced sagebrush seedling establishment rates in the heated plots, suggest that the increased warming expected under an atmosphere with a concentration of carbon dioxide twice that of pre-industrial levels could change the dominant vegetation of a widespread meadow habitat.

Energy and water.

The geographic and temporal variability of freshwater supply in the United States constrains the choice and level of use of future energy sources. Ecological criteria for acceptable freshwater consumption, together with hydrological data on stream flow, provide a framework for estimating these constraints. The water consumption requirements for a variety of energy options are presented, and comparative judgments drawn. Attention is focused on problems resulting from synthetic, gaseous, and liquid fuel production. Scenarios describing possible future levels of coal and electricity use are analyzed. They point to the importance of water supply constraints in both the eastern and western United States.

Long-term biological consequences of nuclear war.

Subfreezing temperatures, low light levels, and high doses of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months after a large-scale nuclear war could destroy the biological support systems of civilization, at least in the Northern Hemisphere. Productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems could be severely restricted for a year or more. Postwar survivors would face starvation as well as freezing conditions in the dark and be exposed to near-lethal doses of radiation. If, as now seems possible, the Southern Hemisphere were affected also, global disruption of the biosphere could ensue. In any event, there would be severe consequences, even in the areas not affected directly, because of the interdependence of the world economy. In either case the extinction of a large fraction of the Earth's animals, plants, and microorganisms seems possible. The population size of Homo sapiens conceivably could be reduced to prehistoric levels or below, and extinction of the human species itself cannot be excluded.

Maximum entropy and the state-variable approach to macroecology.

The biodiversity scaling metrics widely studied in macroecology include the species-area relationship (SAR), the scale-dependent species-abundance distribution (SAD), the distribution of masses or metabolic energies of individuals within and across species, the abundance-energy or abundance-mass relationship across species, and the species-level occupancy distributions across space. We propose a theoretical framework for predicting the scaling forms of these and other metrics based on the state-variable concept and an analytical method derived from information theory. In statistical physics, a method of inference based on information entropy results in a complete macro-scale description of classical thermodynamic systems in terms of the state variables volume, temperature, and number of molecules. In analogy, we take the state variables of an ecosystem to be its total area, the total number of species within any specified taxonomic group in that area, the total number of individuals across those species, and the summed metabolic energy rate for all those individuals. In terms solely of ratios of those state variables, and without invoking any specific ecological mechanisms, we show that realistic functional forms for the macroecological metrics listed above are inferred based on information entropy. The Fisher log series SAD emerges naturally from the theory. The SAR is predicted to have negative curvature on a log-log plot, but as the ratio of the number of species to the number of individuals decreases, the SAR becomes better and better approximated by a power law, with the predicted slope z in the range of 0.14-0.20. Using the 3/4 power mass-metabolism scaling relation to relate energy requirements and measured body sizes, the Damuth scaling rule relating mass and abundance is also predicted by the theory. We argue that the predicted forms of the macroecological metrics are in reasonable agreement with the patterns observed from plant census data across habitats and spatial scales. While this is encouraging, given the absence of adjustable fitting parameters in the theory, we further argue that even small discrepancies between data and predictions can help identify ecological mechanisms that influence macroecological patterns.

Symptom Profile of Psychiatric Patients With Psychosis or Psychotic Mood Disorder in Prison.

There is evidence that psychiatric patients with psychotic or manic disorders who are incarcerated suffer from the same symptoms as psychiatric patients who are treated in the community. There are also indications that their symptoms might be more severe. The aim of this study was to examine the severity of psychotic and manic symptoms, as well as to collect information about the emotional functioning of patients admitted to a prison psychiatric ward. Incarcerated patients with a diagnosis of psychotic or a manic disorder were examined with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Expanded (BPRS-E). With the scores of 140 assessments, a symptom profile was created using the domains of the BPRS-E. This profile was compared with the clinical profile of three nonincarcerated patient groups described in literature with a diagnosis in the same spectrum. We found high scores on positive and manic psychotic symptoms and hostility, and low scores on guilt, depression, and negative symptoms. High scores on manic and psychotic symptoms are often accompanied by violent behavior. Low scores on guilt, depression, and negative symptoms could be indicative of externalizing coping skills. These characteristics could complicate treatment in the community and warrant further research along with clinical consideration.

Childbirth Supporters' Experiences in a Built Hospital Birth Environment: Exploring Inhibiting and Facilitating Factors in Negotiating the Supporter Role.

OBJECTIVE: To explore inhibiting and facilitating design factors influencing childbirth supporters' experiences. BACKGROUND: Birthing women benefit from the continuous, cooperative presence of supporters. However, little research has investigated how birth room design facilitates or inhibits supporters' role navigation. METHODS: We conducted an exploratory video ethnographic single case study of childbirth supporters' experiences, within an Australian hospital birth environment. Video, field notes, and video-cued reflexive interviews with the woman, her midwives, and supporters were thematically analyzed using ethnographic/symbolic interactionist perspectives to frame supporters' understandings. RESULTS: Findings suggest supporters' experiences are complex, made more complicated by sparse understanding or accommodation of their needs in the built environment. Supporters' presence and roles are not facilitated by the physical space; they experience "an unbelonging paradox" of being needed, yet uncertain and "in the way" during "tenuous nest-building" activities. CONCLUSIONS: Suggested design guidelines to facilitate supporters' well-being and their roles in designed hospital birth spaces are provided.

Self-similarity and the relationship between abundance and range size.

Patterns in the relationships among the range, abundance, and distribution of species within a biome are of fundamental interest in ecology. A self-similarity condition, imposed at the community level and previously demonstrated to lead to the power-law form of the species-area relationship, is extended to the species level and shown to predict testable power-law relationships between range size and both species abundance and area of census cell across scales of spatial resolution. The predicted slopes of plots of log(range size) versus log(abundance) are shown to be in good agreement with data from British breeding bird and mammal censuses and with data on the distribution of fern species in old-growth forest. The predicted slopes of plots of log(range size) versus log (area of census cell) are consistent with the limited available data for British plant species. Self-similarity provides a testable theoretical framework for a unified understanding of patterns among the range, abundance, and distribution of species.